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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
INFRARED SPECTRA ALTERATION IN WATER PROXIMATE TO THE PALMS
OFTHERAPEUTIC PRACTITIONERS
Stephan A. Schwartz, 1# Randall J. De Mattei, 2 Edward G. Brame
Jr.3 and S. James P. Spottiswoode 4
Through standard techniques of infrared (IR) spectropho-tometry,
sterile water samples in randomly selected sealedvials evidence
alteration of infrared (IR) spectra after beingproximate to the
palms of the hands of both Practicingand Non-practicing Therapy
Practitioners, each of whomemployed a personal variation of the
Laying-on-of-Hands/Therapeutic Touch processes. This pilot study
presents 14cases, involving 14 Practitioners and 14 Recipients. The
firsthypothesis, that a variation in the spectra of all (84)
Treatedspectra compared with all (57) Control spectra would
beobserved in the 2.5–3.0 mm range, was confirmed (P ¼
.02).Overall, 10% (15) of the spectra were done using a germa-nium
internal reflection element (IRE), and 90% of thespectra (126) were
done with a zinc selenide IRE. Thedifference in refractive index
between the two IREs skewsthe data. The zinc selenide IRE spectra
alone yield P ¼ .005.
e-mail: [email protected]
#Corresponding author. Stephan A. Schwwartz, P.O. Box 905,
Langley,WA 98260, USA.
1 Distinguished Consulting Faculty, Saybrook University.2 Senior
Researcher, Mobius Society.3 Dr. Brame is deceased.4 Chief
Scientist Geonet Technologies.
& 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc.ISSN 1550-8307/$36.00
The authors believe the most representative evidence for
theeffect appeared in the sample group of Treated vs
CalibrationControls using the zinc selenide IRE (P ¼ .0004). The
secondhypothesis, that there existed a direct relationship
betweenintensity of effect and time of exposure, was not
confirmed.This study replicates earlier findings under conditions
ofblindness, randomicity, and several levels of controls.
Envi-ronmental factors are considered as explanations for
theobserved IR spectrum alteration, including
temperature,barometric pressure, and variations dependent on
samplingorder. They do not appear to explain the effect.
Key words: Infrared spectra, therapeutic intent,
hydrogenbonding, healing, water
(Explore 2015; 11:143-155 & 2015 Published by Elsevier
Inc.)
INTRODUCTIONStudies by researchers in a variety of disciplines,
notably bybiologist Bernard Grad at McGill University1; biochemist
M.Justa Smith at Rosary Hill College and Roswell Park
CancerHospital2; physicist Elizabeth Rauscher at University
ofCalifornia, Berkeley3; and psychologist Caroll Nash of
St.Joseph's University,4 reported increased vitality in
Treatedsub-populations of cell colonies, enzymes, and seedlings
incomparison with controls. In each study, treatment consistedof
some variation of an historical technique known as
Laying-on-of-Hands, or a modern nursing program known asTherapeutic
Touch. Critics argue, however, that the highvariability of living
systems, rather than the independentvariable of therapeutic intent
being studied, may account forthe positive results reported in such
experiments. Work doneby Grad using near-infrared (IR)
spectrophotometry hassuggested a possible avenue for research
defensible againstsuch criticisms.1 Dean and Brame5 continued that
line ofresearch, and their results supported Grad's findings.
This earlier research suggests the existence of an
objectivelymeasurable infrared (IR) signature which is independent
ofmeasurements on living systems. However, the work has notbeen
uniform in methodology or controls, making cross-study correlations
and comparisons very difficult. Some ofthe work has also been
subject to methodological criticism,i.e., how the bottles were
filled, and whether tap water, usedin several instances, could
contain substances that mightproduce the effect. This pilot study
incorporated suchcriticisms into its design to test the initial
findings and, ifthey held up, to establish a database of sufficient
size to guidefuture work.The IR portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum was
selected for monitoring, based on the assumption that,although
we do not know the mechanism, what we areobserving is a change in
the oxygen–hydrogen (O–H) bond-ing. The state of O–H bonding is
best observed in theinfrared where the fundamental stretching
frequency occurs,6
although earlier research suggests that overtones
andcombinations of overtones of the phenomenon occur athigher
frequencies up to the ultraviolet (UV) region.7
Because these UV bands are overtones, they are weaker andless
clearly defined.What exactly is the physical parameter being
measured in
these studies and what is known about the physics of thesystem
giving rise to it? We provide a brief sketch of
infraredspectroscopy and its use for determining the structureof
water.
143EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No.
2http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2014.12.008
mailto:[email protected]/10.1016/j.explore.2014.12.008dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2014.12.008dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2014.12.008
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The infrared is a region of the electromagnetic spectrum orrange
of frequencies of electromagnetic oscillations. For anyfrequency of
radiation, there is a corresponding wavelength;shorter wavelengths
correspond to higher frequencies. Fre-quency is usually measured in
waves per centimeter (cm�1)and wavelength in micrometers. The
infrared portion of thespectrum extends from 2.0 mm (5000 wave
numbers) to16.0 mm (625 wave numbers). This experiment focused
onthe 2.5–4.0 mm range (4000–2500 wave numbers).Substances absorb
electromagnetic radiation at specific
frequencies, and these features of their spectra are
calledabsorption bands. Such absorption of energy occurs when
thefrequency of the radiation coincides with the natural fre-quency
of oscillation of some part of the molecular structureof the
substance. This is an example of resonance and theinfrared is of
particular interest because many chemical bondshave resonances, and
hence absorption bands, in this region.For instance, the frequency
of the fundamental stretchingoscillation of the covalent bond
between the oxygen andhydrogen atoms in a water molecule occurs in
the infraredregion at a frequency of 3400 cm�1.8
The covalent bond, however, is only one of two distincttypes of
chemical bonding present in water. So-called hydro-gen bonds also
exist between molecules in close proximity.These hydrogen bonds,
although much weaker than covalentbonds, still exert considerable
influence on the properties ofwater at ambient temperatures and
pressures when thethermal energy of the molecules is comparable to
the hydro-gen bond energy (Figure 1).The fundamental stretching
frequency of the O–H bond in
water is particularly affected by the amount of hydrogenbonding,
and considerable literature exists on the exact shapeof this
absorption band. Discussion of this subject though iscarried out
within the context of one or another of two broadclasses of models
of the structure of water: (1) mixture and(2) continuum.9 In
mixture models, it is assumed thathydrogen bonding between single
water molecules(monomers) groups them into dimers (two linked),
trimers(three linked), and so on up to higher analogs.
Thermalagitation causes breaking and reforming of the hydrogen
Figure 1. The water structure of two linked molecules, called
adimer. It is the hydrogen bond that is presumed to be
affected.
144 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
bonds in these groups, and a dynamic equilibrium existsamong
these multi-molecular species and single water mole-cules at a
given temperature and pressure. In contrast, incontinuum models, it
is proposed that all possible hydrogenbonds are formed but that
there is a range of bond strengths.Regardless of the explanatory
model employed, the absorp-
tion occurring at this frequency is very intense, and it canonly
be studied in thin films of liquid or by reflectionmethods.
Thin-film transmission techniques are technicallymore difficult
than those used in reflection, which has anadditional advantage.
Reflection methods, particularly themultiple internal reflection
(MIR) method used in this study,measure absorption in the thin
layer of molecules near thesurface of the liquid. In terms of the
mixture model, it is herenear the surface that the smaller
molecular species of watermolecules, monomers, dimers, and trimers,
are concentrated.These smaller molecular species contain a higher
percentageof unbonded O–H groups than is found in higher
analogs.The earlier research suggests that the alteration produced
in
water samples acted upon by Therapeutic Practitioners affectsthe
hydrogen bonding, either by changing the strengths of thebond, as
in the continuum model, or by affecting change inthe proportion of
hydrogen bonded molecules, as the mixturemodel would have it.
Whichever model is used to explainthese changes, IR internal
reflection spectroscopy is partic-ularly sensitive to O–H
variations and is the appropriatetechnique for this measurement. We
should also note thatthere is a possibility that what we are seeing
is an entirelydifferent interaction that happens to present itself
in theinfrared at the same frequency as the O–H bonding. It
is,however, likely that the observed effect is a result of O–Hbond
changes rather than some unknown influence whichhappens to generate
a similar absorption band.In this experiment, the beam of infrared
radiation used to
measure the absorption reflects off the interface between
asubstance of very high refractive index and the liquid water,which
has a lower refractive index. When this occurs, theelectromagnetic
wave penetrates a very short distance into thematerial of lower
refractive index. To minimize this distance,in which the absorption
is being measured, it is desirable touse the largest angle of
incidence relative to the perpendicularand to have as high as
practical a refractive index in theinternal reflection element.
Since the penetration depth canbe made very small by these
techniques, on the order of asingle wavelength of the infrared
radiation, the absorptionincurred during each reflection is slight.
Therefore, it becomesessential that the infrared beam undergo many
reflections andabsorptions in order to accumulate an easily
measurable totalabsorption. The MIR unit used in this study routes
theinfrared beam through 25 reflections.With these considerations
in mind, and in view of the
earlier research on Therapeutic Touch effects on the IRspectrum
of water, we attempted to design an experimentthat would show the
largest obtainable effect and measure itaccurately and reliably.
The Practitioners were motivated byplacing them in a real healing
session. The design of theexperiment incorporated multiple levels
of controls andproduced a data set of sufficient size and
consistency forstatistical evaluation.
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
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Figure 2. Example spectrum and the points of measurement
fromwhich the ratio was developed.
HYPOTHESESHypothesis OneThe Null Hypothesis predicts that there
will be no significantdifference in the ratio, defined below,
resulting from infraredspectrophotometric analysis of the water
from each session,whether the sample comes from a Calibration
Control,Session Control, or a Treated water vial.We predict that in
some or all of the Treated samples, a
change in the infrared spectra of the samples will occur
suchthat the ratio, defined below, will have a reduced value
incomparison with the Session and Calibration Control sam-ples. We
expect that some Practitioners will be more effectivein producing
the decreased ratio value than others.
Hypothesis TwoThe second Null Hypothesis predicts that there
will be nodifferential between five-minute exposed vials and
thoseexposed for 10 or 15 min.We predict that the magnitude of the
change in the ratio
value will increase with exposure time to the Practitioner,
thechange being greatest in the 15-min samples.
Figure 3. Measurement of actual spectrum.
PROTOCOLDesignThis pilot study is designed to explore an effect
evidenced in theO–H bonding of water as a result of the intent and
action of oneperson to therapeutically influence another. The
independentvariable is the action and intent of the Practitioner;
thedependent variable is a ratio derived from the infrared
spectrum.Although the water samples are the focus of this
research,
in order to create an optimal setting for studying
theindependent variable, trials were carried out during
actualTherapy Sessions. In earlier research, the Practitioners
directedtheir therapeutic intention directly into the bottles.
However,with “intent” as our independent variable, an actual
therapeu-tic session with its possibility of effective aid to a
fellowhuman being, presumably, held greater motivation thanacting
solely on bottled water.
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
Definition of dependent variable. We measured the absorp-tion at
two frequencies (f1 ¼ 3620 cm�1 and f2 ¼ 3350 cm�1)at the peak and
shoulder of the absorption band. To normalizethe absorbance values,
a baseline was constructed beginning at3800 cm�1 across to 2700
cm�1 (Figures 2 and 3).
The Development of the RatioThe absorbance at 3620 cm�1, Au is
defined by
Au ¼ log T1T2
� �ð1Þ
Similarly, at 3350 cm�1, Ab is defined by
Ab ¼ log T3T4
� �ð2Þ
Then, the dependent variable R is given by
R ¼ AbAu
¼ log T3T3
� �= log
T1
T2
� �: ð3Þ
Although this definition of R already gives a
first-ordercorrection for absorption variation due to
environmentaland instrumental factors, for this pilot study, we
measuredambient temperature and barometric pressure, as well
aslogging the duration and starting and ending times for eachphase
of the Therapy Session and the spectrophotometric
EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2 145
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analyses. The history of motion during the experiment phaseof
the study was recorded by video-taping each session.
Vial numbering and utilization. In total, 61 vials wereuniformly
marked with an integer from 1 to 61. From thetotal pool of 61
vials, utilization occurred as follows: 42 vialswere treated on the
basis of three for each healing session (3 �14 ¼ 42); 19 were
designated as controls—14 to be matched,one each, with each
session's set of Treated vials; and five tobe used as Calibration
Controls, one per day, before eachanalysis of session samples.
Controls. There were two levels of control samples in this
study:
1.
14
Calibration Controls: Prior to each dayʼs initial session,
onevial was randomly selected and designated the
CalibrationControl. It was used as a relative reference point,
reflectingenvironmental variables, against which to evaluate
theTreated and Session Control samples. A CalibrationControl
spectrum was run by each spectroscopist priorto taking the spectrum
of each of the remaining four vialsin each five-vial session
set.
2.
Session Controls: Each Therapy Session had four vialsrandomly
assigned to it. One of these was designated asthe Session Control.
This vial served as a second level ofcontrol. Its history was the
same as those designated“Treated,” except that it was not taken
into the TherapySession Room and was not handled by the
Practitioners.
Analyses. Testing the stated hypotheses involves a compar-ison
of the mean values of R found for the three samplepopulations of
Treated, Session Controls, and CalibrationControls. It was
determined that, depending on the distribu-tion of the R values in
these populations, a suitable statisticaltest (t-test for normal
distributions and Mann–Whitney U testfor non-normal distributions)
would be chosen to determinewhether there was a significant
difference between these meanR values. The nature of the
distribution would be determinedby the Rankit graphical method.10
Possible artifacts oftemperature, barometric pressure, and
variations dependenton sampling order would be examined and such
effectscorrected for if possible.
Because the measured R values might vary in time after
thesessions, the analyses of the water samples were held at thesame
times each day with uniform intervals between eachanalysis session
and within each session's five spectra run. Wewill explore one
evaluation of Practitioner sub-populations—a comparison by group,
not individual, between “Practicing”and “Non-practicing” Therapy
Practitioners.
Participants. There were four categories of personnelinvolved
with this study:
1.
Practitioners: A total of 14 Practitioners
participated.Practitioners (Practicing and Non-practicing) are
definedhere as individuals who attempted, by other than
medicalmeans, to beneficially affect the health of ailing
individuals
6 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
(see the section Therapy sessions). Six of the Practitionerswere
individuals who had participated in other Mobiusresearch, seven
were from the staff of The Healing LightCenter Church (HLCC), and
one was an independentPractitioner. Therapy Practitioners are
considered asPracticing if they have received training
andcharacteristically administer Therapy Sessions of thistype. They
are classified as Non-practicing if they havereceived no training
and/or do not characteristicallyfunction as Practitioners.
2.
Recipients: Recipients were people with diagnosed illnesses.It was
presumed by their association with this experimentthat they were
open to the feasibility of treatment in thisway. Most (11 of 14) of
the Recipients were drawn fromthe client list of the HLCC; the
others were known toMobius personnel. Selection criteria were
limited to time,availability, and the desire to find people with
genuineneed who might best motivate the Practitioners. Theailments
were pronounced and included lung cancer,AIDS, arthritis, and
recovery from surgery. Recipients wereapprised of the nature of the
experiment and the reasonsfor the presence of cameras, vials, and
personnel during apre-session orientation meeting with a Mobius
researcher.No fees were collected for the therapeutic services
renderedduring the course of this experiment series.
3.
Researchers: Three researchers were involved in the execu-tion of
this pilot study. Researcher 1 controlled allassistants and
materials, coordinated all Therapy Sessions,and ran all
randomization programs. Researchers 2 and3 carried out the
spectrophotometric measurements of thewater samples. Researcher 1
was blind to any informationpertaining to the IR measurements taken
by Researchers2 and 3. Researchers 2 and 3 were blind as to who
thePractitioner and Recipient were, when and for how longeach
Practitioner had treated the water samples, and whichvials had been
designated Session Controls. Each was alsoblind to the spectra
obtained by the other spectroscopist.
4.
Video coordinator: A video cameraman, independent of thethree
researchers, had the responsibility for the taping. Hewas blind as
to the number or time assignment for eachvial, as well as the
outcome of the spectrophotometryanalyses. A video-record, including
timing, was made ofeach session. A log marking the time the
sessions beganand ended, time code numbers, Practitioner and
Recipientcode references, and the tape cassette was maintained
bythe Video Coordinator.
Therapy sessions. Sessions lasted approximately 45 min, dur-ing
which time Researcher 1, the Practitioner, and theRecipient were
present in a small room equipped with atypical padded therapy or
massage table and a chair. TheVideo Coordinator was outside of the
Session Room viewingthe activities on the monitor. Typically during
the TherapySession, much as Krieger11 describes, passes of the
hands weremade over the subject's body, and verbal communication
wasemployed. Each Practitioner was allowed to use their
ownprocedure during the healing sessions. While none of
thePractitioners were specifically trained in Dr. Kreiger's
method
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
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Table 1. Comparison of Therapeutic Touch and
Laying-on-of-hands
Therapeutic Touch Laying-on-of-Hands
Medical or nursing context Usually in a religious contextNo
correlation between the professing of faith and healing faith
Usually considered related to healing or spiritual healingA natural
potential that is actualized or made to happen Thought of as a
gift, or as of the spirit
known as Therapeutic Touch, many operated outside thecontext of
Laying-on-of-Hands. The difference, as interpretedby Kreiger, and
reported by Dean,12 is described in Table 1.
There is no definitive term that adequately covers theapproaches
of this study's Practitioners, but just as someclearly fell under
the Laying-on-of-Hands definition, otherswere much more aligned
with the Therapeutic Touch cate-gorization (including a registered
nurse and a medical doctorwho participated as Practitioners). No
medication, manipu-lation, or physical intrusion into the
Recipient's body wasinvolved.
Human experimentation. In accordance with Federal Stand-ards for
human experimentation, all participants in this experi-ment series
signed a release. This release is based on oneapproved by the
University of California Los Angeles (UCLA)Human Subject Protection
Committee, August 9, 1985.
Apparatus
1.
FiguCalif
IR
Experimental area: This experiment occurred in threerooms in the
HLCC. The room where the spectroscopytook place was isolated from
the room where the TherapySessions took place and could be reached
only through itsown exterior door (Figure 4).
2.
Water samples: Three flats (25 per) of 50-ml single dose(containing
no alcohol preservative) vials of bacterial-static water for
injection were purchased from a medicalsupply house. They all came
from the same lot. The vialseach had a break-off, tamper-proof cap.
Vials obtainedwere expired INVENEX; single dose glass bottles; 50
ml;no. 185-50; Sterile Water for Injection, USP; pH 5.0–7.0;lot
#1858547N-F (Figure 5).
3.
Water-vial holder: The water-vial holder was a tube sewnclosed at
one end made of Creslan™—a white nylon-like
re 4. Schematic layout of the Healing Light Center in
Glendale,ornia, where the experiment took place.
Figuthewere
Spectra Alteration in Water
material. The vial was slipped into the tube and posi-tioned
against the Practitioner's palm. Velcro™ patches ateach end of the
tube were fastened in place on the back ofthe hand to hold the vial
securely against the palm(Figure 6). The Practitioners then went
about theirnormal practice with minimal consideration for
theintrusion of the water container.
4.
Pseudo-random number generator (RNG): To make all vialassignments,
a pseudo-random number generator seededfrom the computer's internal
clock was used. The seednumber was the elapsed seconds from the
precedingmidnight.
5.
Barometer and thermometer: A Micronta 63-841 thermom-eter
calibrated to tenths of a degree centigrade and aGiscard aneroid
barometer calibrated to tenths of an inchwere located next to the
spectrophotometer in theSpectroscopy Room.
6.
Vial rack: A Styrofoam disk, measuring approximately 6-in in
diameter by three-fourth-in thick, had four holes cutin its top to
seat four vials. The rack was used to transportthe vials to and
from the Therapy Session Room, VialStorage Room, and Spectroscopy
Room. Its circular formwas designed to obviate unconscious cueing
by anyarrangement of the vials in a line (Figure 7).
7.
Spectrophotometer: The Spectrophotometer used was aPerkin–Elmer
grating infrared model 237B with a drumrecorder. All trials were
run at fast setting, Grating Slit 7.
8.
Multiple internal reflection (MIR) unit: A JANOS Technol-ogy
Corporation MIR was used in conjunction with thePerkin–Elmer
spectrophotometer. The MIR unit consistsof four mirrors that route
the light beam through thesample (Figure 8).
9.
The sample cell: This is essentially two plates of steel
heldtogether by four knurl-top screws. Each plate has an
ovalsection routed out; into this is fitted an “O” ring gasket.
re 5. The water vials. On the left as used in the sessions;
onright cap seal off showing rubber seal through which
needlesinserted.
EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2 147
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Figure 7. The water-vial holder containing a vial in place
during asession.
Figure 8. Multiple internal reflection unit schematic.
Figualso
Figure 6. The water-vial holder containing a vial in place
during asession.
148 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
Each plate is topped by a fitting suitable for attachmentto the
syringe holding the sample. These fittings channelinto tubes cut in
the steel, and it is in this way that theliquid sample is
introduced, until the void caused by therouting is filled—to be
held in place by the “O” ring as itlies uniformly along the surface
of the internal reflectionelement (Figure 9).
10.
Internal reflection element (IRE): The IRE resembles astandard
microscope slide, except that it consists of aninfrared transparent
material, with ends cut at a 601 bevel.The 601 bevel was used in
our IREs (and dictated theplacement of the cell in the MIR)
because, as Harrickreports, of three optional angles available for
the MIR,601 produces the shallowest penetration of the water
and,hence, the most sensitive measurement of the O–Hbonding
relationship in the sample.13
PROCEDURESchedulingTwo schedules need to be borne in mind:
1.
Overall schedule: The experiment series was run over thecourse of
five days. No more than three healing sessionswere run in any one
day. Three days produced 30 spectra.Because of the substitution of
the zinc selenide for the
re 9. Sample cell being dried between measurements. Noteneedle
and syringe ready for discard. Each was used but once.
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
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IR
broken germanium plate, one day produced 31. One dayhad only two
sessions producing 20. The total number ofspectra was 141. The
spectroscopy kept to the plannedschedule allowing 60 min between
each session's twospectrophotometric analysis periods. It took
approximately60 min to run five analyses (12 � 5 ¼ 60). It
tookapproximately 40 min from the time the 15-min vial of agiven
session left the Practitioner's hand, until the firstspectrum was
made.
2.
Individual session schedule: With the first vial in place in
thecloth vial holder, each Practitioner began the session withthe
Recipient. Researcher 1 kept track of the time, down toseconds,
that each vial was exposed. Using a stopwatch, hebegan timing as
soon as the vial was proximate to thePractitioner's hand and
stopped timing when the vialholder was removed. The first vial was
in place for fiveminutes, the second for 10 min, and the third for
15 min.To avoid creating any sense of pressure on either
Practi-tioner or Recipient, the Practitioner was then allowed
anyadditional desired time, without a vial in place, to reach
asatisfactory closure on the session.
Spectrophotometric MeasurementsThere were two measurements taken
of each vial assigned to agiven session:
1.
First measurement: Researcher 2 carried out the first measure-ment.
Every sample of water was extracted from the vial usinga fresh,
sterile, disposable 5-ml syringe and needle. Thesample was taken
directly from its vial and deposited ontothe Janos MIR unit's
Sample Cell. After each measurement,the MIR Sample Cell was taken
apart, and it and the IREwere dried completely. Each analysis
session began with acalibration run. The barometric pressure, scan
split, gratingslit, temperature, and starting and ending times of
the runwere logged on the spectrum chart as well as another form.
2.
Second measurement: Researcher 3 repeated the water anal-ysis on
the same spectrophotometer at a pre-determinedinterval after the
first measurement was completed. In thisway each vial was analyzed
twice by different people,obviating criticisms of an individual's
measurement tech-nique or the postulation of some influence across
thesamples by the analyzer rather than the Practitioners.
The following steps describe the sequence of events thatoccurred
in each day's sessions.
Spectra Alteration in Wate
Spectrophotometry Track
Therapy Session Track
Researchers 2 and 3
Researcher 1
First session
First session
(1) Allow instrument to reachequilibrium Calibration; this vial
toSpectroscopy room
(1) RNG to select daily control
(2) Check gain and operating features
(2) Video coordinator sets up
(3) Run zero-line spectrum usingsample from Calibration
ControlRecipient
(3) Briefing of Practitioner and
(4) Run 100% line
(4) Obtain permissions
r
(5) Run “dry” IRE backgroundspectrum
EXPLORE March/Ap
(5) Participants fill out MobiusMyers–Briggs
PersonalityInventory. Recipients givemedical history
(6) Vial assignment for session viaRNG.
(7) Three designated Treated vialsremoved from Storage Room
andtaken to Therapy Room.Designated Session Controlremains in
Storage room.
(8) Begin Session.
(9) Timed vials and logged timings.
(10) Video-taping carried out.
(11) Video log maintained.
(12) End Session.
(13) Treated vials placed in carrierrack and session control
added.
(14) Vials taken toSpectrophotometry Room.
(6) Receive vials.
(15) Participants independentlydebriefed.
(7) Run Calibration Control spectrum.
(8) Cleanse IRE.
(9) Run session vials loggingtemperature and barometricpressure,
starting and ending time foreach spectrum as well as run speedand
grating slit used.
(16) Prepare Therapy Room—obtain workbooks for nextsession.
ril 2015,
(10) Second calibration spectrum run.
(11) Second running of session vials loggingtemperature,
barometric pressure, starting andending time for each spectrum as
well as runspeed and grating slit; vials stored.
Second Session
Second Session
Steps 6–11 repeated as in Session 1
Steps 3–16 repeated as
in Session 1
Spectrophotometry Track
Therapy Session Track
Researchers 2 and 3
Researcher 1
Third Session
Third Session
Steps 6–11 repeated as in Session 1
Steps 3–15 repeated as
in Session 1
(12) At day's end, transformation of spectrameasurements into ratio
values
(13) Computer entry of raw data
RESULTSHypothesis OneWe predicted that in some or all of the
Treated samples achange in the infrared spectra would occur such
that thedefined ratio would have a reduced value in comparison
withthe Session and Calibration Control samples. We expectedthat
some Practitioners would be more effective in producing
Vol. 11, No. 2 149
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Table 3. Mean Values and Standard Deviations Between the
TwoMeasurements
Spectroscopist One Spectroscopist Two
Mean Stnd. Dev. Mean Stnd. Dev.
Calibration controls 3.27 0.14 3.27 0.15
Stnd. Dev., standard deviation.
Table 4. Zinc Selenide IRE Only (Temperature-Adjusted
Ratios)
the decreased ratio value than others. The results
confirmedthese predictions (Table 2).
Hypothesis TwoWe predicted that the magnitude of the change in
the ratiovalue would increase with exposure time to the
Practitioner,the change being greatest in the 15-min samples. This
was notconfirmed (P 4 .2).
Inter-Spectroscopist Calibration ConsistencyThe uniformity of
the mean values and standard deviationsbetween the two
spectroscopists suggest no significant differ-ence between their
performances. Calibration Controls showrelative consistency, both
by spectroscopist and betweenspectroscopists, indicating correct
measurement techniqueand consistent sampling (Table 3).
Data DistributionUsing the Rankits (graphic analysis) approach,
a linear trans-formation of the ratio values for each population
wasperformed using tables giving Rankit values in relation
topopulation n.14 These values were plotted on semilogarithmic(1
cycle 70 divisions) paper. From this, a skewed distributionwas
apparent, which determined that the Mann–Whitney Utest was
appropriate.
Internal Reflection Element VariationsAt the beginning of the
fourth measurement of the secondsession, the germanium plate from
the MIR unit broke; in itsplace we substituted one of zinc
selenide. The germaniumIRE, with its higher refractive index,
consistently producedlower ratios and, thus, artificially skewed
the combinedoverall analysis. We eliminated the 15 (of 141) ratios
fromall vial categories taken with the germanium IRE. Thegermanium
ratios alone constitute too small an n to achievetruly meaningful
results. The zinc selenide ratios alone yieldsignificant results
(Table 4).
Environmental EffectsThe following ranges of temperature and
barometric pressurewere recorded during the course of the
experiment (Table 5).
Temperature. We plot below the observed ratio valuesagainst the
recorded room temperature at time of analysis(Figure 10).
The ratios show a slight negative temperature coefficientacross
the aggregate samples. This same slight negative slopewas observed
in both germanium (�0.08) and zinc selenidepopulations (�0.055),
and within all vial populations. It
Table 2. Mann–Whitney U Tests for Temperature-Adjusted
Ratios
z Scores P Value (One Tailed)
Germanium and zinc selenide IREsAll treated vs all controls
–2.03 .02All treated vs calibration controls –2.93 .002All treated
vs session control –0.26 .4
IRE, internal reflection element.
150 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
should be noted that ambient temperatures only wererecorded and
used in the above plot. This effect of temper-ature on infrared
absorption bands is well reported in theliterature, and there have
been several studies of waterfocusing specifically on the
absorption bands studied in thisexperiment. Unfortunately, none of
the studies used theattenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy
techniqueemployed here. However, two studies of reflectance
IRspectra1,15,16 and a further study of the Raman spectrum inthis
region17 report values for the temperature coefficient of
Rconsistent with one another and comparable to that observedin this
study. Thus, although the unreported ATR methodmay give slightly
different band profiles from reflectance IRand Raman spectroscopy,
the uniformity of the two otherapproaches suggests that samples
measured in this experimentby ATR should show, as they do, a
similar temperaturecoefficient. Because the observed temperature
coefficient is ofthe same sign and order of magnitude as the
published values,it is probable that this study is seeing an effect
on R due tothe sample temperature, and not an artifact produced
byequipment fluctuation.
The temperature shift required to produce a mean effectequal to
that observed in this study—ΔR ¼ �0.08—is shownbelow for water
samples with a reference temperature of 251C(Table 6). The mean
temperature of this study was 25.81C.
To mimic the mean effect observed in this study, a 21difference
of room temperature would be required betweensampling the Treated
and Calibration Controls. This magni-tude of temperature shift was
not observed; the mean shiftwas 0.441C. To encompass the full range
of the effect wouldrequire a change of þ111C as some samples
changed by ΔR¼ �0.46.
However, since we only recorded the ambient temperatureduring
the spectrophotometric sessions, other considerationsneed to be
examined. One concerns whether it is possible thatthe handling of
samples during treatment sessions resulted in
z Scores P Value (OneTailed)
All treated vs all controls �2.56 .005All treated vs calibration
controls �3.54 .0004Five minutes �3.06 .00110 min �2.52 .00615 min
�3.02 .001
All treated vs session control �0.46 .3Calibration controls vs
session controls �2.8 .002
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
-
Table 6. Examples of Temperature Effects on R
TemperatureCoefficient 1C�1
1C þ to Mimic MeanObserved Effect
SpectroscopyTechnique
Source
�0.041 2.0 ATR-IR This study�0.027 3.0 Reflectance IR
Pinkley
et al.15
�0.021 3.8 Reflectance IR Haleet al.16
�0.026 3.1 Raman SchultzandHornig17
ATR-IR, attenuated total reflection infrared.
Table 5. Zinc Selenide IRE Only (Temperature-Adjusted
Ratios)
Temperature (1C) Barometric Pressure (in)
Range ¼ 6.3 Range ¼ 0.3Maximum 28.6 Maximum 30.1Minimum 22.3
Minimum 29.8
their having higher temperatures at measurement than
Cali-bration or Session Control samples, something that wouldnot be
reflected in the ambient measurements. To explore thisquestion, a
worst-case scenario was constructed, and a seriesof post hoc
experiments was carried out.
Under most circumstances, the Creslan vial holder posi-tioned
only a part of the cloth-covered vial surface against
thePractitioner's slightly cupped palm. To create the
worst-casescenario, we tightly grasped unsheathed sample vials,
from thesame lot used in the main study, for 15 min in the
nakedhand. Fifteen minutes of such exposure raised the
watertemperature in the vial, by 101C above the mean
ambienttemperature of 25.81C. Measurements were taken using aTegam
digital thermometer, model 8751F (verified calibrationto 0.11F),
equipped with a 24-gauge Type T thermocouplesensor, with a time
constant less than one second. The sensorwas inserted through the
rubber seal directly into theapproximate center of the vial. The
water within the vialswas then allowed to equilibrate toward
ambient.
The thermal time constant of the water within the vialswas such
that the temperature differential between sampleand ambient halved
every 29 min. Spectra from a givensession were taken from 15 to 73
min after the time a vial
Figure 10. Temper
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
left the hand of the Practitioner. Second
spectroscopicmeasurements typically occurred an hour and a half
afterthat. Using the worst-case scenario determined by the
firstpost hoc experiment—a sample heated to 101C aboveambient
temperature and then measured only 15 min later—and given the
established thermal time constant, we foundthat a vial would be 71C
above ambient at the time its firstspectrum was taken.
This led to exploration of a third temperature issueinvolving
the Sample Cell/IRE unit itself. Could handlingof the unit
introduce a temperature effect not revealed by theambient
measurement? Post hoc experiments were carried outin which the
thermocouple sensor was inserted, via the samechannel through which
the water was injected into the “dry”Sample Cell, as it was being
handled during the preparation
ature vs ratios.
EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2 151
-
for spectra taking. An ambient reading was taken and 1.5 mlof
water was extracted from the previously held vial andinjected into
the Sample Cell. The sensor was re-inserted intothe water-filled
Sample Cell, which was placed into the MIR,and readings were taken
at the beginning and end of the twominutes required to take a
spectrum. During the course of atypical five-vial measurement
session, we found that theSample Cell temperature varied above
ambient by no morethan 0.51C between spectrographic measurements,
and thateven this rise dissipated during the approximately
three-minute period it took to prepare for the next spectrumtaking.
These experiments also revealed that samples 71Cabove ambient,
which were injected into the IRE forspectrophotometric analysis
equilibrated very rapidly andclosely to the temperature of the
Sample Cell. This is notsurprising since the 1.5 ml of water in the
Sample Cell cavityis spread out in a shallow film within a steel
casing.
These post hoc studies make it clear that, since the metalhas a
much greater thermal capacity than the water, theSample Cell
temperature is the significant factor in determin-ing the sample
temperature at the time of spectroscopicmeasurement, and that
temperature increase within the vials,caused by handling, is not a
significant factor. Similarly,handling the metal Sample Cell is not
a significant concernbecause of the waiting time it took to prepare
the spectro-photometer for the next spectrum measurement.
Having thus established that spectra were taken at atemperature
approximating ambient, we corrected for theslope observed in the
regression line, producing an adjustedratio, Ra by
Ra ¼ R þ 0:041 ðT � 25Þ ð4Þwhere Ra ¼ the temperature-adjusted
ratio, R ¼ the uncor-rected ratio, and T ¼ temperature.
The Mann–Whitney U tests were then run using thecorrected ratios
from both the germanium and zinc selenidepopulations. The results
of these calculations provided data,upon which the Hypothesis One
analysis was based, althoughthe z score difference between the two
datasets was quitesmall. The z score difference between the
adjusted andunadjusted ratios, in the most pronounced category,
Treatedvs Calibration, changed only from �2.97 to �2.93.
Barometric pressure. The barometric pressure was logged at
thetime each spectrum was produced and over the course of
trialscovered a range of only 0.3 in. These were optimal
experimentalconditions, but because this range was so small, we can
saynothing concerning the pressure–ratio relationship.
Sampling and Order VariationsThere is a second possible pressure
effect to consider. Air waspushed into the vials through the
syringe and needle in orderto offset the vacuum created by
withdrawing the watersample. The Treated and Session Control vials
each under-went two measurements, while each of the
CalibrationControl vials underwent either four or six, depending
onwhether two or three sessions were held on a given
day.Presumably, since the Calibration Controls experienced
thegreatest variance for this factor, they should show the
greatest
152 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
range of effect. To explore this, we took the mean of the
ratiosof each measurement category, i.e., all first-of-the-day
Cali-bration Control sample ratios, all
second-measurement-of-the-day Calibration Control sample ratios,
and so on up tomeasurement six (Figure 11).
Practitioner Sub-PopulationsThe total population of
Practitioners was considered as beingmade up of two
sub-populations, Practicing and Non-practicing. Using the zinc
selenide IRE, we compared theTreated vs Calibration Control
sub-populations. Thisresulted in the elimination of two actively
Practicing TherapyPractitioners, leaving seven Practicing compared
with fiveNon-practicing. The comparison showed is showed inTable
7.Those who trained in some kind of therapeutic technique,
and characteristically involved themselves in such
activities,produced more significant results than those who had
notundergone such training or who did not characteristicallyinvolve
themselves in such activities.
DISCUSSIONThe central difficulty in interpreting this
experiment's resultslies in the Session Controls, a few of which
also showevidence of having been acted upon. For reasons
discussedin the section Results, we do not feel that
environmentaleffects provide a compelling explanation for either
the overalleffect or the changes in the Session Control
sub-populationspecifically. However, eliminating temperature as a
cause doeslittle to advance our understanding of what affected the
watersamples. If the effect is not the result of
environmentalfactors, what could have caused the change in the IR
spectra?In seeking an answer to this question, the fact that only
someSession Controls were affected lends possible support to
twoexplanatory models.
Emotive–Intention ModelThe independent variable of this
experiment was the “intent”of the Practitioner, and this
therapeutic intent may have, as amajor component, a highly charged
emotional state. Thismodel, in addition to proposing a partial
explanation for theoverall effect, suggests that we neglected to
fully appreciatethe psychological impact produced by a Therapy
Session indesigning the experiment. Researcher 1 also had a
highlyemotional experience, and he alone knew the identity of
allfour samples from each session, including which was thecontrol.
He was the only person who handled the SessionControls until they
were delivered to the SpectroscopyRoom. Since the Calibration
Controls show no effect, theSession Controls presumably were not
affected by any factorin the spectroscopy room.At the time of the
sessions, Researcher 1 sometimes
reported being deeply “moved” and “excited.” So powerfulwere
these experiences that Researcher 1 was later shown tohave ineptly
handled a tape recorder with which he was fullyfamiliar and which
he had used many times over several years.He could qualify as being
in an altered state as Ludwig18
defines the word. If one considers the correlation between
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
-
Figure 11. Sub-populations by sequence of measurement.
high emotion and extraordinary human performance of allkinds,
the possibility of Researcher 1 being an affecting agentcannot be
eliminated. Indeed, an extreme scenario could bedeveloped in which
all affected vials were the result of someinfluence on the part of
Researcher 1, and that thePractitioners produced none of the
effect.
Proximity ModelThe Treated and Session Control vials from each
TherapySession were within several inches of one another and
mayhave had some direct glass-to-glass contact. This modelproposes
that some undefined field effect, perhaps along thelines discussed
by Sheldrake and others19 caused the TreatedVials to affect the
Session Controls through proximity. TheProximity Model might
co-exist with the Emotive–IntentionModel, but alone it does not
explain how the Treated sampleswere affected, unless one postulates
that the few affectedSession Controls caused changes in the Treated
samplesduring the time the last vial left the hand until the
firstmeasurement was taken in the Spectroscopy Room. How thismight
occur through the glass of the vials we do not speculate.This
experiment did not control for such an effect.
Future ResearchSubsequent work should do more than replicate the
existenceof the effect observed in this study; it should give a
moreaccurate reading of true magnitude. Similarly, it should
alsorefine how long it takes to affect the water. What we can
say
Table 7. Mann–Whitney U Test (Temperature-Adjusted Ratios)
Zinc Selenide IRE P (One Tailed)
Practicing (treated vs calibration controls) –3.08
.001Non-practicing (treated vs calibration controls) –1.75 .04
IR Spectra Alteration in Water
with this data set is that the size of the phenomenon does
notincrease simply with time of exposure, and that it can take
fiveminutes or less to produce a significant change. Both
theEmotive–Intention and Proximity models could conceivablyproduce
such a change.We must (1) reduce system noise by utilizing even
higher
purity water and employing a more advanced spectropho-tometer,
which allows for continuous calibration readings;(2) monitor sample
temperature at the IRE and create base-lines establishing the exact
nature of any temperature coef-ficient through repeated trials on
water samples at differentcontrolled temperatures; (3) implement
greater automation,involving continuous Teflon tubing, rather than
water vials,in this way eliminating researcher handling of the
samples andallowing for greater sampling frequency per session,
whichcould potentially answer questions as to how long it takes
tocause change in the samples, and possibly lead to evaluationof
individual practitioner effects; and (4) maintain strictseparation
of Control and Treated water samples and carryout proximity studies
to shed light on the existence of anysuch effect.The selection of
the palms of the hands as the site to
monitor was based on the almost universal
ethno-historicalassociation of the hands with healing. This does
not imply,however, that the palms are the only place on the body
atwhich to place the water. Two small studies suggest that atleast
one other site exists on the body where water has beenaffected, and
that proximity is an aspect whose parameters arenot understood.
Dean reports a successful experiment with aBritish woman, Rose
Gladden, where the bottle was placed ather throat.20 Brame (E.G.
Brame, Measuring changes in thestructure of water exposed to
healers and healing circles,unpublished technical report, 1977)
describes an experimentin which a group of people were several feet
from a target vial.The anecdotal literature of absent healing,
where Practitionerand Recipient are separated, sometimes by long
distances,
EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2 153
-
suggests that distance may be no more a factor in this
effectthan it is in remote viewing.21
The comparison between those individuals trained,
andexperienced, in such therapeutic activities, and those who
arenot has been explored in only a preliminary way. While
theresults clearly suggest a correlation between experience
ofPractitioner and robustness of effect, this data set does
notdirectly speak to finer analyses concerning individual
Practi-tioner techniques. The results do suggest that even with
notraining, or regular practice, it is possible to alter the
IRspectrum if the intent is strong. For this reason, we feel
thisissue of intent is very significant and should be a
majorconsideration in any experiment design.This report does not
take a position of preference for any
specific technique. When more data has been collected,discussion
will develop involving correlations with wateranalysis and the
various ways in which Practitioners approachedtheir task. At that
time the tape recorded debriefings of eachPractitioner and
Recipient taken in this experiment immediatelyafter their session
will make their contribution.Because this experiment focused on the
water samples, the
exact relationship between the water change and anyimproved
physical or psychological well-being of the Recip-ients was not
established. However, anyone viewing the videotapes of the session
must recognize the profound nature ofthe experience for both
Practitioner and Recipient, a con-clusion reinforced in the
debriefings held after every session.Relaxation and stress relief
are unmeasured but obvious; aresponse consistent with a measured
study reported byQuinn22 utilizing the State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory (STAI)Self-Evaluation Questionnaire. We have also
subsequentlyreceived reports from Recipients as to their sense of
effect.These include the anomalous disappearance of a kidneystone.
The connection between the alteration of the O–Hbonding state and a
direct change in the well-being of therecipient is implied, but
future research will be requiredbefore anything specific can be
established.A bridge between observed ratio shifts in Treated
water
samples and the improved health and well-being of theRecipients
can be built by exploring a three-fold path: (1) ameasurement in a
non-living system outside of the body, acontinuation of this
research; (2) an objective physicalmeasurement taken from within
the body, possibly spectro-scopy of blood samples; and (3) a
psychological stress andanxiety reduction measurement in the form
of a self-reporting instrument. If under the proper controls
thislinkage is established, say there is a shift in the O–H
bondingin blood, and this correlates to a change in the
body'simmune response, perhaps we will begin to understandsomething
of this therapeutic exchange so long reported inhumanity's
history.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank The Healing Light CenterChurch
and The A.R.E. Clinic, Ltd., Department of EnergyMedicine, for
their grant support; The John E. Fetzer Energy
154 EXPLORE March/April 2015, Vol. 11, No. 2
Medicine Research Institute and Research Advisory Commit-tee,
particularly Harvey Grady and William Tiller, for theirsuggestions;
Douglas Dean and Bernard Grad for theirassistance and guidance;
Robert M. Nakamura for his stat-istical suggestions; William Truett
and the JANOS Technol-ogy Corporation for the contribution of a
Multiple InternalReflection Unit; Rosalyn Bruyere, Greg Zuspan, and
the staffof The Healing Light Center Church for their
cooperationduring the week of fieldwork at their facility; Bill
Handler formaking video-taping of the sessions possible; and
MichaelCuneo of Brain Power for his assistance in
statisticalprogramming.
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Infrared Spectra Alteration in Water Proximate to the Palms of
Therapeutic PractitionersIntroductionHypothesesHypothesis
OneHypothesis Two
ProtocolDesignDefinition of dependent variable
The Development of the RatioVial numbering and
utilizationControlsAnalysesParticipantsTherapy sessionsHuman
experimentationApparatus
ProcedureSchedulingSpectrophotometric Measurements
ResultsHypothesis OneHypothesis TwoInter-Spectroscopist
Calibration ConsistencyData DistributionInternal Reflection Element
VariationsEnvironmental EffectsTemperatureBarometric pressure
Sampling and Order VariationsPractitioner Sub-Populations
DiscussionEmotive–Intention ModelProximity ModelFuture
Research
AcknowledgmentsReferences