Information Technology for Managers-Course Overview

8/6/2019 Information Technology for Managers-Course Overview

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Information Technology forManagers


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Pre-requisite for the course

You have never used a computer before

The computer experience has been very

brief


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After completion of the course:

Improved employment prospects

Skills that span different aspects of life

Greater self-sufficiency A foundation of knowledge for a lifetime

of learning

A prerequisite for MIS course


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Contents

Unit 1: IT in the Business Environment

Unit 2: Looking Inside the IT Infrastructure

Unit 3: Applying IT for CompetitiveAdvantage

Unit 4: Face to Face with the computer

world


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Contents (Detailed):

Unit 1: IT in the Business Environment

Introducing Computer System

Business and Information technology Information Technologies in the modern

organizations


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Contd.

Unit 2: Looking inside the IT Infrastructure Computer Hardware

Computer Software

Operating Systems

Managing Organizational Data and

Information Introduction to DBMS

Telecommunications and Networks The

Internet, Intranets and Extranets


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Unit: 3 Applying IT for Competitive Advantage

Functional, Enterprise and Inter-

organizational system

Electronic Commerce

Contd.


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Contd.

Unit 4: Face to Face with the computer world


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DAY 1During the course of a normal day, keep a list of

your encounters with computers of various kinds.

Your list should show the place and time of the

encounter, the type of interaction you had with

the technology, and the results of that interaction.

Remember

Computers can take many sizes and forms,so be alert to more than just PCs. Share

your list with the class.


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Unit 1

IT in the Business Environment


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Contents

Introducing Computer System

Business and Information technology

Information Technologies in the modernorganizations


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A computer is a machine that manipulates data

according to a set of instructions.


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What is the difference between

computer science and IT?


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Computer science is - "What is a computer and how it

works?"

While

Information tech. is - What and how can i do with

computers."


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Introducing Computer SystemA computer is an electronic device that

processes data, converting it into

information that is useful to people. Any

computer- regardless of its type- iscontrolled by programmed instructions,

which give the machine a purpose and tell

it what to do.


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Classifications of computers

The computers can be classified on thebasis of the following:

Nature of output produced

No of users using

Embedded systems


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Nature of Output

Computers may be classified as on thebasis of the nature of the output produced.

These are as follows:

Digital

Analog


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Analog and Digital

Analog and digital computers differ in many

respects, but the most important distinction

is the way they represent data.

Digital systems represent data as having onedistinct value or another, with no other

possibilities. Analog systems, however

represent data as variable points along acontinuous spectrum of values.


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Number of Users using

The computers may be classified as on thebasis of the no of users supported by.These

are as follows:

Computers for single users

Computers for organizations

User-less computers


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Computers for Individual UsersSingle Handed Computer

Desktop computers

Workstations

Notebook computers

Tablet computers

Handheld computers Smart phones


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Desktop Computers: A PC that is designed to sit

on (or under) a desk or table. Personal computersin their various forms are icons of the InformationAge and are what most people think of as"computers"

Personal ComputersPersonal Computers


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Workstations: A workstation is a specialized,

single-user computer that typically has morepower and features than a standard desktop PC.These machines are popular among scientists,engineers, and animators who need a system with

greater-than-average speed and the power toperform sophisticated tasks.


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WorkstationWorkstation


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Notebook Computers: The notebookcomputers have the power and features of

Desktop PCs but are light and portable.LAPTOP Computers and MobileComputers.


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Tablet PCs: The tablet PCs offer all the

functionality of a notebook PC, but they are more

lighter and can accept input from a special pen-

called a stylus or a digital pen. It is useful among

professionals who need to take lots of notes and

deal with hand-drawn documents, such as

architects.

HP Compaq tablet PC with rotating/removable keyboard

.


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Handheld PCs: These are computing devices

small enough to fit in your hands. A popular type

of handheld computer is the Personal Digital

Assistant (PDA).


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PDA & HandheldPDA & Handheld

ComputersComputers


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Smart Phones: The cellular phones, offering

special features as web and e-mail access, special

software such as personal organizers, or specialhardware such as digital cameras and music

players. Some models even break in half to reveal

a miniature keyboard.


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SmartphoneSmartphone


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What to choose when: Desktop

Work with Graphics-Intensive or Desktop Publishing

Applications

Design or use Multimedia Products

Set up Complex Hardware Configurations

Handheld Manage your schedule on a Daily or Hourly basis

Manage a list of contacts

Make notes on the fly Send faxes and e-mails


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Laptops

Carry your data with you

Be able to work anywhere Communicate and share data from any

location


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Computers for Organizations

Network Servers

Mainframe Computers

Minicomputers

Supercomputers


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Network ServersA network server is usually a powerful

personal computer with special softwareand equipment that enable it to function

as the primary computer in the network.

If there exists a number of servers it is

known as Clusters or Server Farms.


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Server & ClientServer & Client


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Classification of Computers

Super Computer Mainframe Computers

Mini Computers Micro Computers


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Super Computers Supercomputers

The largest, most powerful, and most expensive Used by universities, research institutions, and

large corporations


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The Columbia Supercomputer, located at the NASA Ames

Research Center.


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Mainframe Computers Mainframe Computers

Less powerful and less expensive than

supercomputers

Used by businesses with large amounts of data

that need to be stored in a central computer


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Mini Computers

Midrange Computers

Often used as the host computer in a network of

smaller computers

Priced in the several thousands to a few hundredthousand dollars

Manufacturers: DEC (VAX), IBM (AS/400), and

Hewlett-Packard


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Micro Computers (Cont.)

Microcomputers

Networks of microcomputers are replacing

mainframes

Sometimes called workstations

Used for CAD, CAE, complex simulations and

scientific applications


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Microcomputers (cont.)

The microprocessor chip

Traditionally manufactured by Intel

AMC and Cyrix are other manufacturers

Macintosh are built around Motorolas PowerPC chips

Sun develops its own microprocessors and computers


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Business Evolves with Computing


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Embedded SystemsThe embedded computers found in many devices fromMP3

players tofighter aircraftand from toys to industrial robots are

however the most numerous.


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MicroMicro--controllercontroller


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Portable Media PlayerPortable Media Player


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Videogame ConsoleVideogame Console


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Computers in SocietyFrom medicine to transportation, from

banking to entertainment industry there ishardly any industry or sector that does not

deploy IT in a fundamental manner to

achieve the following: Reducing cost of operations by increasing

operational efficiency and staff productivity


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Improving revenues and bottom lines by

helping management in informed decision

making and focusing on priority areas.

Improving customer satisfaction by

providing better, faster and value-addedservices.


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Few Industries for IT services IT in Railways

IT in Airlines IT in Banking

IT in Insurance IT in Financial Accounting

IT in Production

IT in Inventory Control


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Contd.

IT in Hotel management IT in Education

IT in Telephone Exchanges

IT in Mobile Phones

IT in Entertainment


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BRAHMA

The Indian Railway Server


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Indian Railways

Runs 11000 trains everyday Out of which 7000 are passengers trains

Over 7500 locomotives

37000 coaches

Over 2 lakh freight wagons

Over 6800 railway stations

Employs over 1.5 million people.


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Indian RailwaysRailway Operations Part 1

Train services Train crew

Locomotive changes

Part 2

Caution orders, restrictions

Banking operations

Part 3

Scheduling

Rake sharing

Communications

Computerized ticketing


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Major Computerization initiatives are: All India Centralized Reservation System

Internet Booking/ Online Booking Computerized unreserved ticketing

Pilot project for issuing monthly and

quarterly season tickets through ATMs inMumbai and through Smart Cards

National Train Enquiry System Own Intranet called Railnet


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Airlines

Initiatives from IT are as follows: Online Ticket Reservation through Internet

Flight and Seats availability

Last minute deals and auctions


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Banking

Bank office computerization Front office computerization

ATMs

Internet Banking

Mobile Banking

SMS alerts

Credit Cards Operations


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Computers in Society

Home Communications

Business Work Done at Home

Schoolwork

Entertainment

Finances

Education


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Small Business Industry

Design

Shipping

Process Control

Government Populations

Taxes

Military

Police

Healthcare


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Business

New efficient methods of production

Optimal usage of available resources Greater efficiency

Better quality of products- quality products

Reduction in cost of production

Improved safety and reliability


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Why Firms Seek Competitive Advantage (Porters

Five-Force Model):

Rivalry among existing competitors

Threat of new entrants

Threat of substitute product and services Bargaining power of buyers

Bargaining power of suppliers


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Information Systems for CompetitiveAdvantage

Businesses continually seek to establishcompetitive advantage in the marketplace.

There are eight principles:

The first three principles concern products.

The second three principles concern the

creation of barriers.

The last two principles concern establishing

alliances and reducing costs.


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Organizational Change Organizational change deals with how organizations plan

for, implement and handle change. Overcoming resistanceto change can be the hardest part of bringing informationsystems into a business. Too many computer systems andnew technologies have failed because managers andemployees were not prepared for change.

A change modelidentifies the phases of change and thebest way to implement it:

Unfreezing is the process of removing old habits andcreating a climate receptive to change

Moving is the process of learning new work methods,behaviors and systems

Refreezing involves reinforcing changes to make thenew process second nature, accepted and part of the

job


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Information Systems for Problem Solving Information systems can be used to solve

problems.

Problem definition A problem is a perceived difference between what is

and what is not.

A problem is a perception.

A good problem definition defines the differencesbetween what is and what ought to be by describingboth the current and desired situations.

Different problem definitions require the developmentof different information systems.

All personnel in the organization must have a clearunderstanding of which definition of the problem theinformation system will address.


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Different Types of Information Systemsfor Different Types of Decisions

Automated information systems are those bywhich the computer hardware and program

components do most of the work.

Humans start the programs and use the results. Augmentation information systems are those in

which humans do the bulk of the work.

These systems augment, support, or supplement thework done by People (email, instant messaging,

video-conferencing, etc) to aid in decision making.


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How Decision Level, Decision Type andIS Type Are Related


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Information Systems for Decision Making Decision making in organizations is varied and complex.

Decisions occur at three levels in organizations (decision levels):

Operational decisions concern day-to-day activities.

Information systems that support operational decision making are

called transaction processing systems (TPS).

Managerial decisions concern the allocation and utilization of

resources.

Information systems that support managerial decision making are

called management information systems (MIS).

Strategic decision making concern broader-scope organizational

issues.

Information systems that support strategic decision making are

called executive information systems (EIS).


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Knowledge Management System A knowledge management system (KMS) is an

information system for storing and retrieving

organizational knowledge.This knowledge can be in the form of data,documents, or employee know-how.

KMS goal is to make the organization knowledgeavailable to

Employees

Vendors

Customers

Investors

Press and who else who needs the knowledge


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Summary Organizations develop and use information systems to gain

competitive advantage, to solve problems, and to assist in decisionmaking

Eight principles of competitive advantage. A problem is a perceived difference between what is and what ought

to be.

Decisions vary according to whether a structured or unstructuredprocess is used to make them.

Automated information systems are those in which the computer andprogram side of the five components do most of the work.

Augmentation information systems are those in which humans domost of the work.

Another way to consider information systems and decision making isto consider the steps of the decision process.

Different types of information systems are used for different steps ofthe decision process.

Decisions can be made at the operational (TPS), managerial (MIS),

and strategic (EIS) levels.


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Information Technology for Managers-Course Overview

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