Infiltration in Permeable Pavement Aggregate Beds (Draindown) Liv Haselbach Civil & Environmental Engineering Washington State University [email protected] Brandon Werner Mina Yekkalar 1
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Infiltration in Permeable
Pavement Aggregate Beds
(Draindown)
Liv Haselbach
Civil & Environmental Engineering
Washington State University
Brandon Werner
Mina Yekkalar
1
Good Morning,
Part I: What are Permeable Pavements and Pervious
Concrete?
Part II: Draindown Testing
Optional
Part III: Testing Methods (porosity, infiltration)
Part IV: Summary of Surface Studies
Part V: ‘Powerwashing’ Cleaning (Sloan and PACCAR)
2
Acknowledgements
Husseman Fund, Washington State Department of Ecology
Center for Environmentally Sustainable Transportation in
Cold Climates, USDOT University Transportation Center
Fulbright-ALCOA (Distinguished Chair in the
Environmental Sciences and Engineering in Brazil).
Washington State University Facilities Services
The City of Spokane
And thanks to Somayeh Nassiri and the
many WSU students who helped.
3
Part I: Permeable Pavement Systems!
STRUCTURED SURFACE PLUS:
Surface Infiltration
Underground Storage
Pollutant Removal: - on top - in ground - in reservoir - to air?4
Permeable Pavement Systems!
What is the surface?
- Pervious Concrete
- Porous Asphalt
- Permeable Pavers
What depth should the
aggregate bed be?
-For structure (loads)
-For water storage
(runon and storms)
- For frost depth
5
Permeable pavements on slopes?
Remember it is a System
Be careful that the water from surrounding areas (runon) does not flow too fast and overshoot!6
What is Pervious Concrete?
Mixture of :
• Coarse aggregate,
• Cementitious material,
• Admixtures, and
• Water.
• Carefully controlled amounts of water &
cementitious materials are used to create a
paste that forms a thick coating around
aggregate particles without flowing off during
mixing & placing.
7
Unique Structure of Pervious
Concrete
•Vertical Porosity Distribution
• Top Transition Zone
•Micro/Macro Pores
•Connected/Disconnected Pores8
Porosity of Pervious Concrete
•Total Porosity Ranges: ~13%-40%
•Recommended: ~20-25%
•Tortuousity (vertical and horizontal flow)
•Compressive Strength(not used for specifying):
Typically 1000-3000 psi. (7-20 Mpa)
9
How is pervious concrete placed?
Concrete Traditional PC
Cement 1 1
Aggregate 3 4+
Water 1/2 ~1/3
Fines 2 ~0
Mixed
Compacted & CoveredCured 7 days
10
Part II: Community Placement Draindown
11
Placement
•Wet the rock before you place the concrete.
12
Placement
• .
13
Placement
• .
Done in seven days!
14
Community Hall Sidewalk
Case Study Retention
15
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Community Hall Sidewalk
Case Study Retention
16
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Community Hall Sidewalk
Case Study Retention
17
Draindown Test Results from Test 1 on October 17, 2015:
Zone C Observation Well
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
0 20.25 16.57 16.25 39.42 12.25
0.75 19.75 17.93 15.75 41.67 11.75
1.20 19.25 20.63 15.25 43.32 11.25
3.32 18.75 23.15 14.75 45.40 10.75
5.20 18.25 25.13 14.25 47.03 10.25
10.40 17.75 29.15 13.75 48.33 9.75
13.23 17.25 33.72 13.25 50.73 9.25
15.02 16.75 36.22 12.75 52.03 8.75
18
Haselbach, 2016. Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus, Final report
To Washington State Department of Ecology.
Draindown Results
19
Soil Moisture: Middle and Deep: Summer 2015 Community
20
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in
Warm-Dry Months, submitted May 5 2016 to J of Transportation Engineering, Part B: Pavements
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
5/2
6/2
015
5/3
1/2
015
6/5
/201
5
6/1
0/2
015
6/1
5/2
015
6/2
0/2
015
6/2
5/2
015
6/3
0/2
015
7/5
/201
5
7/1
0/2
015
7/1
5/2
015
7/2
0/2
015
7/2
5/2
015
7/3
0/2
015
8/4
/201
5
8/9
/201
5
8/1
4/2
015
8/1
9/2
015
8/2
4/2
015
8/2
9/2
015
9/3
/201
5
9/8
/201
5
Sen
sors
' V
WC
rea
din
gs-
Dee
p S
enso
rs A23 B13 B23 C23
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
Sen
sors
' V
WC
rea
din
gs-
Mid
dle
Sen
sors
A12 A22 B12 B22 C12
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Finch Arboretum
Spokane Case Study Detention
• Porous asphalt parking lot
21
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Finch Arboretum
Spokane Case Study Detention
•Mix of soil layers
•Weather station at GEG
22
PACCAR Parking Lot: WSU Pullman
Pervious
Concrete
23
Finch Results:
Mid Winter: Middle Sensors
24
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2017) Impacts of a Detention-Based Permeable Pavement System on
Neighboring Clay Soils under Cold-Wet Weather Conditions, submitted July 6 2016 to TRB
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
12
/30/1
5
1/3
/16
1/7
/16
1/1
1/1
6
1/1
5/1
6
1/1
9/1
6
1/2
3/1
6
1/2
7/1
6
1/3
1/1
6
2/4
/16
2/8
/16
2/1
2/1
6
2/1
6/1
6
2/2
0/1
6
2/2
4/1
6
2/2
8/1
6
Pre
cip
itat
ion (
mm
)
Ab
solu
te V
WC
(m
3/m
3)
A12 A22 B12 B22 Rain Snow
Part III: ASTMc1754
• Standard Test Method for Density and Void Content of
Hardened Pervious Concrete
• Montes, Felipe, Srinivas Valavala, Liv M. Haselbach: A New
Test Method for Porosity Measurements of Portland
Cement Pervious Concrete, Journal of ASTM International,
January 2005, Vol. 2, No. 1
• Take Mass dry (room!)
• submerge for >30 minutes
• and take mass submerged…….
25
ASTM C1701
•Testing methods for pervious concrete –
infiltration rate in the laboratory
26
ISO 17785-1
• Modified using
Shrinkwrap with a
small lip on top and
less water……
ASTM 1701 in Field
27
Part IV:
Surface
Runon Older
Placements
in Pullman
•Valley Playfield Walks
•Vetmed Circle•Sloan Sidewalk
28
Site Information and Winters
Experienced as of Spring 2014
Site ID Site Winters Paved
Run-on
Sources
Other
Clogging
Sources
Approximate
Size of paved
Area Producing
Run-on
VPE Valley Playfield
East
4 Incline
Standard
Concrete
Grass/Wetlands
On East Side
2500 ft2
VPC Valley Playfield
Center
3 None Rubber
Particles
Negligible
VM VetMed 3 Incline
Standard
Concrete
Surrounding
Landscaping
4000 ft2
SL Sloan Sidewalk 2 Incline
Standard
Concrete
Landscaping
Along Edge
2000 ft2
Haselbach, L. and Werner, B., Pervious Concrete Performance in Eastern Washington: Surface
Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low Impact Development Conference, Houston Texas, January 2015.
More Placements: PACCAR Parking Lot:
Pervious Concrete, WSU Pullman:
Summer 2015
30
Summary of seven pervious
pavement sites at WSU Pullman as
of Summer 2015
Age (yr) Size (sq.ft.) Mix
VetMed Circle 4 2827 Concrete
Sloan Hall Sidewalk 3 960 Concrete
East Valley Playfields 5 4277 Concrete
Center Valley Playfields 4 7262 Concrete
Allen Center Walk and ADA
Parking4 5924 Asphalt
Community Hall 0 130 Concrete
PACCAR 0 9370 Concrete
31
Sloan Wintertime
Date Infiltration Rates @ Each Location (in/hr )
(2015) Temp ⁰F A B C D
7 January 45.5 16 26 182 203
15 January 34.7 18 17 136 184
29 January 41.9 8 38 172 229
5 February 2 52.3 8 18 126 224
12 February 59 N/A 14 171 184
19 February 58.3 N/A 28 175 234
26 February 38.7 N/A 8 97 143
5 March 66.2 N/A 21 87 141
12 March 59.4 N/A 17 107 194
16 April 67.1 N/A N/A 99 132
8 May 69.6 N/A N/A 74 120
22 May 77.5 N/A N/A 70 108
11 June 82.2 N/A N/A 83 110
April 2014 N/A 12 198 444 710 32
Clogging with Time at Sloan
33
Werner, B. and Haselbach, L.(2016) Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates of
pervious concrete, submitted Special Issue on Environmental Sustainability of Transportation Infrastructure in
Cold Climates, ASCE J of Cold Regions Engineering
Part V: Maintenance Options?
• Blowing…….not usually
• Street sweepers/cleaners
• Powerwashing
• Special equipment
34
Cleaned Sloan! Woohoo!
• September 2015
•Hose and Nozzle
•Upper ~15 feet
• Lower ~20 feet
• Just as fast now as center portion which has
not been cleaned after 3 winters, but still
functioning well.
35
Cleaning Paccar July 7 2016
Performed by Washington State University Facility Services
Photos by Liv Haselbach
Vacuum Truck
For loose gravel and dirt.
Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas
• Pre-wetting
• Powerwashing with Wet Vacuum
Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas
•Dislodged Dirt
Deep Cleaning only for Clogged Areas
• Function Restored
Deep Cleaning only for Clogged
Areas
Thank you!
?
42
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