Influence of different protein supplements on sheep milk quantity and quality – Yossifov M., 2012

15th -TO- COST FEED FOR HEALTH joint Workshop

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INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS ON SHEEP MILK QUANTITY AND QUALITY

Marin Yossifov

Institute of Animal Science, 2232, Kostinbrod, Bulgaria ABSTRACT Animal milk productivity depends mainly on the quantity and quality of feedstuffs. In our study was analyzed and discussed the influence of different protein supplements on quantity and quality of sheep milk at the pick of lactation (27 72 lactating day). Sixteen lactating dairy sheep of Synthetic Bulgarian Dairy Population (SBDP) were used in 60-d feeding trial (7-d preparatory + 45-d experimental period + 8-d closing periods). Animals were randomly divided into two diet treatments: 1./ control diet (CD) with roughage (75 %), corn (8 %), supplement (0.65 %), wheat (8.79 %) and sunflower meal (SFM) (8.26 %), and 2./ experimental diet (ED) with replacing part of the wheat and whole SFM with rapeseed meal (RSM) (10 %). Diets were iso-caloric and equal in protein truly digestible in small intestines (PDI), Ca, P and approximately equal in crude protein (CP). Analyzed 960 milk samples showed that in this segment of lactation period the high lactopoiesis is related to source of dietary protein. No significant differences were found in average daily milk yield (+ 0.73 %) and milk composition: solids non fat (SNF) + 0.82; fat content of milk + 2.30 and milk protein content 0.53 % per sheep for ED, compared with CD. RSM- based diet significantly (p<0.01) increased 6.5 % fat corrected milk yields (+ 3.05 %) from one sheep per day. Keywords: lactating dairy sheep, rapeseed meal (RSM), consumption, feed efficiency, dry matter intake (DMI), feed conversion, milk yield, composition INTRODUCTION After Bulgarian admission into EU in 2007, sheep- breeding continue be largest branch of Bulgarian animal husbandry. Total count of sheep is 1.4 million [16]. With average daily yield 81.2 L per sheep [16], annual sheep milk production is 0.82 million tons [16]. Thus, sheep milk production is important raw material for Bulgarian traditional animal products, such as yoghurt, cheese and other dairy products. So, sheep milk is an important part of the economy in small and middle-sized farms and means of livehood for many families. Papers about effects of sheep nutrition on milk quality are published by some authors [25, 18]. Sheep milk production depends on level of intake and quality of feed. At segment of lactation period with high lactopoiesis is very important source of dietary protein. Milk fat content depends on the indirect effect of dilution and supply of dietary fatty acids (FA) and rate of their rumen biohydrogenation (rumen protected/inert FA supplements). Milk protein content depends on dry matter intake (DMI) [5] and supply of dietary crude protein (CP)


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[7] and its degradability (rumen degradable (RDP) and undegradable protein (RUP) ratio) [13]. The aim of this study was to estimate effect of RSM as a protein source in diets of SBDP sheep on some physicochemical characteristics and nutritive and technological qualities of raw sheep milk. MATERIAL AND METHODS Experimental animals At the Experimental Base of Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, Bulgaria (BG) was conducted 60-d feeding trail (7-d preparatory + 45-d experimental period + 8-d closing periods). Sixteen lactating dairy sheep (n=8) of Synthetic Bulgarian Dairy Population (SBDP) in early lactation (27 72 lactating day) were randomly (by age, lactation, milk production, % milk fats, % milk protein) divided into two diet treatments: control (CD) and experimental diet (ED). Table 1. Experimental design*

Item SFM- based diet RSM- based diet Roughage:

Meadow hay 13.32 13.38 Corn silage 61.26 61.55

Concentrate mixture: Rapeseed meal - 10.44 Sunflower meal 8.26 - Wheat 8.79 6.69 Corn 7.72 7.76

Supplement: Limestone 0.20 0.11 (NH4)2SO4 0.45 0.07

*as DM basis Dietary Treatments Experimental design was placed in table 1. Daily rations (as DM basis) were consisted of 75 % roughage (meadow hay + corn silage) and 25 % concentrate mixture and were formulated to meet and exceed all nutrient requirements of lactating dairy sheep [29]%), supplement (0.65 %), wheat (8.79 %) and sunflower meal (SFM) (8.26 %). In ED was replaced part of the wheat and whole SFM with 10.44 % rapeseed meal (RSM). Diets were iso-caloric and equal in protein truly digestible in small intestines (PDI), Ca, P and approximately equal in crude protein (CP). The supplement provided Ca (limestone), ammonium sulfate and vitamin-mineral mix (per kg of diet: Mg - 60.0 mg, Fe - 1.3 mg, copper - 1.0 mg, I - 1.6 mg, Zn - 60.0 mg, Co - 1.0 mg, Vit. A 5000 IU, Vit. D - 2000 IU, Vit. E -10.0 mg). The diets were fed twice daily 7.00 AM and 6.00 PM throughout the experimental period.


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Feed intake was adjusted daily. Animals were provided ad libitum access to fresh water and salt blocks. Forage samples collection and Analyzes Diet ingredients were sampled in each 15-d period and composited for analysis. The residua were collected and weighed daily and analyzed also twice a month. Samples were analyzed for DM by drying in a forced-air oven at 65oC for 48 h and then 105oC. Dried feed samples were ground to pass through a 1-mm screen and analyzed for Crude Protein (CP) (Kjeldahl N x 6.25), Ether Extract (EE), Crude Fibers (CF), Ash, Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P) [1]. Milk samples collection and Analyzes Milk yield was controlled twice a day individual per sheep, during the morning and evening milking. Milk samples were taken and analyzed weekly per sheep in accordance to the regulations for milk sampling (country AC method). Physicochemical characteristics of the raw milk samples were analyzed with apparatus EcoMilk (Milkana KAM 98-2A Bultech Company). It was established milk composition: solids non fats (SNF), dry matter (DM), milk fats (MF) and milk protein (MP). To evaluate nutritive and technological values of raw sheep milk were established following ratios: MP/MF, MP/DM and MF/DM. Statistical Analyses Feed intake and dry matter intake (DMI) (average per sheep), average daily milk yield, milk/forage ratio (M:F), nutrient efficiency (kg/L milk), nutritive and technological milk ratios (MP/MF, MP/DM and MF/DM) and other parameters were analyzed using MS Office 2007 and Student t-test. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Diet composition Chemical composition of feedstuffs is presented in table 2. Tested protein source (RSM) was lower in protein content (- 6 %) than SFM. These data corresponded with other authors [11, 12, 21], but were lower than our previous analyzes [31] and those reported by [24, 32]. Lower values of CP were found by [2, 9, 33]. Content of fats (EE) was twice as much in RSM as SFM. This value corresponded with previous our studies [31]. Similar values were reported by [2, 33]. Contrary, significantly lower values were found by [24, 32]. Other authors [9, 11, 17] reported higher values. Percentage of fibers (CF) in RSM was half as mush as SFM. These values corresponded with these reported by [2], but were lower than those found by [9, 11, 21]. Our previous studies [31] found higher values. The chemical composition of compound feeds (table 3) was similar in DM (2.1 kg) and ensured iso- nitrogenous (in average 0.39 kg CP), iso- caloric (in average 0.1 kg EE), iso- fibrogenous (in average 0.6 kg CF) and equal in Ca (0.016 kg) and P (0.008 kg). Feeding values (table 3) also were similar in both diets according to Bulgarian Feed Evaluation System [28] about following parameters: Feed Units for Milk (FUM: 2.4 and 2.3); Protein truly Digestible in


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small Intestines (PDI: 0.18 and 0.17 kg); Balance of Protein in Rumen (BPR: - 0.001 and + 0.001 kg) for CD and ED, respectively. Table 2. 1 (as % of DM)

MH Corn silage SFM RSM Wheat Corn Dry matter 80.68 39.58 84.62 85.19 86.88 86.29 Crude protein 6.63 6.86 36.55 34.42 11.70 9.28 Ether extract 1.65 2.66 1.37 2.76 2.35 3.42 Crude fiber 30.66 16.74 21.96 12.39 2.62 3.84 Ash 6.34 5.21 7.14 6.78 1.96 1.47 Ca 0.38 0.41 0.41 0.62 0.07 0.06 P 0.09 0.11 1.04 0.87 0.33 0.24 MH- Meadow hay, SFM - Sunflower meal, RSM- Rapeseed meal Table 3. Chemical composition and feeding value of RSM and SFM-based diets

SFM- based diet (CD) RSM- based diet (ED) Chemical composition1 (g):

Dry matter 2134.69 2119.50 Crude protein 391.77 385.00 Ether extract 91.35 95.99 Crude fiber 626.18 604.33 Ash 184.40 187.14 Ca, % 15.71 15.51 P, % 7.87 7.79

Feeding value2,3(g) FUM4 2.37 2.28 PDI 179.37 168.39 BPR - 2.19 + 3.19 BPR/FUM - 0.92 + 1.40

PDI- Protein truly digestible in small intestines, BPR- Balance of protein in rumen, FUM- Feed units for milk 1 As DM basis (except DM) 2 Our own data (Yossifov et al., 2011) 3 As fed basis 4 According to Bulgarian feed evaluation system Intake Average daily intake (ADI) of forage and dry matter (DMI) and consumption of nutrient ingredients from total diets are presented in figure 1. Sheep fed ED consumed higher levels of total diet as fed basis (+ 0.5 %), DM from roughage (+ 1.3 %), DM from concentrate mixture (- 1.9 %) and DM from total diet (+ 0.1). Thus, results of some studies that RSM depressed feed consumption (e.g. DMI)

daily intake (ADI) of CP (- 1.9 %), Ash (+ 3.4 %), Ca (- 2.0 %) and P (- 0.7 %) for ED compared with CD. Higher EE intake from ED (+ 50 %) equilibrated


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lower consumption of fibers (- milk (- 3.1 %). Consumption of PDI was lower in ED (- 5.6 %) and balance of protein in rumen varied between CD (- 1.39) and ED (+ 3.49%).

DM from roughage,

DM from concentrate

DM from total

FUM, FU

CD withCD with SFMSFM ED withED with RSMRSM

-- 11..99 %%

-- 5.6 %5.6 %

-- 3.1 %3.1 %

+ 0.1 %+ 0.1 %

-- 1.9 %1.9 %

+ 1.3 %+ 1.3 %

++ 151151 %% Figure 1. Average daily intake of forage, DM and nutrient ingredients Animal performance Performance of sheep was shown in table 4. The average daily milk yield for studied segment of lactation curve was 1.32 and 1.33 L for animals fed CD and ED, resstatistically proved. When corrected milk to 6.5 % milk fat, differences between means for ED >> CD (+ 3.1 %) were proved (p<0.01).


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Table 4. Yield, composition and properties of sheep milk GROUP ITEMS SFM- based diet RSM- based diet

Productivity: Average daily milk yield, ml

Actual 1315.75 ± 196.90 1325.38 ± 204.21 6.5 % fat corrected 1437.44 ± 215.11c 1481.29 ± 228.23c

Physicochemical parameters: Solids non fats 10.93 ± 0.32 11.02 ± 0.39 Dry matter 18.03 ± 0.93 18.29 ± 1.53 Protein 5.65 ± 0.279 5.68 ± 0.344 Fat 7.10 ± 0.801 7.26 ± 1.169

Ratios: Protein /Fat 0.80 ± 0.05 0.79 ± 0.07 Protein /Dry matter 0.314 ± 0.005 0.311 ± 0.009 Fat /Dry matter 0.393 ± 0.024 0.395 ± 0.028 cc Milk analyses

Sheep Sheep milkmilk

SFM- based diet RSM- based diet

Figure 2. Physicochemical composition of sheep milk In figure 2 is presented milk composition. Differences between controlled

her authors [4, 8] for milk content at dairy sheep and standards for SBDP [10, 23,


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26]. To evaluate comprehensively tested raw milk analyses were carried out into two aspects: physicochemical analysis and nutritive and technological parameters. Percentage of SNF and DM (fig. 2) was in norms among the both groups (10.93 11.02 and 18.03 18.29 %) and differences were not significant (CD << ED). Similar values reported [3]. Lower % published [26], and higher - [8]. Content of milk fat (fig. 2) showed upward tendency CD << ED (- 2 %), but results were in norms and corresponded with results found by [26]. Lower % found [8], and higher [27]. Lactic proteins were actual the same among the groups (5.66 %) and exceeded values found by other authors [3, 8, 27]. To characterize nutritive and technological parameters of raw sheep milk were used following ratios (fig. 3): MP/MF, MP/DM and MF/DM. All values were in recommended standards (0.80, 0.31 and 0.39). MP/MF and MP/DM were lower in ED (- 1.2 and 0.8 %) and corresponded with values published by [26], but were lower than values found by [8, 27]. MF/DM ratio was higher in ED (+ 0.6 %). Higher values were found by [8, 27].

Sheep Sheep milkmilk

SFM- based diet RSM- based diet

Figure 3. Nutritive and technological quality of sheep milk Feed efficiency To evaluate utilization of nutrient ingredients and their biotransformation into milk production was made fig. 4. The conversion of nutrient ingredients into 1 L milk was more effective from animals consumed RSM- based diet, compared with CD: Total diet (- 2.5 %), DM (- 2.9 %), FUM (- 6.3 %), PDI (- 8.4 %). Only consumption of CP was negligible higher (+ 0.3 %), but this may be as a result


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of protein quality. The feed efficiency, presented as milk/feed (M/F) ratio, also was advantaged of RSM-based diet: + 8 % (fig. 4).

Total diet,

FUM, FU

Ratio

CD withCD with SFMSFM ED withED with RSMRSM

-- 88.4 %.4 %

-- 66..33 %%

+ 0.+ 0.33 %%

-- 2.92.9 %%

-- 22..55 %%

++ 77..99 %%

++ 114466 %% Figure 4. Feed conversion (g.L1milk) and feed efficiency (M/ F) Nitrogen as a limiting factor in high productive dairy animals was used to established effect of dietary protein source (SFM vs. RSM) on milk production (fig. 5). Animals fed with CD consumed (253 g) higher % dietary CP (e.g. N), compared with ED (- 1.91 %). Percentage of N deposited in milk rised in order ED >> CD (+ 1.3 %). Thus, % of N utilization was higher in RSM- based diet (+ 3.23 %). The results of this study confirmed positive effect of RSM as protein source in

[6, 14, 15, 19, 20] and slowly [30]. Established data about milk yield, milk

composition, nutritive and technological parameters of raw milk, feed efficiency, N utilization, feed conversion and so on manifested future place of this vegetable protein source from biodiesel industry into practice.


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0 50 100 150 200 250

Intake with diet

Deposited in milk

% of utilization RSM- based diet

SFM-based diet

-- 1.9 %1.9 %

+ 1.3 %+ 1.3 %

+ 3.2 %+ 3.2 %

Figure 5. Percentage of Nitrogen utilization CONCLUSION The data obtained on the chemical composition of RSM were as follows: DM

85.19 %; CP 344.20 g/kg DM; EE 27.60 g/kg DM; CF 123.90 g/kg DM; Ash 67.80 g/kg; Ca 0.62 g/kg DM and P 0.87 g/kg DM;

Sheep fed ED consumed higher levels of total diet as fed basis (+ 0.5 %), DM from roughage (+ 1.3 %), DM from concentrate mixture (- 1.9 %) and DM from total diet (+ 0.1). Differences about average daily intake (ADI) of CP, Ash, Ca and P were negligible (- 1.9, + 3.4, - 2.0 and - 0.7 %) for ED compared with CD. Higher EE intake from ED (+ 50 %) compensated for the lower consumption of fibers (- the intake of feed units for milk (- 3.1 %). Consumption of PDI was lower in ED (- 5.6 %) and balance of protein in rumen varied between CD (- 1.39) and ED (+ 3.49%);

Average daily milk yield for the studied segment of lactation curve was higher in ED >> CD (+ 0.73 %). The differences between treatments were significant and statistically proved as 6.5 % fat-corrected milk CD << ED (p<0.01);

Differences between controlled physicochemical parameters in milk composition (solids non fats (SNF), dry matter (DM), milk fat (MF) and milk protein (MP)) and nutritive and technological parameters (MP/MF, MP/DM, MF/DM) were within the recommended range and were not affected by treatments;


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The conversion of nutrient ingredients into 1 L milk production was more effective from animals consuming RSM- based diet, relative to CD: Total diet (- 2.5 %), DM (- 2.9 %), FUM (- 6.3 %), PDI (- 8.4 %). Only consumption of CP was negligible higher (+ 0.3 %);

The feed efficiency, presented as milk/feed (M/F) ratio was more effective at RSM- vs. SFM- based diet (+ 8 %).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author thanks Maria Kolchova and Galabena Borisova, Animal nutrition and feed technology the assistance in the feeding trial and feedstuff analyses. The author is grateful to Miroslava Mirkova, Sheep- and goat- breeding the milk samples analyses. REFERENCES

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ISBN 978-86-7994-032-2 XV INTERNATIONAL FEED TECHNOLOGY SYMPOSIUM

-TO-WORKSHOP, NOVI SAD, 2012. Publisher University of Novi Sad Institute of Food Technology Bulevar cara Lazara 1. 21000 Novi Sad Main editor D Editors

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Proceedings / XV International Feed Technology Symposium [and] Feed to Food / Cost Feed for Health joint Workshop, Novi Sad, 2012 ; [editors Slavica

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