- 1. Research on monographical issues related to the Roman world
in general or specifically on the Roman Hispania. Level: 1 de ESO
Subject: social sciences Teacher: Deseire Ordiz Methodology: Groups
of three or four people. Search and selection of information
through various websitessuggested by the teacher, preparation of
summaries on the contentrelevant to the investigation; selection of
images to illustrate the work, aPowerPoint presentation, an oral
presentation of the results before thegroup and proposed activities
to work on.
2. Suggested topics for students: The roman army. The legions in
Hispania. Roman emperors. Hispanic emperors (Trajan and Hadrian)
Roman urbanism. Rome, capital of the Empire. Baelo Claudia,
Tarraco, Italic Women in Rome. Hispanic women. Roman houses. Villa
of Veranes Leisure in Rome. Theaters, ciscuses, amphitheaters. The
theater of Mrida. Roman baths. Baths of Caracalla. Baths of Campo
Valds.Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania 3. ROMAN
HOUSESClara Puerto Snchez Clara Gonzlez GuerreroJenny Collar
LagoArce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania 4. Arce
Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania CastrumMilitary
camp, walledand rectangularshaped with a centralavenue cross
shaped.Three hundred peoplecould live inside. It isthe oldest
Romanhousing model. 5. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman
HispaniaDomusFamily houses forfamilies of a certaineconomic level.
It wasconstructed from twoparts and consisted ofa single plant.
Mostdomus were 120meters long and 30meters wide. 6. Arce Program-
Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania Urban villaThis housing had
all the luxuries of the city, and it usually used to be surrounded
by a garden. They had a room for every season. Only the richest
could afford it. 7. Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman
Hispania Insulae It is a block of flats from 300 to 400 square
meters divided into floors that open to theoutside with windows and
balconies. They appear in the fourth century. C. andreached a
height of 6/7 floors. They had no running water or latrines : the
feces weredeposited in a common container at the foot of the stairs
or thrown out the window.There were no heating (they got warmed
with braziers) nor chimneys; the windowshad no glass, just curtains
or wooden blinds. They were built by private businessmenwho
speculated on the land and construction. In the mid-fourth century,
Rome had1797 domus and 46.602 insulae with an average of 5
dwellings occupied by 5 or 6people each... 8. THE ROMAN ARMYLegions
In Hispania.Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania 9.
ndex. History of the army. Organization of the army. Life in the
army. Legionnaires uniform. Army weapons and tactics. Symbology.
The Roman camp. The legions in Hispania Questions ResourcesArce
Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania 10. ARMY HISTORY.
In early Rome men served in the army according to their property
and wealthand did not receive any compensation for the services
rendered, that madethat the poorest were excluded from serviceThe
early formation of the army from its beginnings was a copy of
thecompact and closed Greek phalanx made of armed spearmen, which
wasorganized later, after the struggles against the hill tribes,
into legions, moreflexible formations where spears were replaced by
swords and javelins. In 396 B.C. the paid military service was
first introduced, although citizens werestill being recruited when
necessary without any permanent professional arm,which would not
come until the arrival of Augusto to the power who wouldcontinue
the practice of recruiting. By the year 107BC, the poorest
citizenswere allowed into the army and with Augusto it was open
free to the entirepopulation of the Empire, which was divided into
elite legions and troopsreserved to the Roman citizens and the
auxilia, where the rest of thepopulation of the Empire was
integrated.Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania 11.
ARMY ORGANIZATION. After changing the model of the Greek phalanx
held since its beginnings, thelegion became the base unit of the
Roman army, though originally the wordlegion was applied to the
entire army A legion was usually made up of 10,000 legionnaires in
the infantry and 1,000legionaries, in cavalry. The man who led the
legion was the legacy who washelped by six tribunes. A centurion
commanded 100 legionaries The badge holder was the man who kept the
eagle, the most important symbolin Rome because it represented the
greatness of it The trumpet transmitted the orders of the officers.
12. LIFE IN THE ARMY Not only had The soldier to learn the art of
war but he should dominate othertrades like sowing, harvesting
crops and raising horses, he also had to knowsomething of the craft
of artisan to repair and make weapons, so as to handlepick and
shovel to dig trenches , build camps, build walls and undermine
theenemy walls. When graduating after 20 years of service for the
Legionaires, 16 for thegarrison of Rome, 25 for auxiliaries and 26
for soldiers sailors. Soldiers weregiven the title of Veteranus and
received a plot of land or a lot of moneyequivalent to 12 years of
pay. They also received extra payments at thebeginning of each term
of a new emperor, custom established by EmperorClaudius. For the
auxiliaries the main reward was to receive the Romancitizenship.
13. THE LEGIONNAIRES UNIFORM The uniform of the soldiers was varied
over time, until the reign of Claudius thelegionaries wore
protective chain mail that was replaced with overlapping iron
sheets.Medals and metal plates were fixed in the breastplate, below
they wore a fabric shirt thatended on a shirtail and a leather
garment. The metallic breastplate like the greaves or shinpads were
reserved for officers, ametallic belt was used to fit the armor and
hang the sword.A major tactics of the Romansin their arms was to
copy from the enemies everything that could benefit them, so
forexample their short sword or Hispanicus Gladius was an
adaptation of the IberianFalcata which wreaked havoc among the
legionaries during clashes with Hispanicauxiliaries of Hannibal
during the Second Punic war. This sword was ideal for bodycombat
due to its double edge and measures 50 cm. long by 7 cm. wide The
head and neck were protected by a bronze helmet. The hemispherical
helmet withcheek pieces was adorned most of the time with a plume
of feathers or horsehair. TheRomans copied their shields from the
French model, which consisted of a large oval orrectangular plate
most of the times, the center had a hemisphere to make slip the
enemyprojectiles. 14. ARMY WEAPONS AND TACTICS In the Roman Empire
the discipline of war was considered a science and an art, the
constant training of theRoman army was one of the most feared and
it was largely responsible for its success. The Roman army was
preparing to attack using basic training, using a vanguard of
Velites (Light Infantry), andthen the infantry was arranged in
three lines, The Hastati, the princes and the Triarii (Veterans)
entered only iftheir intervention was necessary . To the right of
the infantry cavalry stood and to the left the cavalry of the
allies.In order to attack, the first line of soldiers advanced
shield to shield, while the second line protected the first line
with their own shields by placing them on their heads. If the first
line was not enough, the second one attacked by the spaces left by
the previous one, while the firstretreated to refuel with spears
and shields . For the siege, towers were also used for archers,
battering rams to breach the walls or terracesand mobile towers
which had a drawbridge to scale the walls. Another of the tactics
used for the siege was to surround with two walls the besieged
city, oneinside to avoid out to the besieged and an outdoor to
prevent access to any auxiliary forces (firstused in Numancia
(Soria ) They had siege engines as the onager, the ballista, etc.
15. SYMBOLOGY During the early Republic, Army division consisted of
five banners, the eagle,the wolf, the minotaur, the horse and the
boar, but in 104 BC Mario abolishedthe other banners and left only
the eagle (Aquila) as a symbol of the wholearmy We could also find
the Signum, which was the banner of the centuries,consisting of the
eagle and the badge of the Roman crown on top and underthis , the
inscription SPQR. With the Empire the inscription was replaced by
thename of the Emperor. The loss of a banner in a clash was
considered a real disgrace in Romansociety, his recovery was
celebrated as a great victory by the army and thewhole society 16.
THE ROMAN CAMP The Roman camps were an engineering work at high
speed, an army on themove built up a completely fortified camp at
the end of the day and theydestroyed the next morning, before
moving on. Temporary camps that were built at the end of the daily
running anddestroyed to leave the place were built following a
strict order and discipline. The permanent camps made of stone were
used as winter camps. Inpeacetime they became small towns with an
area of about twenty acres tohouse a legion. 17. THE LEGIONS IN
NHISPANIA In Hispania there were several legions led by some
commanders as Augustus,Lucio, Marco, etc.. One of the most famous
wars of Hispania was the Cantabrian wars in whichThe legions of
Caesar Augustus, Junius Brutus, etc, served. 18. QUESTIONS When was
paid military service first implemented? What name was given to the
six men who helped the Legacy?What other tasks needed to perform
the Legionnaires? What was the name of the spear that the Roman
legionaries wore? What was the most important symbol for the army?
What was the name of the permanent camp built by the Romans? What
was the name of the wars held by the Romans against the Hispanics
inthe northern peninsula?Arce Program- Knowing and sharing the
Roman Hispania 19. SOURCES We mostly used the link to the Roman
army placed in Educastur campus, the Wikipedia and Google
picturesArce Program- Knowing and sharing the Roman Hispania