INFO1119 (Fall 2012) INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2 Hardware – Part 2.

INFO1119 (Fall 2012)

INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware

Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2

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Power Supply Connectors

Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function

2

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Power Supply Connectors

3

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Modern-day Motherboard

4

1) CPU Socket

3) RAM Slots

2) Chipset

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Busses

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Serial:– Simpler

One bit at a time, so slower?

Parallel:– More difficult– You need to wait until ALL bits are

stabilized until you can read– All bits transmitted at once, so

faster?

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What’s faster?

What’s the fastest bus now?– AGP? Parallel bus– Hyperbus? Parallel bus– PCI Express? Serial– Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI)

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The Bus

Collection of wires linking one part of the computer to another– On the motherboard, these are the tiny copper

wires (traces) – Are inside the chips (CPU), too

Used to move data, instructions, and electrical current between components.

The Motherboard has multiple data buses, with different speeds and sizes.

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Bus Lines

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Data Bus The Data Bus is the part of the bus used for data transfer Each trace on the data bus represents one binary digit Often in multiples of 8 (16, 32, 64, etc. bits wide) Speeds vary, measured in MHz Main bus that communicates with the CPU, memory, often

called the Front Side Bus (FSB)

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Overclocking

A faster clock = A faster system However CPUs and Chipsets can only go so fast

– Heat damage– Reliability

Systems are designed to default to safe clock rates for the CPU– Warranties can be voided if user adjusted speeds are

used– Sometimes a setting in the BIOS

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Expansion Slots

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Expansion Card Inserted into a Slot

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Some fancy terms

Band width– (bit rate)

Hz (MHz, GHz) Bus width Latency Parallel, serial Analog, digital

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Some fancy terms

Shared bus “Local” bus

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Shared bus

This means that all the devices are connected together– ISA, PCI, SCSI, etc. are like this

CPU (or whatever)

Device Device Device Device

Bus

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Shared bus

In a shared bus, the devices must have an “address” or some other way of differentiating each other

Only one device can “talk” at any one time.

Can have “Bus Masters” – CPU or other device controls the bus

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Shared bus To help with “talking at once” or

to have different speed busses, can have “Bridges”

CPU (or whatever)

Bus

PCI Bridge

Device DeviceDevice

PCI Bridge PCI Bridge

Device Device

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Point to point

This is the “direct” approach Each device is directly connected

to only one other device Can be one device to another or

using a “switch”

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Point to point

CPU (or whatever)

Device

SwitchDevice

Device

Device

CPU (or whatever)

This device can “talk” to any other through the

switch

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At the Back

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Common connections

USB ports (2-6) Digital Video Interface (DVI) VGA PS/2 ports mouse & keyboard Sound ports (speakers, mike, line) Network port RJ45 Serial (DB9) and Parallel (DB25)

rarer

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Serial

Built to the RS-232 standard Often connected mice, modem,

etc. 9 pins Larger style was 25 pins (most

not used) Up to 115,200 bits / second

– About 10Mbytes / second (in theory)

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VGA

15 pin analog connection Red, Green, Blue Horizontal & Vertical sync Surprisingly high data rate

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DVI (Digital Video Interface)

Used digital (instead of analog) connection

“Single” or “Dual” link:– Single (60Hz): 1920 x 1200 resolution– Dual (60 Hz): 2560 x 1600 resolution

Cables up to 5m (16 feet)!

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Display Port

Replacement for DVI 10.8Gbits/sec (that’s fast)

– 1920 × 1080 × 60 Hz × 24bpp– to 3840 × 2160 × 60 Hz x 30 bpp

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Internal

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Some legacy technology ISA EISA, VESA, MicroChannel All replaced by PCI technology

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“Local” busses

The “local” bus is (basically) directly connected to the CPU

In theory, is the fastest connection to the CPU

AGP is an example

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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

32 bits Up to 2133 Mbytes/sec Almost a direct connection to CPU AGP 1.0 (1x - 266 MB, 2x - 533

MB/s) AGP 2.0 (4x – 1GB/s) AGP 3.0 (8x – 2133MB/s)

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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

AGP 2x (3.3V)– Data on rising and falling edges– doubling data transfer

AGP 4x (1.5V)– Four transfers per clock cycle

AGP 8x (0.8V)– Eight transfers per clock cycle

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AGP

Slots are “keyed” so that you can’t place the wrong card in the slot

From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_keys_diagram.png

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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_slot.jpg

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Resources

IRQ (interrupt requests)– 15 of them with ISA (PC still has

these) DMA (Direct Memory Access) I/O ports (not like network ports)

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PCI

Most common today Two major types:

– PCI (parallel)– PCI Express (serial)

Also broken into multiple variants, based on speed, bus size, etc.

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PCI

Initial: 33 MHz, 32 Bits– (Slower than VESA Local bus)– Approx 132 Mbytes / second– 33 MHz (1 transfer / cycle) * 8 Bytes

= 132 Mbytes / second 5 Volts, then 3.3 Volts (ISA is 5V) 32 bit address space (4 Gbytes)

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PCI - improvements

Bus size Bus Speed Approx transfer

32 33 MHz 132 Mbytes/s

32 66 MHz 264 Mbytes/s

64 33 MHz 528 Mbytes/s

64 66 MHz 1 Gbyte/s

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PCI

Another “trick” was the way data was transferred– Sort of a “burst mode”

Address sent once, then three packets of data is sent– So only ¾ of time is really for data

Address Data DataData

Once “cycle”

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PCI – reflected wave

Uses Reflected-wave switching Unlike ISA (and SCSI), which have

termination Bus is not “terminated,” so wave

is reflected back, doubling the amplitude (if done correctly)

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PCI Express

From Intel A.K.A.: PCIe or PCI-E

– NOTE: Not PCI-X (which is the old PCI)

Up to 8 Gbytes / second (both ways)– 4 Gbytes one way

Serial

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PCI Express

Based on “lanes”– 250 MHz– Each lane is a separate serial

channel– 1 lane = standard PCI– 4 lanes = fastest PCI (PCI-X)– 8 lanes = fastest AGP

Up to 32 lanes– Designated as 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x

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PCI Express

“Full duplex”– Data goes both ways– Vs. Send, then receive modes/states

Slots are different form factors– NOTE: a “4x” physical connection

could mean it’s a 1x card using a 4x slot.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCIExpress.jpg

1x

16x

4x

Standard PCI

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QPI (QuickPath Interconnect)

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QPI (QuickPath Interconnect)

Intel QuickPath Interconnect Point-to-point processor interconnect

developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus (FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms

Designed to compete with HyperTransport First delivered in November 2008 on the

Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset

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USB (Universal Serial Bus)

Serial (1 bit) USB 2.0 up to 480 Mbps USB 3.0 up to 5 Gbps Up to 127 devices per host Hot plugable Six types of plugs

Web Linkshttp://www.pcisig.com/home http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htmhttp://www.techfest.com/hardware/bus/pci.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect

http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/hardware/pcie.ars/1 http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/vectors/en/2004_pciexpress?c=us&l=en&s=corp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnecthttp://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/quickpath-technology/quickpath-technology-general.html

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