Information Technology and Infrastructure: Benefits, Costs, and Dependencies

Information Technology and Infrastructure:Information Technology and Infrastructure: Benefits, Costs, and Dependencies Benefits, Costs, and Dependencies

MIRIAM HELLER, Ph.D.

NATO SCIENCE PROGRAMMEin conjunction with the

Carnegie Bosch Institute

ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP Life Cycle Analysis for Assessing Energy and

Environmental Implications of Information TechnologyBudapest, HungarySeptember 2, 2003

Sept. 2, 2003 - M. Heller ©

MessagesMessages

ICT Confers Benefits To Infrastructure Systems; (Avoided) Costs May Be Easier to Quantify

Infrastructure Systems Differ from Other Manufacturing and Service Systems

Infrastructure Dependencies May Give Way to Indirect Environmental and Energy Consequences, Which Could Figure Into Life Cycle Cost/Benefit Analysis of ICT and Infrastructure System Planning and Management


TOPICSTOPICS

Infrastructure Systems

Infrastructure Interdependencies

Benefits and Costs of IT and Infrastructure Systems

Related IT and Infrastructure Research

– Cyber* Futures at NSF

Challenges for Research


A Definition of Infrastructure SystemsA Definition of Infrastructure Systems

Networks of facilities and institutions

Essential to life, economic well-being, and national security.

Support the flow of people, energy, other resources, goods, information, and basic services


Critical Infrastructures Critical Infrastructures (PDD 63)(PDD 63)

Potable & Potable & Waste WaterWaste Water

Potable & Potable & Waste WaterWaste Water

Banking & Banking & InsuranceInsurance

Banking & Banking & InsuranceInsurance

GovernmentGovernmentGovernmentGovernment

Emergency Emergency ResponseResponse

Emergency Emergency ResponseResponse

TransportationTransportationTransportationTransportation

Oil & GasOil & GasOil & GasOil & Gas

ElectricityElectricityElectricityElectricity

Telecom-Telecom-municationsmunications

Telecom-Telecom-municationsmunications


Integrated Information SystemsIntegrated Information Systems


ICT Benefits for Infrastructure SystemsICT Benefits for Infrastructure Systems

Time

Performanceand

Efficiency

Baseline from Core UtilityProcesses Automated Monitoring, Sensing, Data Acquisition

ProcessProcessControl /Supervision

(Adapted from Heller et al.,1999)

SharedObjectives

Enterprise Architecture

EnterpriseEnterpriseIntegration/ Optimization

Shared Data

Communications Architecture

ProductProductIntegration/Interoperability

IndustrialEcology

CommunityCommunityEco-efficiency/Sustainability

SharedResources /Environment


Infrastructure Systems: Some ReflectionsInfrastructure Systems: Some Reflections

Differ from Manufacturing Systems– Provide critical services / lifelines– Geographically distributed– One-offs with many degrees of freedom– Highly interconnected – Subject to uncertain and uncontrollable ambient

conditions Life-Cycle Modeling Differences

– Uncertainty• High consequence / low probability events vs. slow

consequence / high probability events• Life-span definition (whole-life)

– Complexity


TransportationTransportation

Oil & Natural Gas

EELLEECCTTRRIICCIITTYY

Potable & Waste WaterPotable & Waste Water

Emergency ResponseEmergency Response

Government

IITT &&

TTEELLEECCOOMM

Banking & FinanceBanking & Finance

Infrastructure InterdependenciesInfrastructure Interdependencies

Switches, control systems

Storage, pumps, control systems, compressors

e-commerce, IT

Pumps, lifts, control systems

Signalization, switches,control systems

e-government,IT

Medical equipment

Water for cooling, emissions control

Water for production, cooling, emissions control

Fire suppression

Cooling

Fuel transport, shipping

Fuel transport, shipping

Chemicalstransport

Transport of emergency personnel, injured, evacuation

Co

mm

un

i ca

t ion

s

SCADA

SCADA

Trading, transfers

SCADA

Co

mm

un

ica

t ion

s

Location, EM contact

Generator fuels, lubricants

Heat

Fuels, lubricants

Fuels, Heat

Currency (US Treasury; Currency (US Treasury; Federal Reserve )Federal Reserve )

DOE;DOE;DOTDOT

Regulations & enforcement Regulations & enforcement FERC; DOEFERC; DOE

Personnel/Equipment Personnel/Equipment (Military)(Military)

Fin

an

cin

g, re

gu

latio

ns

, & e

nfo

rce

me

nt

Fin

an

cin

g, re

gu

latio

ns

, & e

nfo

rce

me

nt

SEC; IRSSEC; IRS

FEMA; DOTFEMA; DOT

DOTDOT

EPAEPA

Detection, 1st responders, repair

Fin

an

cin

g &

po

licie

sF

ina

nc

ing

& p

olic

ies

Financing & policiesFinancing & policies


Köningsberg on the Pregel River with 7 bridges.

Cross each bridge exactly once and return to starting position.

In 1736, LeonhardEuler the SwissMathematician idealized this as a system of nodes and arcs.

Euler proved that it cannot be done unless every node is connected to every other with even degree.

Science of Engineered NetworksScience of Engineered Networks


Random networks, generated by randomly connecting a new node with an existing node, have on average, the same number of connections per node, e.g., National Highway System (Barabási, 2002). Distribution of nodes connections is normal.

Scale-free networks (WWW, air traffic

routes, social networks) arise when new nodes connect preferentially to already well-connected nodes. Most nodes have few connections: a few nodes are heavily connected hubs. Distribution of nodes connections follows a power law.

Science of Engineered Networks:Science of Engineered Networks:DependenciesDependencies


Power Grid Outages Follow Power LawPower Grid Outages Follow Power Law

104 105 106 10710

-2

10-1

100

101

N= # of customers affected by outage

US Power outages1984-1997

August 10, 1996

Fre

quen

cy (

per

year

) of

out

ages

> N

Data from NERC

(Amin, 9/10/01)


ICT Impacts Infrastructure SystemsICT Impacts Infrastructure SystemsExample: 2001 California Power CrisisExample: 2001 California Power Crisis

Disrupted fuel production, refining, and distribution, sometimes cut off fuel supplies to the very plants that should have been generating their electricity

Interrupted water distribution affected the state's agribusiness

Soaring wholesale power prices impacts rippled through the region, leading to relaxation of salmon-protection and air-quality regulations and shutdown of aluminum mills in Washington state. Idaho farmers curtailed potato production to exploit Idaho Power Company's electricity buy-back program


Coupled Systems Frameworks : Coupled Systems Frameworks : Rinaldi et al., 2001Rinaldi et al., 2001

Type of Type of FailureFailure

Infrastructure Infrastructure CharacteristicsCharacteristics

State of State of OperationOperation

Types of Types of InterdependenciesInterdependenciesEnvironmentEnvironment

Coupling/Coupling/ResponseResponseBehaviorBehavior

Loo

se/T

ight

Lin

ear/

Com

plex

Esc

alat

ing

C

asca

ding

Com

mon

Cau

se

Spatial

Temporal

Operational

Organizational

Economic

Legal/

Regulatory

Technical

Social/

Political

Physical

Cyber

Logical

Geographic

Ada

ptiv

e

Infle

xibl

e

Stressed/

Disrupted

Repair/

Restoration

Norm

al

Business Public Policy

Security Health/ Safety

NaturalNaturalEnvironment ?Environment ?


State of the Water/Wastewater SystemState of the Water/Wastewater System

Size– 15,000 Publicly-Owned Wastewater Treatment Plants– 100,000 Pumping Stations– 160,000 Public Potable Water Systems

Operations– Accounts for 3-7% Total US Electricity Consumption– ASCE Estimates $12 Billion Needed for Maintenance

2012


ICT Benefits for Water/Wastewater SystemsICT Benefits for Water/Wastewater Systems

Time

Performanceand

Efficiency

Baseline from Core UtilityProcesses


SharedObjectives

Utility Business Architecture

UtilityUtilityIntegration/ Optimization

Shared Data

Utility Communications Architecture

PlantPlantIntegration/Interoperability

Automated Monitoring, Sensing, Data Acquisition

ProcessProcessControl /Supervision

Process Level IT (SCADA, GIS, EMS, CIS, MMS, LIMS, hydraulic, water quality, and distribution network models Reduced Chemical and Energy Consumption, Lower Operating Costs, Improved Regulatory Compliance, Higher Reliability, and Improved Customer Service, Inventory Control, and Maintenance Management


Harnassing Complexity through Shared ResourcesHarnassing Complexity through Shared ResourcesEnergy and Water Quality Management Systems (Jentgen, 2001)Energy and Water Quality Management Systems (Jentgen, 2001)

Energy Cost Energy Cost SchedulerScheduler

(Electric Utility)(Electric Utility)

Energy Cost Energy Cost SchedulerScheduler

(Electric Utility)(Electric Utility)

OperationsOperationsOperationsOperations

Water Water Quality Quality

AnalyzerAnalyzer

Water Water Quality Quality

AnalyzerAnalyzer

Water Water Source Source

AnalyzerAnalyzer

Water Water Source Source

AnalyzerAnalyzer

Raw Water Raw Water Supply/ Water Supply/ Water

Treatment PlantTreatment Plant

Raw Water Raw Water Supply/ Water Supply/ Water

Treatment PlantTreatment Plant

Pump StationsPump StationsPump StationsPump Stations

Wastewater Wastewater Treatment PlantTreatment Plant

Wastewater Wastewater Treatment PlantTreatment Plant

DistributionDistributionDistributionDistribution

CustomerCustomerCustomerCustomer

CollectionCollectionCollectionCollection

Consumption Consumption Forecast Forecast ProgramProgram

Consumption Consumption Forecast Forecast ProgramProgram

Automated Automated Maintenance Maintenance Management Management

SystemSystem

Automated Automated Maintenance Maintenance Management Management

SystemSystem

Water Consumption Forecast

Management Scheduler

Clearance Approvals

System Operating

Plan

Schedule & Control

Operating Plan

Clearance Work Orders

Water LawWater Rights

Water Priorities

Performance Criteria

HydroSchedule

EnergyCost

Schedule

InterruptionScheduler

Signal

Operations Planner & SchedulerOperations Planner & Scheduler

System Scheduler:System Scheduler:Surface Water Treatment PlantSurface Water Treatment PlantPump StationsPump StationsDistributionDistributionCustomerCustomerCollectionCollectionWastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment

Operations Planner & SchedulerOperations Planner & Scheduler

System Scheduler:System Scheduler:Surface Water Treatment PlantSurface Water Treatment PlantPump StationsPump StationsDistributionDistributionCustomerCustomerCollectionCollectionWastewater TreatmentWastewater Treatment

Water ResourceSchedule/Constraints

Water QualityAlarms

SCADAData

Water QualityOperating

Constraints

Water QualityData

Utility’s Historical Operating DataPerformance Criteria

Lab & FieldSamples

Operating Plan

Regulations

Power SupplyContract Terms/Conditions

Power Suppliers’Price Schedule


Potential ICT Benefits for Water/WastewaterPotential ICT Benefits for Water/Wastewater

SharedResources /Environment

Shared Data

Time

Performanceand

EfficiencyShared

Objectives

Baseline from Core UtilityProcesses Automated Monitoring, Sensing, Data Acquisition

Utility Communications Architecture

ProcessProcess PlantPlant Utility/FacilityUtility/FacilityControl / Integration/ Integration/ Supervision Interoperability Optimization

Utility Business Architecture


Industrial Ecology

RegionalRegionalEco-efficiency/Sustainability


Industrial Symbiosis Example:Industrial Symbiosis Example:Baytown’s Water Infrastructure Baytown’s Water Infrastructure (Nobel & Allen, 1998)(Nobel & Allen, 1998)

21 process, 5 utility streams 75 feasible reuse pathways identified

#####


Linear Program Linear Program FormulationFormulation

I2

GC

WTP WWTP

I1

I3 Fresh

Reclaimed

Reused

Disposed

Exchange Feasibility Based on water quality parameters

(e.g., TOC, TSS, TDS) Creates input for cost optimization

– feasible exchange pathways, i.e., “arcs”– “type” of water– transportation costs


Industrial Symbiosis: Optimal Water UseIndustrial Symbiosis: Optimal Water Use (Nobel & Allen, 1998) (Nobel & Allen, 1998)

MetricsScenario mgd % $/day % Base Case 8.71 - 108,554 -Minimum Cost 1.05 -88% 57,165 -47%Minimum Fresh Water 0.26 -97% 85,098 -22%

Fresh WaterUsage

Cost


ICT Benefits for Oil and Gas Infrastructure ICT Benefits for Oil and Gas Infrastructure Example: BP’s Texas City PlantExample: BP’s Texas City Plant

“Project Future” (Bylinsky, Fortune, “Elite Factories,” 9/1/2003)

– Combined Refinery / Petrochemical Plant – $30 bbl Oil $60 of Gasoline, Diesel, Jet Fuel, p-Xylene– 2,740 Employees– 2-year, $75 Million Investment in Computerization and Automation

of 650 Key Valves

Returns On Investment– Start-up Time Reduced from 2 Weeks to 3.5 Days– Real-Time Equipment Setpoints Based on Ambient Temperature,

Weather, and Product Prices– 3% Less Electricity Used– 10% Less Natural Gas Used – 55% Increase in Productivity }$ Millions and

Tons GHG Saved


State of Oil and Gas Infrastructure SystemsState of Oil and Gas Infrastructure Systems

Size– Ports, Refineries, Transportation– 2,000 Petroleum Terminals– Almost 1 Million Wells– 2,000,000 Miles of Oil Pipelines– 1,300,000 Miles of Gas Pipelines and Increasing

Operations– Pipeline and Distribution System

• Leak Detection• Monitoring and Control Systems• More Efficient Use of Existing Pipe• Aging

Coupled Economic Models on Natural Gas and Electric Power


State of the Transportation SystemState of the Transportation System

Size– 125,000 Miles of National Highway System– 25,000 Miles of Public Roads– 3.76 Million Miles of Other Roads

Operations– FHWA : > $78 Billion / Year Idled Away in Congestion– 50% Total US Petroleum Consumed by Highway

Vehicles– > 1/3 GHG Due to Surface Transportation– Major Source of Photochemical Smog and Other Air

Pollution– > 40,000 Fatalities / Year Over Past Decade


Potential ICT Benefits for TransportationPotential ICT Benefits for Transportation

Inform on-line buyers of environmental impacts of shipping options (NAE, 1994; Hawken et al., 1999; Sui & Rejeski, 2002)

– Ship or rail: 400-500 BTU/ton-mile– Truck : >2000 BTU/ton-mile– Air freight : > 14,000 BTU/ton-mile

Reduce Travel: Telework, Telecommute, Teleconference, Virtual Tradeshows

Improve Urban Planning and Policy regarding– Land use– Environmental quality– Social equity– Infrastructure operations and maintenance

Increase On-Board Traveler Productivity


Potential ICT Benefits for TransportationPotential ICT Benefits for Transportation

Advanced Traveler Information Systems (Real-time) Influence on Traveler Behavior and Improved Traffic Models

Intelligent Computer Vision Enhanced Traffic Modeling Improved Traffic Models & Collision Avoidance

Real-time Emissions Monitoring Coupled Traffic and Air Quality Models

Wireless Communications Networks Improved Data Acquisition, Data Management, and Traffic Control

Congestion Pricing Control Demand En-route Commerce Optimize Supply Optimal and/or Dynamic Routing Intermodal Models Improved Transportation Models


State of the Electric Power GridState of the Electric Power Grid Size

– ~200,000 Miles of Transmission Lines– 5000 Power Plants, 800,000

Megawatts

Transmission level (meshed network of extra high voltage, > 300 kV, &

high voltage, 100-300 kV, connected to large generation units and very large

customers; tie-lines to transmission networks, and to sub-transmission level)

Sub-transmission level (radial or weakly coupled network with some high

voltage, 100-300 kV, but typically only 5-15 kV, connected to large customers

and medium sized generators)

Distribution level (tree network of low voltage, 110-115 or 220-240 volts,

and medium voltage, 1-100 kV, connected to small generators, medium- sized

customers, and to local low-voltage networks for small customers)


Urbanization load growth– 2.1+ % annual national growth over

last 25-years result in a 50% increase by 2014 - 2020

State of the Electric Power GridState of the Electric Power Grid

Nearly no new HV transmission lines in last 25 years 1988-98, 30% growth in total U.S. electricity demand is met with

transmission network growth of 15%

– Re-regulation with privatization

– Uncertainty ROIs

– NIMBY

– Right-of-way restrictions for T&D expansion

– Tightening fuel supplies to meet increased demand


State of the Electric Power GridState of the Electric Power Grid

Operations– 8/15/03 blackout affected > 20

millions of people, water supply, wastewater conveyance, transportation, communications, hospitals, banking, and retail sales• ICT safety equipment tripped to protect power plants and contain the outage causing

cascading failures• 9 nuclear power plants automatically powered down safely

– EPRI : $1.5 billion for July-Aug 1996 power blackouts

– CEIDS : $119 billion / year in power quality disruptions


Potential ICT Benefits for Electric PowerPotential ICT Benefits for Electric Power EPRI/DoD Complex Interactive Networks Initiative

Goal: Develop tools that enable secure, robust and reliable operation of interdependent infrastructures with distributed intelligence and self-healing abilities

Systems’ approach to complex networks: advancing mathematical and system-theoretic foundations

– Target theoretical and applied results for increased dynamic network reliability and efficiency

– Identify, characterize, and quantify failure mechanisms

– Understand interdependencies, coupling and cascading

– Develop predictive models

– Develop prescriptive procedures and control strategies for mitigation or/and elimination of failures

– Design self-healing and adaptive architectures

– Trade-off between robustness and efficiency


““The best minds in electricity R&D The best minds in electricity R&D have a plan: have a plan: Every node in the Every node in the power network of the future will be power network of the future will be awake, responsive, adaptive, price-awake, responsive, adaptive, price-smart, eco-sensitive, real-time, smart, eco-sensitive, real-time, flexible, humming - and flexible, humming - and interconnected with everything interconnected with everything elseelse.”.” —Wired Magazine, July 2001http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.07/juice.html

The Energy Web: The Energy Web: “…a network of technologies and services that provide illumination…”

From M. Amin, 2001


Enabling ICT for Electric InfrastructureEnabling ICT for Electric Infrastructure

Materials: Superconductors and wide bandgap semiconductors

Monitoring: WAMS, OASIS, SCADA, EMS

Analysis: DSA/VSA, PSA, ATC, CIM, TRACE, OTS, ROPES,

TRELSS, market/risk assessment Control: FACTS; Fault Current Limiters (FCL)

Distributed resources: Fuel cells, photovoltaics, Superconducting

Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) Next generation: integrated sensor; 2-way communication;

"intelligent agent" functions: assessment, decision, learning; actuation, enabled by advances in semiconductor manufacturing

From M. Amin, 2001


Intelligent Adaptive IslandingIntelligent Adaptive Islanding

33

32

31 30

35

80

78

74

7966

75

77

7672

82

81

86

83

84 85

156 157161 162

vv

167

165

158 159

15544

45 160

166

163

5 11

6

8

9

1817

43

7

14

12 13

138 139

147

15

19

16

112

114

115

118

119

103

107

108

110

102

104

109

142

37

6463

56153 145151

152

13649

48

47

146154

150149

143

4243

141140

50

57

230 kV345 kV500 kV

From M. Amin, 2001


System Risk is a Function of System Risk is a Function of System StateSystem State

P(Ht,s) = probability of a hazard at time t (and system state s)

P(Ds|Ht,s) = probability of a particular level of vulnerability of a system in state s given a hazard at time

t (and system state s)

E(L|Ds) = expected losses conditioned on the vulnerability of system in state s

E(L) = E(L|ds) * P(ds|ht,s) * P(ht,s) ht,s ds


Life-Cycle Infrastructure Asset ManagementLife-Cycle Infrastructure Asset Management

Life-Cycle Design

Emergency Response, Diagnosis

Multi-Objective Multi-Objective Multi-stakeholder Multi-stakeholder Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Multi-Objective Multi-Objective Multi-stakeholder Multi-stakeholder Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Life-Cycle Analysis– Internal, Direct Impacts

– External, Indirect Impacts

– Systems Evaluation

Predictive Maintenance, Sensing, Monitoring, Data (Storage, Transmission, Retrieval)

Modeling, Simulation,

Recovery, Corrective Maintenance, Deconstruction,Reuse

Detection, Preventive Maintenance, Lifetime Extension, Early Warning

Social/ Social/ Cultural Cultural ValuesValues

Social/ Social/ Cultural Cultural ValuesValues

Policy/ Policy/ LawLawPolicy/ Policy/ LawLaw

Financial/ Financial/ Insurance Insurance InstrumentsInstruments

Financial/ Financial/ Insurance Insurance InstrumentsInstruments

Organizational Organizational TheoryTheory

Organizational Organizational TheoryTheory

CommunicationCommunication/ Education/ EducationCommunicationCommunication/ Education/ Education

Prediction

Planning, Training and Preparedness


Multi-Objective Multi-stakeholder Multi-Objective Multi-stakeholder Decision-MakingDecision-Making

Allocation problem over various investment options, over various stages of development (R&D, development, implementation) over time with risk/uncertainty

Multiple objectives : efficiency, reliability, security, resiliency, sustainability

1

2

3B/C ( S&M)

B/C (ER)

1 ~ 2 ~ 3 : indifferent wrt ER

1 is infeasible wrt obj. S&M

2 >> 3 : 2 dominates 3

Multiple stakeholders : different institutional boundaries, missions, resources, timetables, and agendas


Challenges for Research in Life-Cycle Challenges for Research in Life-Cycle Analysis of IT and InfrastructureAnalysis of IT and Infrastructure

Critical Infrastructure Inventory Data– Scalable Environmental Knowledge Architecture

Models of Individual Infrastructure Systems Models of Coupled Infrastructure Systems System Response and Resiliency

– System state /vulnerability analysis– Consequence models (boundaries, data, methods)– Extreme value statistics– Substitute services / alternate pathways

Measures of Network Performance Life-Cycle Infrastructure Asset Management Modeling


““CyberInfrastructure” VisionCyberInfrastructure” Vision “Atkins report”

– Blue-ribbon panel, chaired by Daniel E. Atkins

Calls for a national-level, integrated system of hardware, software, & data resources and services

New infrastructure to enable new paradigms of scientific/ engineering research and education

http://www.cise.nsf.gov/evnt/reports/toc.htm


What CyberInfrastructure MeansWhat CyberInfrastructure Means Infrastructure that enables distributed, reliable, real-

time collaboration and analysis requiring large-scale, dynamic information storage and access

Examples of components to be integrated:– Major computational processing capabilities– Unique experimental facilities– High-speed networks– Tele-participation and tele-operation tools– Networks of data collection devices– Data/metadata storage and curation– Data analysis and information extraction tools– Universal access


What Makes CyberInfrastructure UniqueWhat Makes CyberInfrastructure Unique Cyberinfrastructure : more than the sum of its component

parts – the key is integration

CyberInfrastructure isn’t just… Unless it also involves…

Individual infrastructure components (e.g., devices that collect data, data mining as a science, or big computing resources)

Playing an integrative role in a larger system

Sharing distributed data across research groups or disciplines

Transforming data into meaningful information

Data and resources that are collected, processed, and used by a community

Distributing collection, storage and access across multiple locations and communities


Examples of Early CyberInfrastructureExamples of Early CyberInfrastructure George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering

Simulation (NEES) Extends national capacity for earthquake engineering through

unique, shared infrastructure What makes NEES CyberInfrastructure?

– Real-time video & data enable participation from remote sites– Real-time communications allow experiments to span facilities, link

physical experiments with numerical simulation– 15 experimental facilities linked by common network, data

repository, tools,

metadata


Examples: NEES’s Distributed Users and Examples: NEES’s Distributed Users and Distributed ResourcesDistributed Resources

Unique LaboratoryFacilitiesEquipment

Site 1

EquipmentSite 2

EquipmentSite 3

EquipmentSite 15

. .

.

OtherSite A

OtherSite B

Practitioners

EmergencyCommunities

K-14Education

UserCommunities

Earth.Eng.ResearchersData Repositories &

Computational Resources

NEESConsortium

NEESgrid


Other NSF ICT-Relevant ProgramsOther NSF ICT-Relevant Programs

CLEANER Small Planning Grants– Nick Clesceri, BES,

Sensors and Senor Networks– Shih-Chi Liu, CMS, [email protected]

Information Technology Research Cybertrust and Cybersecurity


Thank You For Your Attention !Thank You For Your Attention !

MIRIAM HELLER, Ph.D.Infrastructure & Information Systems

Program Director

National Science Foundation

Tel: +1.703.292.7025 Email: [email protected]

Information Technology and Infrastructure: Benefits, Costs, and Dependencies

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