Information systems system

7.1

LEARNING OBJECTIVESLEARNING OBJECTIVES• DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF DESCRIBE MAJOR TYPES OF

SOFTWARESOFTWARE• EXAMINE OPERATING SYSTEMSEXAMINE OPERATING SYSTEMS• EXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTIONEXPLAIN SOFTWARE EVOLUTION• ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION ANALYZE MAJOR APPLICATION

LANGUAGESLANGUAGES / DEVELOPMENT / DEVELOPMENT TOOLSTOOLS

**

7.2

DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER DETAILED INSTRUCTIONS TO CONTROL COMPUTER OPERATIONOPERATION

• PROGRAM:PROGRAM: SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE SET OF INSTRUCTIONS TO THE COMPUTERCOMPUTER

• STORED:STORED: PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY PROGRAM MUST BE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• SYSTEM SOFTWARE:SYSTEM SOFTWARE: MANAGES COMPUTER MANAGES COMPUTER RESOURCES (System Programmers)RESOURCES (System Programmers)

• APPLICATION SOFTWARE:APPLICATION SOFTWARE: SPECIFIC BUSINESS SPECIFIC BUSINESS APPLICATION (Application Programmers)APPLICATION (Application Programmers)

**

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

7.3

SOFTWARESOFTWARE

HARDWAREHARDWARE

OPERATING SYSTEM:OPERATING SYSTEM:

SCHEDULED COMPUTER SCHEDULED COMPUTER EVENTSEVENTS;; ALLOCATES ALLOCATES COMPUTER RESOURCESCOMPUTER RESOURCES;; MONITORS EVENTSMONITORS EVENTS

UTILITY PROGRAMS:UTILITY PROGRAMS:

ROUTINE OPERATIONSROUTINE OPERATIONSMANAGE DATAMANAGE DATA

7.4

PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES//

DEVELOPMENT TOOLSDEVELOPMENT TOOLS: :

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE; FORTRAN; COBOL; PL / 1; COBOL; PL / 1; VVBASIC; PASCAL; C; C++; BASIC; PASCAL; C; C++;

“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES“FOURTH GENERATION” LANGUAGES

SYSTEM SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWARE

APPLICATION SOFTWAREAPPLICATION SOFTWARE

FUNCTIONS OF THEFUNCTIONS OF THEOPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM

MANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIESMANAGES & CONTROLS ACTIVITIES• ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT OF ALLOCATION & ASSIGNMENT OF

HARDWARE RESOURCESHARDWARE RESOURCES• SCHEDULINGSCHEDULING• MONITORINGMONITORING & SECURITY & SECURITY• SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:SYSTEM RESIDENCE DEVICE:

SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE SECONDARY STORAGE DEVICE STORING OPERATING SYSTEMSTORING OPERATING SYSTEM

**

7.5

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMINGO

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

TRADITIONAL SINGLE-TRADITIONAL SINGLE-PROGRAM SYSTEMPROGRAM SYSTEM

7.6

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UNUSED MEMORYUNUSED MEMORY

PROGRAM 1PROGRAM 1

PROGRAM 2PROGRAM 2

PROGRAM 3PROGRAM 3

MULTIPROGRAMMING MULTIPROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

MULTITASKINGMULTITASKING

MULTIPROGRAMMINGMULTIPROGRAMMING

ON AON A

SINGLE-USER SYSTEMSINGLE-USER SYSTEM

SUCH AS ASUCH AS A

MICROCOMPUTERMICROCOMPUTER

**

7.7

VIRTUAL STORAGEVIRTUAL STORAGEMETHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL METHOD OF HANDLING SEVERAL

PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:PROGRAMS IN PRIMARY STORAGE:• PROGRAM DIVIDED INTOPROGRAM DIVIDED INTO

– FIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) ORFIXED LENGTH PORTIONS (PAGES) OR

– VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)VARIABLE LENGTH (SEGMENTS)

• CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY CURRENT PORTIONS RESIDE IN PRIMARY STORAGESTORAGE

• PORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONEPORTIONS SWAPPED OUT WHEN DONE

**

7.8

TIME SHARINGTIME SHARINGMANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:MANY USERS SHARE LARGE CPU:• TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO TIME IN CPU DIVIDED INTO FIXED FIXED SLICES SLICES

(e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS)(e.g.: 2 MILLISECONDS)• EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING EACH USER HAS ACCESS TO CPU DURING

SLICESLICE• SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH SINCE CPU IS FAST, CAN DO MUCH

DURING TIME SLICEDURING TIME SLICE• USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF USER’S JOB SWAPPED OUT AT END OF

SLICESLICE**

7.9

MULTIPROCESSINGMULTIPROCESSING

• TWO OR MORE PARALLEL TWO OR MORE PARALLEL PROCESSORS IN SYSTEMPROCESSORS IN SYSTEM

• PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROGRAM CAN BE DIVIDED TO BE PROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUsPROCESSED BY MULTIPLE CPUs

• CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS CAN PROCESS LARGE PROGRAMS MORE RAPIDLY MORE RAPIDLY

**

7.10

• SOURCE CODE:SOURCE CODE: HIGH-LEVEL HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONSLANGUAGE INSTRUCTIONS

• COMPILER:COMPILER: TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL TRANSLATES HIGH-LEVEL CODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGECODE INTO MACHINE LANGUAGE

• OBJECT CODE:OBJECT CODE: TRANSLATED TRANSLATED INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR INSTRUCTIONS READY FOR COMPUTERCOMPUTER

**

LANGUAGE LANGUAGE TRANSLATIONTRANSLATION

7.11

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SOURCE CODE SOURCE CODE PROGRAMPROGRAM

COMPILERCOMPILER

OBJECT CODEOBJECT CODE

LINKAGE LINKAGE EDITOREDITOR

LOAD MODULELOAD MODULE

OTHER OBJECT OTHER OBJECT CODE MODULESCODE MODULES

7.12

GRAPHICAL USER GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI)INTERFACE (GUI)

OPERATING SYSTEM USES:OPERATING SYSTEM USES:

• GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, GRAPHIC ICONS (Icons, Buttons, Bars, Boxes)Bars, Boxes)

• MOUSEMOUSE

• TO ISSUE COMMANDSTO ISSUE COMMANDS

• MAKE SELECTIONSMAKE SELECTIONS

**

7.13

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES

Windows 98 & Windows 98 & 9595

Windows Windows NT & 2000NT & 2000

7.14

Windows CEWindows CE

32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking; Windows 98 integrated with WebNetworking; Windows 98 integrated with Web

32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. For high-performance workstations and servers.For high-performance workstations and servers. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; NetworkingMultitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking

32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; NetworkingNetworking

Paired-down for handheld computers or wireless Paired-down for handheld computers or wireless communication devices (pagers, cellular phones)communication devices (pagers, cellular phones)

OS/2OS/2

MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMSMICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS

OPERATING SYSTEMOPERATING SYSTEM FEATURESFEATURES

UNIXUNIX For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking; Multiprocessing. Processing; Networking; Multiprocessing. Portable to various Computer PlatformsPortable to various Computer Platforms

Mac OSMac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; MultimediaPowerful Graphics; Multimedia

7.15

DOSDOS

LinuxLinux

For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640KProgram Memory: 640K

GENERATIONS OF GENERATIONS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGESPROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

1st. Since 1940s. 1st. Since 1940s. MACHINE LANGUAGE:MACHINE LANGUAGE: binary binary codecode

2nd. Since early ’50s. 2nd. Since early ’50s. ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEASSEMBLY LANGUAGE3rd. Since mid ‘50s. 3rd. Since mid ‘50s. HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES

(each statement generates multiple (each statement generates multiple statestatementsments at machine level) at machine level)

4th. Since late ‘70s. 4th. Since late ‘70s. MODERN MODERN DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT TOOLSTOOLS

**

7.16

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• FORTRANFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator). (FORmula TRANslator).

Scientific, Engineering applicationsScientific, Engineering applications

• COBOLCOBOL (COmmon Business (COmmon Business Oriented Language). Predominant for Oriented Language). Predominant for Transaction ProcessingTransaction Processing

• BASICBASIC (Beginners All-purpose (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code). General Symbolic Instruction Code). General Purpose PC LanguagePurpose PC Language

**

7.17

HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGESHIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES• PASCAL.PASCAL. Used to Teach Structured Used to Teach Structured

Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Programming Practices. Weak in File Handling, Input / OutputInput / Output

• C and C++.C and C++. Powerful PC Language for Powerful PC Language for Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Developing Applications. Efficient Execution; Cross Platform; C++ is Object-OrientedCross Platform; C++ is Object-Oriented

• PL/1PL/1 (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM (Programming Language 1). Powerful IBM Language for Business & ScienceLanguage for Business & Science

• ADA.ADA. Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be Designed for Weapon Systems. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used on many Platforms. Structured. Can be used for Businessused for Business

**7.18

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

• NONPROCEDURALNONPROCEDURAL

• CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS CAN DEVELOP APPLICATIONS QUICKLYQUICKLY

• NATURAL LANGUAGESNATURAL LANGUAGES

**

7.20

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

1. QUERY LANGUAGES:1. QUERY LANGUAGES:

• rapidly retrieve datarapidly retrieve data

• interactive/ on-lineinteractive/ on-line

• may use may use NATURAL LANGUAGENATURAL LANGUAGE

• support special requests for data support special requests for data from relational databasesfrom relational databases

**

7.21

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

2. REPORT GENERATORS:2. REPORT GENERATORS:• create customized reportscreate customized reports• wide range of formatswide range of formats

3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:3. GRAPHICS LANGUAGES:• can manipulate drawings, graphs, can manipulate drawings, graphs,

photos, videosphotos, videos• presentation managerspresentation managers

**7.22

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:4. APPLICATION GENERATORS:• computer needs are specifiedcomputer needs are specified• generator creates logic and code for applicationgenerator creates logic and code for application• greatly reduces development timegreatly reduces development time• most consist of a set of development tools: most consist of a set of development tools:

DBMS, query language, screen painter, menu DBMS, query language, screen painter, menu generator, report generator, security facilities generator, report generator, security facilities and high-level prog. language.and high-level prog. language.

**

7.23

FOURTH GENERATION FOURTH GENERATION LANGUAGES (4GL)LANGUAGES (4GL)

5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING 5. VERY HIGH-LEVEL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES:LANGUAGES:

• professional programmer productivity toolprofessional programmer productivity tool• uses fewer instructionsuses fewer instructions• reduces development timereduces development time

**

7.24

EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES:APPLICATION SOFTWARE PACKAGES:• Complete ERPs or applications for Complete ERPs or applications for

specific business functionsspecific business functions• Examples: People Soft HRMS, SAP R/3, Examples: People Soft HRMS, SAP R/3,

etc.etc.

**

7.25

PC SOFTWARE TOOLSPC SOFTWARE TOOLS• WORD PROCESSINGWORD PROCESSING• SPREADSHEETSSPREADSHEETS• DATA MANAGEMENTDATA MANAGEMENT• PRESENTATION GRAPHICSPRESENTATION GRAPHICS• INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES AND INTEGRATED SOFTWARE PACKAGES AND

SOFTWARE SUITESSOFTWARE SUITES• E-MAILE-MAIL• WEB BROWSERS (Internet multimedia, hypertext)WEB BROWSERS (Internet multimedia, hypertext)• GROUPWAREGROUPWARE

**

7.26

• GROUP WRITING & COMMENTINGGROUP WRITING & COMMENTING• ELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTIONELECTRONIC MAIL DISTRIBUTION• SCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTSSCHEDULING MEETINGS, APPOINTMENTS• SHARED FILES & DATABASESSHARED FILES & DATABASES• SHARED TIMELINES, PLANSSHARED TIMELINES, PLANS• ELECTRONIC MEETINGS & ELECTRONIC MEETINGS &

CONFERENCESCONFERENCES

**

GROUPWARE CAPABILITIESGROUPWARE CAPABILITIES

7.27

HTMLHTML

• HTML es un lenguaje de descripción de página HTML es un lenguaje de descripción de página para crear documentos de hipertexto o para crear documentos de hipertexto o hipermedia como páginas Webhipermedia como páginas Web

• Concepto de hiperlinkConcepto de hiperlink• Los programas HTML pueden ser escritos Los programas HTML pueden ser escritos

directamente o bien utilizando herramientas directamente o bien utilizando herramientas como Frontpage o Dreamweavercomo Frontpage o Dreamweaver

**

7.31

Capítulo 7 del libroCapítulo 7 del libro7.1 SI7.1 SI7.2 SI7.2 SI7.3 SI7.3 SI7.4 SI7.4 SI7.5 NO VA7.5 NO VA

7.33