INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Lesson 1-2-3

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYLesson 1-2-3

DEFINITIONSComputer:A computer is an electronic machine that receives

input, stores and automatically processes data, and provides output in a useful format.

Data: Data is raw & unorganized facts and figures that

need to be processed.

DEFINITIONSInformation:When data is processed and organized so as to

make it useful and meaningful, it is called Information.

Information Technology:A term that refers to both the hardware and

software that is used to store, retrieve and manipulate information.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS Speed and accuracy of calculations and

processing. Save huge amounts of data. Economic in cost and time. Network communications.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS1st Generation (Vacuum Tubes)Very huge in size.Very expensive.Very low processing speed.Relied on the machine language to perform operations.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS2nd Generation (Transistors) Smaller Faster Cheaper

COMPUTER GENERATIONS3rd Generation (Integrated

Circuits) The speed and the efficiency of the

computers were increased.

COMPUTER GENERATIONS4th Generation (Present

Microprocessor)Most powerful.Can be linked together to form networks.Fastest and most efficient.

TYPES OF COMPUTER

SUPER COMPUTER Biggest and most powerful. Rare because of their cost and size. Used by companies like NASA.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER Great processing speed and data storage. Often connected to many individual PCs

with limited processing capabilities called dumb terminals.

Used in Banks, Airlines etc.

MINICOMPUTER A Midsize Computer not very common

now. Minimized in size and power. Can connect up to 200 users at a time.

MICROCOMPUTER Called Personal computer (PC) Small enough to fit on top of a desk, which

can be used by one user at a time. Used in homes, schools etc.

WORKSTATION COMPUTER High-end microcomputer . Used by one person at a time. Commonly connected to a local area

network.

CONTROL COMPUTER Used for controlling operations in

industrial, medical devices and travel media like planes and cars

Also used to alert in any dangerous case.

PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER

Computer

Hardware Software

DEFINITIONSHardware:The physical parts of a computer which you

can see and touch.

Hardware

1) Input

Devices

2 )Output Devices

3)

Processing

Unit

4) Memory Unit

5) Storage Devices

HARDWARE1) Input Devices: Devices used to translate the data into a form that the computer can process.

a) Keyboard

It is a board containing the keys of letters, numbers and some functions which allows you to type information into the computer.

b) Mouse

A small hand-held device used to point, select, click on items and to drag and drop items from one place to another.

c) Scanner

It allows you to scan pictures, text and images and save it to your computer in a digital form.

d) Bar Code ReaderPhotoelectric scanners that translate the bar code symbols into digital form.

e) Joystick

Small hand-lever that can be moved in any directions to control movement on the screen.

It can be used for playing games.

HARDWARE2) Output Devices: Devices used to translate the processed information into a form that humans can understand.

a) Monitor (computer screen)

It displays the text, information and pictures.

They are different in (Size and Resolution)

b) Printer

It produces a hard copy of the material you are working on.

Types:1) Laser Printer 2) Ink-jet Printers

c) Plotters

It is similar to a printer but allows you to print larger images.

d) Speakers / Headphone

They are used to output voice from a computer

NOTE:Some devices can be used as both Input and

output devices at the same time such asTouch Screen:It receives input from the touch of a finger.

HARDWARE3) Processing unit(CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) The most important part of a computer system. Referred to as the brain of the computer. Determines the speed of computer which is measured in MHz or GHz.

1 GHz= 1000 MHz

CPU (Central Processing Unit )CPU consists of: CU (Control Unit): It tells the

computer system how to carry out program instructions from the memory. It controls and coordinates all activities of the computer.

ALU (Arithmetic and Logic Unit): It performs mathematical and logical operations

HARDWARE

4) Memory unit Memor

yRAM ROM

RAM (Random Access Memory)

The operating system is loaded into the RAM when you switch on your computer.

Used to store applications that you are currently working with.

It is temporary (volatile).

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It has special programs which are built-in when you buy the computer.

Used to store control programs. It is permanent (non-volatile).

HARDWARE5) Storage Devices: Hardware devices which are used to record

and store data.

1) INTERNAL STORAGEHARD DISK

It is the most important storage media in the computer.

It stores operating system and programs.

2) EXTERNAL STORAGE

A compact and easy-to-use device for transferring data between computers.

a) Flash Memory

b) CD (Compact Disk)

An optical disk which uses laser to read information.

It has 750 MB capacity.

c) DVD (Digital Versatile Disk)

A high-density video disc that stores large amounts of data, especially high-resolution audio-visual material like movies, encyclopedia etc.

The capacity is up to 17 GB.

DISK AND MEMORY CAPACITY

The first level of storage is called bit (the bit is referred to a binary number 0 or 1).

8 bits = Byte 1024 bytes = Kilo Byte (KB)1024 KB = Mega Byte (MB)1024 MB = Giga Byte (GB)1024 GB = Tera Byte (TB).

COMPUTER PERFORMANCE1. The speed of the processor.2. The capacity of RAM.3. The capacity and the speed of

the Hard disk.

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INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYLesson 4-5-6

SOFTWARESoftware are instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to perform.

Software

Operating System

ApplicationSoftware

1) OPERATING SYSTEMAn interface between hardware and user,

which is responsible for the management of activities and the sharing of the resources of a computer.

Examples of operating system: MS DOS (Disk Operating System) MS Windows (98 – Me – 2000 – XP – Vista – 7). MAC OS. UNIX.

OPERATING SYSTEM TYPESa. CLI (Command Line

Interface):A user interface in which you type

commands instead of choosing them from a menu or selecting an icon.

OPERATING SYSTEM TYPESb. GUI (Graphical User

Interface): A visual way of interacting with a computer

using items such as windows, icons, and menus.

It is user-friendly.

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OPERATING SYSTEM TASKS Interface: provides an interface between the

user and the machine. Resource management: Allocates computer

resources such as CPU time, main memory, secondary storage, and input and output devices for use.

Input/output management: Checks the input and output of the data, their location, storage, and retrieval.

File management: Sets up directories to organize files according to their type and displaying a list of files stored on a particular disk.

2) APPLICATION SOFTWARESpecial software to do special

functions.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS Word Processor:It is used to write and format texts, insert

tables and pictures, e.g. MS Word.

Spreadsheet:It is used for automatic calculations and

creating charts, e.g. MS Excel.

Database:A structured set of data held in a computer,

e.g. MS Access.

EXAMPLES OF APPLICATIONS

Web Browser:A program designed to enable users to

access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet, e.g. Internet Explorer.

Presentation:It is used to design slides for business and

education, e.g. MS PowerPoint.

COMPUTER NETWORKS

NETWORK DEFINITIONIt is a set of tow or more connected computers to share resources.

ADVANTAGE OF USING NETWORKS

Information sharing. Resources sharing (printers). Software sharing. Information protection (user names and

passwords) Emails.

NETWORK TYPES1) LAN.2) WAN.

1) LAN ( Local Area Network)It is a group of computers connected

together in the same region or limited area.

2) WAN (Wide Area Network)A network that connects computers over

wide geographical area or may be other countries using telephone lines or satellite.

MAIN PARTS OF NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

Client: A computer connected to the network that doesn’t have any control privilege.

Server: It is a computer that is responsible for controlling network resources.

Resources: All files, printers and other hardware or software that the network users can share.

INTERNET(INTERCONNECTED NETWORK)

It is a global network of inter-connected networks.

A system of connected computers that allows your computer to exchange data, messages and files with any of the millions of other connected computers.

INTRANET(INTERNAL NETWORK)

An Intranet is a network of computers within a private company.

It is similar to Internet but can be accessed only by authorized members in the same organization.

EXTRANET(EXTERNAL NETWORK)

It is similar to an Intranet but it can be accessed by outsiders who have the permission to access the company’s network.

Note: All of these networks need a modem

to work. The speed of modem called Transfer rate and it is measured by bps (bit per second).

New modem speed is measured in Mbps or Gbps.

TERMSWWW (World Wide Web):A collection of web pages and related resources

which are linked together across the internet.

ISP (Internet Service Provider)It is a company that provides individuals and

other companies access to the Internet, and other related services such as Web site building and virtual hosting.

TERMSURL (Uniform Resource Locator)Every page has its own unique address.

TERMS Web Browsers:They are software application used for

retrieving and presenting an URL on the World Wide Web.

Cookie A file created by an Internet site to store

information on your computer.

TERMS Web Site A computer Storage area that contains one

or more web pages.

Home PageThe first web page you see when you lunch

Internet Explorer.

TERMSSearch EngineIs designed to search for information on the

World Wide Web.

TERMS Downloading The process of transferring a file from a

network computer to a local computer.

Uploading The process of transferring a file from your

local computer to a network computer.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYLesson 7-8

FIELDS OF USING IT IN OUR DAILY LIFE

COMPUTER IN EDUCATION

Schools have computer labs that give students access to resources they may not have at home.

COMPUTER IN MANAGEMENTMIS (Management Information System)

It is a computer based system that drives data from all departments of an organization and produces reports of the organization's performance.

COMPUTER IN BANKS ATM machines. By online banking you can pay bills and

move money between accounts.

COMPUTER IN MEDICAL FIELDS Manage hospitals files including files of all

types of patients. Assist doctors in diagnosing diseases. Help the doctors in surgery.

COMPUTER IN PHARMACY Financial transactions. Storage system.

COMPUTER AND INDUSTRY FIELD

Artificial Intelligence:It is a part of Computer Science which aims to

design intelligent computer systems to help in solving problems, one of these systems is a Robot.

Robot is a machine created to simulate the human being activities in a fast and organized manner.

COMPUTER AND INDUSTRY FIELDWorks can be performed by the Robot:

Welding and plumbing. Handling dangerous materials. Defusing bombs.

TELE-WORKINGWorking from home and communicating with

the office by phone, fax and computerAdvantages: Reduced or zero commuting time. Greater ability to focus on one task Flexible schedules Reduced office space requirementsDisadvantages: Lack of human contact and competition Negative impact on teamwork No Self-discipline

E-DOCUMENTSDocuments or files which are created by the

computer applications e.g. text documents.

Advantages:1) Reduces the need for printed material

(books) which reduce the cost of printing.2) Easy to share files online.3) Easy to browse or search for a file on the

computer.

E-COMMERCEBuying or selling via the internet

usually using a credit card.

Payment Methods of ecommerce:

1) Visa Card.2) Master Card.

THE ADVANTAGES OF THE E-COMMERCE

Global Market: you can buy from any country.

Open Time (24 hours a day). Saves the client time.

THE DISADVANTAGES OFE-COMMERCE

Risk in payment due to disclosure of credit card number or bank account.

The risk of information leakage during transport to a hacker who might change the name of the buyer.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGYLesson 9-10-11

RIGHT METHODS TO DEAL WITH THE COMPUTER

Screen’s brightness and position should be comfortable for your eyes.

Keyboard should be in front of you, and under your hand.

You should put the mouse over a mouse pad to save it from dust

The chair and the table should be adjustable and in good height. Use cleaning tools to clean up the computer. Use original ink and good paper for printing.

RIGHT METHODS TO DEAL WITH THE COMPUTER

HEALTH PROBLEMS CAUSED BY THE WRONG USE OF COMPUTERS

Wrong distance from the computer screen can result in vision problems and eye inflammation.

Incorrect posture in front of the computer can cause neck pain, back pain and leg pain.

Inappropriate height of the table and chair can lead to back problems.

INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY PROTECTION

INFORMATION SECURITYIt is a science which focuses on how to

provide protection to the information and to avoid misuse of data.

HOW TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR INFORMATION SYSTEM

Put password to log in for information.

Ensure that the source of e-mail attachments is genuine.

Adopt fingerprint, eye print or voice print systems in your Information system.

Create a backup copy of your work outside the system.

HOW TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FOR INFORMATION SYSTEM

Use of encryption technique: is the altering of data so that it is not usable to prevent it from unauthorized users

Don’t leave your computer open when not in use.

Don’t leave your devices with any person.

VIRUS

It is a software program which is written with the intention of causing damage in a computer system.

VIRUS SPREADING WAYS Computer networks. Copying and distribution of illegal software

through the internet

VIRUS PROTECTION WAYS Don’t use flash or CDs from unreliable

sources. Use only registered software. Never open e-mail attachments from

unreliable source. Install an anti-virus program and

always keep it up-to-date.