Ingestion Pathway Zone Information Guide

IPZ INFORMATION GUIDE ***FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY*** MAY 2017

Ingestion Pathway Zone Information Guide

The Nebraska Emergency

Management Agency’s (NEMA)

Ingestion Pathway Information

Guide has been developed to

provide local Emergency Planners

in Ingestion Pathways Zones with

a brief overview of radiological

incidents/accidents and the

response from local, state, and

federal agencies.

1 | P a g e ***FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY***

Contents INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 2

A. RESPONSE .............................................................................................................. 3

1. Emergency Classification Levels (ECLs) .......................................................... 3

i. Notification of Unusual Event (NOUE) ............................................................ 4

ii. Alert ................................................................................................................ 4

iii. Site Area Emergency (SAE) ........................................................................... 4

iv. General Emergency (GE) ............................................................................... 4

2. Alert and Notification .......................................................................................... 4

3. Command and Control ........................................................................................ 7

4. Sampling and Analysis ....................................................................................... 7

5. Assessment and Evaluation ............................................................................... 7

6. Choosing and Implementation of Protective Actions ...................................... 8

7. Public Information ............................................................................................... 8

B. ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ............................................................... 9

1. State Role ............................................................................................................. 9

2. County Role ......................................................................................................... 9

3. Federal Role ....................................................................................................... 10

4. Facilities ............................................................................................................. 10

C. COPPER IPZ MAP ................................................................................................. 11

D. FT. CALHOUN IPZ MAP .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

E. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................. 12


INTRODUCTION The purpose of this guide is to provide information to prevent/mitigate exposure and/or the ingestion of

radioactive material following a release from a nuclear power plant (NPP). Emergency Planning Zones

(EPZs) may be used for other fixed facilities that contain sources of radioactive materials, however, it is a

term that specifically relates to NPPs. Planning related to EPZs is undertaken to ensure that prompt,

efficient and effective response actions can be implemented to protect the health and safety of the public

in the event of an incident or accident.

The Plume Exposure EPZ is a 10-mile radius around the NPP. When radioactive material is released as a

result of an accident or incident, it may move through the air as a plume (cloud) of gas and particles that

can be deposited on the ground and other surfaces. People and animals may be exposed to and/or

contaminated by radiation as the radioactive plume passes over. They may be exposed simply by being in

proximity to radioactive material deposited on the ground or other surfaces. If they come into contact with

the radioactive material and that material remains on them, they will be both contaminated by the material

and exposed to the emitters which may include Alpha and/or Beta particles and Gamma waves. Those

materials may also be inhaled in the initial plume or re-aerosolized into the air by movement and response

activities.

It is also possible to have radioactive material injected into the body, most commonly from an accident

where the skin is pierced or absorbed through areas like the eyes. When radioactive material from a plume,

(liquids or solids) are deposited on vegetation, crops, produce, or on surface water supplies, radiation can

be taken into the body by eating or drinking contaminated foodstuffs and water. The radioactive material

can be taken up in this manner by people, pets, livestock and wildlife. These are examples of the ingestion

exposure pathways or ways that radiation can be taken into our bodies

The Ingestion Pathway Zone (IPZ) is also an EPZ and is defined as a 50-mile radius around the NPP. Like

the 10-Mile EPZ, the 50-Mile IPZ has a number of protective and response actions that can be implemented

to mitigate the effects of radiation and protect the health, safety and welfare of the public. The primary goal

is to keep radiation from entering the body from any of the routes-of-entry described above.

We can limit or prevent contamination and minimize exposure by shielding people from the radioactive

materials using a protective action called Shelter-in-Place (SIP). We can also move people away from or

out of the plume by implementing evacuations. The State of Nebraska will generally implement evacuations

prior to the release of any radioactive materials to maximize the benefit of this protective action.

As previously mentions, the goal of ingestion pathway planning is to prevent radiological material from being

consumed, because once it is ingested it is difficult to remove and requires medical interventions. By

evacuating people we minimize the risks associated with the plume and deposition that will occur after

materials from the plume settle. Removing people from the threat hazard keeps them from drinking

contaminated water or eating contaminated food.

At an appropriate point in the response, the State will complete a number of assessments make

determinations regarding levels of contamination and the actions required to deal with them. The actions

could include short and/or long term relocation of the public in certain areas, establishment of restricted

areas and exclusion zones and determining if or when evacuees may be allowed into certain areas to care

for pets or livestock, obtain critical personal items like medical devices and medication, or be allowed to

return home. The State will work with local government and their agencies throughout the response. In

addition they will work with locals to identify those geographic areas where protective actions related to

food and water will have to be implemented.


Some ingestion pathway protective actions can be taken before the analysis is performed. As noted above,

the State of Nebraska will implement specific protective actions even before a release occurs. In addition

to protective actions like evacuation directives may be issued to shelter livestock, place milk producing

animals and other livestock on stored feed and protected water supplies.

Steps to preventing ingestion of radioactive material include, but are not limited to:

Identifying potentially contaminated land areas

Developing and implementing a radiological monitoring and sampling plan with laboratory analysis

of the samples.

Calculating exposures from the various pathways (milk, water, food).

Comparing exposures with Protective Action Guides (PAGs). Select and implement appropriate

protective actions. Verify the effectiveness of the protective actions.

In Nebraska, the State takes the lead role in planning and directing protective actions and works

with/through local government officials and agencies to implement those actions.

Figure 1

A. RESPONSE

1. Emergency Classification Levels (ECLs)

There are four Emergency Classification Levels (ECLs) used at all nuclear generating plants in the

United States. These classification levels drive the response actions taken based on the level of

severity. An incident at a NPP could begin at any of these classification levels. Once a classification


level has been assigned, the incident/accident could remain the same, be elevated (escalate), or

be terminated. Classification levels will not jump up and down.

The Classification Levels are listed below from least to most severe:

i. Notification of Unusual Event (NOUE)

A low-level event which poses no threat to public safety but which warrants increased awareness

on the part of the plant and off-site agency personnel. The State monitors the condition until it is

resolved or escalates. Depending upon the nature of the NOUE, some courtesy notifications may

be made to partners and stake holders in case the incident/accident should rapidly escalate.

ii. Alert

A low-level condition which poses no immediate threat to public safety, but triggers precautionary

mobilization of certain response functions in case conditions degrade. The State Emergency

Operations Center (SEOC) may be partially or fully activated to monitor the situation. For an

incident/accident at Cooper Nuclear Station (CNS) local Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs)

in the “risk counties” are activated and staff recalled to support the EOC.

iii. Site Area Emergency (SAE)

When plant conditions have degraded to a point warranting the full activation of the SEOC. While

the incident/accident is not expected to exceed the boundaries of the site, precautionary

protective actions for livestock and high risk portions of the general public (within 10 miles of the

plant), might be recommended.

The SEOC implements any precautionary protective actions directed by the Governor’s

Authorized Representative (GAR), like ensuring that local governments are evacuating schools

in the area and placing dairy animals on stored feed and covered water. The GAR may direct

other precautionary protective actions depending upon the nature of the incident/accident.

iv. General Emergency (GE)

Indicates plant conditions have degraded to a point threatening public safety and some form of

protective actions will be initiated like sheltering or evacuating the general public from the area

around the plant. The areas being sheltered/evacuated downwind will also have livestock and

food product embargos placed on them. Determinations will initially be based on projections, but

ultimately determined by monitoring and sampling activities which could include the 50 miles IPZ

or beyond based on results.

2. Radiological Incident Phases

i. The Early Phase

This is the period of time from the start of the incident/accident at the NPP and includes the need

to make immediate protective actions decisions relative to the first ECL. Most of the protective

decisions made in this phase are based on the nature of the condition at the power plant, the

potential for the situation to degrade and radiological implications that may result. This phase will

continue until the release has been stopped although it does overlap with the intermediate phase.

In short there is no definitive “ending point” since there are numerous intra-and inter-

dependencies. During this phase exposure and contamination are possible. Inhalation will result

in internal contamination and exposure hazard. External contamination is primarily an exposure

risk, however, cross-contamination and transfer of materials through routes-of-entry is possible

for residents and responders.


ii. The Intermediate Phase

This phase begins slightly before or shortly after the release is under control or has terminated.

Although the release of radiological material is under control or has been stopped, the plume and

particulates still pose risk for internal and external contamination and cross-contamination.

Ingestion of contaminated foodstuffs will also be a great risk to residents and responders in this

phase as deposition takes place. Environmental measurements should begin to serve as the

basis for decisions regarding additional protective actions.

This phase overlaps with late phase, generally continuing until return is being permitted. This

phase may last from weeks to many months. The intermediate phase encompasses REP

activities associated with ingestion, re-entry, and relocation.

iii. The Late Phase

Is the period overlaps with the Intermediate Phase and generally begins with recovery actions and

procedures being planned to reduce radiation levels to acceptable levels for “return.” This period

may also extend from months to years. Return and recovery activities occur during the late phase

See Figure 2 for additional information on the various phases, hazards and protective actions.

Figure 2 Exposure Routes and Protective Actions Relative to Phase for Implementation

Exposure & Routes-of-Entry Projected Hazard Period(s)

Early Phase Intermediate Phase Late Phase

Direct Plume & Inhalation

Contamination of Skin and Clothes

Ground Shine (Deposition)

Re-aerosolization

Ingestion of Contaminated Water

Ingestion of Contaminated Food

Protective Actions Early Phase Intermediate Phase Late Phase

Initial Evacuation(s)-Sheltering

Shelter-in-Place & Evacuation of those previously sheltered-in-place

Livestock/Animal Protection(s)

Control Air Space

Access Controls- Water & Rail

Access Control Points (ACPs)


Protective Actions Early Phase Intermediate Phase Late Phase

Prophylactic Measures (Emergency Workers only)

Decontamination & Reception of Initial Evacuees

Decontamination of Emergency Workers, Equipment, and Vehicles

Food Controls (Embargos/Quarantine & Relaxing)

Water Controls (Including Surface Waters)

Waste Controls & Disposal

Re-Entry Emergency Workforce

Restricted/Buffer/Exclusion Zones

Additional Relocation of Those In Areas Exceeding PAGs

Re-Entry (For livestock/animal care, essential business records, personal, medical, and care items for relocations,

Long-Term Relocation

Decontamination of Access Routes, land, and critical infrastructure

Re-Entry Non-Emergency Workforce

Return to unrestricted homes and businesses

3. Ingestion Actions

Based on the data gathered and analyzed by DHHS and DPH, recommendations are made for

Relocation, Re-Entry and Return for individuals who live in affected areas. All these actions will be

taken during the “intermediate and late” phases of a radiological incident in a nuclear power plant

(Figure 1.). The recommendations are passed to the Governor Assigned Representative (GAR)

who then communicates the recommendations to counties for implementations.

4. Alert and Notification

When a radioactive incident or accident occurs at a nuclear power plant, county, and state officials

will generally be alerted by the NPP. For other types of radiological incidents or accidents, local

officials will notify the State through the State Warning Point, the Nebraska State Patrol (NSP).

If the State becomes aware of an incident or accident, it will ensure that the county(s) has been

notified, as well as the federal government partners and stakeholders if/when appropriate.

Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) radiological experts will be notified by the

Duty Officer or SEOC and their assistance should be requested.


The State will analyze the circumstances of the event and advise appropriate officials of needed

protective actions through prescribed communication channels. DHHS’ radiological experts will

determine if an ingestion pathway hazard exists.

5. Command and Control

DHHS is the agency responsible for protecting the public from health hazards form radioactive

materials by providing appropriate recommendations to the Governor or Governor’s Authorized

Representative (GAR).

All affected government jurisdictions in the areas involved will be consulted regarding the situation

and protective actions. Local, county or state Emergency Operations Centers may open to enhance

the coordination of operations. The Incident Command System (ICS) as provided by the National

Incident Management System (NIMS) will be used for the State command and control in

accordance with the Governor's Emergency Management Act, Section 81-829.31 effective date of

1996.

6. Sampling and Analysis

The State will determine and coordinate radiological monitoring and ingestion pathway sampling in

cooperation with local officials. Sampling teams will include the Department of Health and Human

Services (DHSS), and is/as needed, other state and Federal assets. Specific types of samples will

be collected and documented in accordance with the sampling plan and sample collection

procedures and sent to a designated lab for verification. Samples will include: water, vegetation,

crops, milk, soil etc.

The State will make arrangements for transportation of the samples to the facilities identified by the

State for radiological analysis. Samples will be analyzed by the designated laboratories and the

results provided to the DHHS for assessment and evaluation.

7. Assessment and Evaluation

DHHS radiological experts will calculate projected ingestion doses based field monitoring as a

presumptive findings. Laboratory results will serve as the basis for official results. These results will

be compared with the limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the

Food & Drug Administration (FDA) in accordance with Nebraska DHHS standards and practices.

These limits are referred to Protective Action Guidelines (PAGs). Presumptive findings will be

utilized to gather information necessary for decision-makers to act in order to protect the health,

safety and welfare of citizens until such time as additional information is collected and confirmed.


8. Choosing and Implementation of Protective Actions

State officials will consider various protective actions that may be taken to prevent or reduce risks

associated with ingestion. As noted in Figure 3, ingestion pathways into human consumption may

come from an airborne release or a liquid release with the radioactive contaminates migrating

through consumption including, but not limited to the consumption of milk products, water, or other

food pathways. Many factors are considered prior to protective action decisions being made

including, but not limited to:

Determining which protective actions that are feasible and potential consequences related

to their use

Relative proportion and importance of any suspected contaminated food in the diet

Availability of substitute foods or stored feed

Relative contribution of other foods relative to the total dose received

Time and effort required to implement the protective action(s)

Protective Actions may include:

Placing milk animals and other livestock on stored feed, protected water and placing them

under shelter

Quarantining or disposing of contaminated produce, placing embargos on food products

and/or livestock from affected areas

Restrict consumption of contaminated water (i.e., prohibiting the use of exposed surface

waters for livestock, prohibiting use of unprotected wells, etc.)

Prevent contaminated food products from coming to market

Prevent consumption of game and/or fish

9. Public Information

A critical element for successful ingestion exposure operations is public information. For a NPP

incident or accident, a Joint Information Center (JIC) will be established as described in the State’s

Figure 3.


REP plan. This ensures that timely, accurate, and actionable information is being disseminated to

the public. Dissemination of information to the public will be accomplished through established

media networks.

For other types of radiological incidents, a Joint Information Center may be established by the State

to coordinate release of information through local, State, industry and federal news releases and

media briefings.

B. ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES

1. State Responsibilities

Provide appropriate alert and notification to county/local, state and federal agencies, when

applicable

Establish Joint Information Center (JIC) operations

Estimate the plume footprint and provide key decision-making information to leadership.

Develop and disseminate information regarding Protective Actions to locals, partners,

stakeholders, and federal departments and agencies.

Request federal assistance if/as needed

Implement protective actions in coordination with local and federal government

Develop and implement sampling and monitoring plans in coordination with local and

federal counterparts

o Develop sampling strategy plan for intermediate and long term

o

Collect and transport samples to the DHHS laboratory other suitable facilities. Arrange for

analysis of samples by DHHS laboratory or other laboratories

Analyze laboratory data to refine plume deposition area, and projected doses and

identify/validate restricted, buffer, and exclusion zones

Implement market level monitoring to ensure effectiveness of protective actions

Provide guidance on resources for those who have been impacted by incident/accident at

NPP

Provide support to locals to effect “Relocation” efforts

2. County Responsibilities

Alert, notify, and activate county departments, agencies, and personnel

o Contact appropriate local organizations, i.e.: County Cooperative Extension, County

Sheriff, County Roads, food processors, farmers and ranchers, local businesses and

volunteer agencies, etc.

Secure the contaminated areas identified by the state

Establish and man Access Control Points (ACPs)

Assist State in gathering information:

o Types of crops in the potentially affected area

o Farms, processors, water supplies in the potentially impacted area

o Other agricultural activities

o Personnel for sampling teams, if available

o Assist the state in selecting and implementing appropriate protective actions

Coordinate all information releases with JIC or State PIO

Determine the “Re-Entry” requirements and procedures with assistance of DHHS and DPH

Prior to the “Return” phase, ensure that all critical infrastructure is ready to support recovery

operations


Additional Considerations

o Notify food processors, distributors and farmers

o Initiate quarantine and/or embargo procedures

o Develop food control area to isolate contaminated products

o Develop food control points to prevent transfer of contaminated products from

ne area to another

o Support sampling operations throughout

o Ensure information regarding guidance regarding claims is communicated to those

impacted by incident/accident at the NPP

o Develop plans, including reentry, relocation, return, and recovery

3. Federal Responsibilities

Upon request of state officials, activate federal resources to support response efforts.

Assist in developing a monitoring and sampling plans in coordination with state and local

partners

Provide technical expertise if/as requested

Assist in radiation monitoring and assessment if/as requested

Provide other technical or laboratory assistance and personnel and support if/as requested

Participate in JIC operations

Provide assistance on re-entry, relocation, return, and recovery activities if/as requested

4. Facilities

The nuclear power plant will notify local and state government of any radioactive incident

and/or release per plans, SOGs, SOPs, etc.

Provide information on type and duration of release

Perform radiological monitoring, if possible, in accordance with emergency plans, mutual

aid agreements, etc.

Participate in JIC operations with status reports of response activities and operations by the

company/organization


COPPER IPZ MAP


C. GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS

Aerial Measuring System (AMS): Department of Energy (DOE)/National Nuclear Security Administration

(NNSA) operated aerial radiation surveillance program which may be used for plume verification and ground

deposition monitoring.

Alert: Events are in progress or have occurred which involve an actual or potential substantial degradation

of the level of safety of the plant or a security event that involves probable life threatening risk to site

personnel or damage to site equipment because of HOSTILE ACTION. Any releases are expected to be

limited to small fractions of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Airborne Radioactive Material: Any radioactive material dispersed in the air in the form of dusts, fumes,

mists, vapors or gases.

Assessment: The compilation and analysis of all available accident/incident data and information in order

to determine actual and projected radiation doses, dose rates, etc., to the affected population that may

result from the accident that serves as the basis for decision-making and protective actions.

Background Radiation: Radiation arising from man's natural environment including air, water, soil, cosmic

rays, etc..

Buffer Zone: An area adjacent to a restricted zone, to which residents may return, but for which protective

measures are recommended to minimize exposure to radiation.

Contamination (Radioactive): Deposition of unwanted radioactive material on the surfaces of structures,

areas, objects, food sources and/or people.

Decontamination: The reduction or removal of unwanted radioactive material from a structure, area,

objects, food sources or persons.

Dose: A generic term that means absorbed dose, dose equivalent, effective dose equivalent, committed

dose equivalent, committed effective dose equivalent, or total effective dose equivalent.

Dose Rate: The radiation dose delivered per unit of time. For example, the dose rate is measured in

Roentgen per hour (R/hr.) or Roentgen per second (R/sec).

Dosimeter: A personal monitoring instrument that measures the total accumulated exposure to ionizing

radiation (gamma or X-Ray Radiation). (Direct-Reading-Dosimeter DRD or Electronic Dosimetry).

Embargo: A legal order which restricts the movement, distribution, and/or sale of foodstuffs.

Emergency Operations Center (EOC): A secure facility with a wide range of communications capability

that provides an operations/coordination center for those agencies involved in emergency response to man-

made or natural disasters.

Emergency Planning Zone (EPZ): The area surrounding a nuclear power plant site for which offsite

planning is required. For nuclear power plants, the EPZ is defined as an area with a radius of about ten

(10) miles for the plume exposure pathway and a radius of about fifty (50) miles for the ingestion exposure

pathway.

Emergency Protective Actions: protective actions to isolate food to prevent its introduction into commerce

and to determine whether condemnation or other disposition is appropriate.

Evacuation: The temporary removal of the public from an area.


Exposure: The absorption of radiation or ingestion of a radionuclide. A measure of radiation dose received

by the person.

Exposure Rate: The amount of gamma radiation that an individual would receive in one hour as measured

in air (typically expressed in units of mill roentgens per hour or Roentgens per hour).

Federal Radiological Monitoring Assessment Center (FRMAC): An operating center, usually located at

an airport or other large facility near the scene of a radiological emergency from which the Federal field

monitoring and assessment assistance is directed and coordinated. This center need not be located near

the onsite or Federal-State centers as long as its operations can be coordinated with them

General Emergency: Indicates that events are in process or have occurred that involve actual or imminent

substantial core degradation or melting, with potential for loss of containment integrity. Releases can

reasonably be expected to exceed EPA PAG exposure levels offsite, beyond the immediate site area.

Incident Command System (ICS): A standardized on-scene emergency management concept specifically

designed to allow its user(s) to adopt an integrated organizational structure equal to the complexity and

demands of single or multiple incidents, without being hindered by jurisdictional boundaries.

Ingestion Emergency Planning Zone (IPZ): For planning purposes, the area surrounding a site, where

the principal exposure from an accident would be from the ingestion of contaminated water or foods. For

nuclear power plants the ingestion EPZ is an area of about a fifty (50) mile radius around a nuclear plant.

Ionizing Radiation: Any radiation capable of displacing electrons from atoms or molecules, thereby

producing ions. (For example, radiation produced by x-ray equipment.)

Joint Information Center (JIC): The facility used as the central point for dissemination of information by

county, State and licensee representatives to the news media. This facility is located offsite, and is the only

location which allows media access to authorized spokespersons during an emergency.

KI (potassium iodide): A prophylactic drug that can be used effectively to block the uptake of radioiodine

by the thyroid gland.

Monitoring: The act of detecting the presence of radiation and measurement of radiation levels, usually

with a portable survey instrument.

Noble Gases: The chemically inert radioactive gases that are released during an accident at a nuclear

power plant.

Notification gf Unusual Events (NOUE): Events are in progress or have occurred which indicate a

potential degradation of the level of safety of the plant or indicate a security threat to facility protection has

been initiated. No releases of radioactive material requiring offsite response or monitoring are expected

unless further degradation of safety systems occurs.

Nuclear Reactor: A facility in which nuclear fission may be sustained and controlled in a self-supporting

nuclear reaction.

Plume Exposure Pathway: For planning purposes, the area surrounding a site where the principal

exposure sources are: (a) whole body exposure to gamma radiation from the plume and from deposited

material, and (b) inhalation exposure from the passing radioactive plume. For nuclear power plants the

plume EPZ is defined as an area with a radius of about ten (10) miles.

Projected Dose: The estimated or calculated amount of radiation dose to an individual from exposure to

the plume and/or deposited materials, over a period of time, in the absence of protective action.


Protective Action Decisions (PAD): Any action taken to protect the public health in response to a

radiological emergency.

Protective Action Guide (PAG): Projected dose to an individual in the general population that warrants

the implementation of protective action. Specific PAGs have been recommended in terms of the level of

projected dose that warrants the implementation of evacuation/shelter-in-place, relocation, and limiting the

use of contaminated food, water, or animal feed.

Recovery: The process of reducing radiation exposure rates and concentrations of radioactive materials

in the environment to levels acceptable for unconditional occupancy or use.

Re-entry: Temporary entry of individuals into a restricted zone under controlled conditions.

Release: Escape of radioactive materials into the environment.

Relocation: A protective action, taken in the post-emergency phase, through which individuals not

evacuated during the emergency phase are asked to vacate a contaminated area to avoid chronic radiation

exposure from deposited radioactive material, or for those previously evacuated their continued exclusion

from those contaminated areas.

REM (R): The unit of dose equivalent in body tissue. It is a measure of radiation exposure that indicates

the potential impact on human cells.

Response: The emergency phase in which public protective actions are carried out.

Restricted Zone: An area of controlled access from which the population has been evacuated or relocated,

or is being asked to shelter-in-place.

Return: Reoccupation of areas cleared for unrestricted residence or use by previously evacuated or

relocated populations.

Sampling: Collecting specimens of materials (e.g. soil, vegetation, water, milk or radioiodine in the air) at

field locations.

Shelter-In-Place: An action taken to minimize exposure to radiologically contaminated air by going indoors

or staying inside, turn off heating or air conditioning systems, close windows and doors, monitor the

Emergency Alert System (EAS) and prepare to evacuate. The intent is for members of the public to remain

where they are, or seek shelter close by, but NOT TO return home to shelter.

Site Area Emergency: Indicates that events are in process or have occurred that involve actual or likely

major failures in the plant functions needed for protecting the public. Releases are not expected to exceed

EPA PAG exposure levels, except near the site boundary.

State Warning Point (SWP) A location designated during an emergency by the state for the purposes of

receiving and promulgating warning information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. This location is typically

referred to at the County level as the Warning Point.

Survey Meter: A portable instrument used to detect and measure ionizing radiation.

Traffic Control: All activities accomplished for the purpose of facilitating the evacuation of the general

public in vehicles along specific routes.

Ingestion Pathway Zone Information Guide

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