Information Systems System Development Program Development Database Development Chapters 12, 13, 14.

Information Systems System Development Program Development Database Development

Chapters 12, 13, 14

Learning Objectives

Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition

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1. Understand what information systems are and why they are needed.

2. Explain who uses information systems in a typical organization.

3. Identify several types of information systems commonly found in organizations and describe the purpose of each.

4. Explain the individuals involved with system development.

5. Identify and describe the different steps of the system development life cycle (SDLC).

6. Discuss several approaches used to develop systems.

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What is Information?

What is Information?

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What Is a System?

System: Collection of elements and procedures that interact to

accomplish a goal

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What Is an Information System?

Information system: A system (collection of elements and procedures that interact to

accomplish a goal)

used to generate the information (data: facts and statistics

collected together for reference or analysis) needed to support the users in an organization

Payroll? Inventory tracking? FedEx Package Tracking?

Components of an Information System People Hardware and Software Data Procedures

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What does an Information System provide?

Business intelligence (BI): The processes, technologies, and tools used to

gather, store, access, and analyze data about a company

Data warehouse (data mart): Comprehensive collection of data about a

company and its customers Ability to mine the data (data mining):

The use of intelligent software to find subtle patterns that may not be otherwise evident Can identify processes that need improvement

Enterprise architecture

Provides a conceptual blueprint of an organization, defines its structure and its operations

Allows managers to organize and maximize the use of its resources and make better decisions

Not easy to develop and requires time and effort, but once in place, it is an invaluable decision support tool

American Airlines

Types of Information Systems

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6 main categories of information systems Office Transaction Decision Making Integrated Enterprise Design and Manufacturing Artificial Intelligence

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Types of Information Systems

Office system: A system used to facilitate communications and enhance productivity Document management system (DMS):

Stores, organizes, and retrieves electronic documents Content management system (CMS):

DMS that also includes multimedia files and other content

Communications system: Allows employees to communicate with each other,

with business partners, and with customers

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Types of Information Systems

Transaction processing system (TPS): Processes and records data created by an organization’s business transactions Usually processed in

real time (POS system, etc.)

Specialty systems used in law enforcement, the military, etc.

May be grouped together in batches(like printing payroll checks for 100 people all at once, vs. one at a time)

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Types of Information Systems

Decision making support systems: Help individuals make decisions

MIS - Management information system (MIS): Provides decision makers with preselected information

DSS - Decision support system (DSS): Provides people with the tools and capabilities to organize and analyze their decision making information

GIS - Geographic information system (GIS): Combines geographical information with other types of data to provide a better understanding of relationships among the data

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Types of Information SystemsManagement Information Systems (MISs)

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Types of Information SystemsDecision Support Systems (DSSs)

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Types of Information SystemsGeographic Information Systems (GISs)

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Types of Information Systems

Integrated enterprise system: Designed to

work together throughout an enterprise

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Types of Information Systems

Design and manufacturing systems: Use computers to automate the design and manufacturing functions Computer-aided design (CAD) Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

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Types of Information Systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) system: A system in which a computer performs actions that are characteristic of human intelligence EXPERT ROBOTICS

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Military robots Investigate caves, buildings, trails, etc.,

before soldiers enter Locate and defuse explosive devices Surveillance

Business robots Seeking gas leaks, intruders, other hazards Working on factory assembly lines Mining coal, repairing oil rigs Locating survivors/rescues Remote video- conferencing

Personal robots Entertainment Toys Household tasks

Types of Information Systems -AI Robotics

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Information System Users

Companies can share their Information systems with other companies: UPS shares its shipping options with Amazon

Departments within companies can share their Information Systems

Admissions office can share transcript data with the Athletic dept

Information Systems are used by all employees

Every employee: Find out vacation hours balance Managers: Manage budgets Supervisors: track work completed; schedule workers

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Why do information systems get created?

If company decides that computers can save time/money, then an Information System might be acquired or developed by its IT department

Information System may be required (or required to be modified) because of:

New laws Changes to the legal requirements for retaining

business data New technology

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How do information systems get created?

Many personnel involved Managers Analysts Database Administrators Security and Network technicians Web Designers Programmers Computer Operators Help Desk Writers

Role of the Analyst is extremely important Must understand how the business works

Must understand how computers can assist/improve business System requirements must be “understood” in order build or modify

an information system Requirements must be translated from English into a computer

program

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Where do IT personnel come from?

Inhouse: Use employed/internal resources Outsource: Hiring outside vendor to perform

specific business tasks Offshore outsourcing: Outsourced to another

country Captive offshoring: Own facilities Nearshoring: Outsourcing to nearby countries Homeshoring: Outsourcing to

home-based workers

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The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC)

Information systems built and repaired, eventually replaced Building has a process Information flows between each phase(step) of the process

Different people are involved – you may be one of them, someday!

1. Feasibility• Is it worthwhile to have?

2. Analysis• What should it do?• What features should it

have?• What data will it use?

3. Design• What will it look like?

4. Develop• Creation – build or buy

5. Implement• Test it - get rid of the

“bugs”

6. Maintain• Keeping it running