Infections without borders 2011 ASCP Annual Meeting Jeannette Guarner, MD Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Emory University
Infections without borders
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting
Jeannette Guarner, MD
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Emory University
� Conflicts: none
� Disclosures:
� Paid by The Emory Clinic
� Worked at CDC 1997-2007, now guest researcher
� Brought up in Mexico, thus funny accent
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting
� Husband, at Emory University, Chair of Global Health
� Images, own and from CDC: � http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp
� http://www.terrorismcentral.com/Library/WMD/Bio/plague/LabProtocols.html
Objectives
� Identify the epidemiology, clinical and pathologic presentation and microbiologic aspects of anthrax, plague, mycobacteria, SARS coronavirus, and 2009 H1N1 influenza virus.
�Recognize these diseases and consult with the appropriate health care entities.
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting
appropriate health care entities.
�Assess if their area/ hospital preparedness plan includes these infectious agents.
�Structure:� Scenarios/ cases
QUESTION: A CSF sent from the Emergency Department
shows the following on the Gram stain. What is the best
description for the structures present inside the red circle?
1. Gram-positive cocci
2. Gram-negative bacilli
3. Gram-positive bacilli
4. Gram-negative cocci
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4. Gram-negative cocci
Gram stain
Crystal violet
Fixation
Iodine
(mordant)
Alcohol
(decolorization)
Safranin
(counterstain)
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QUESTION: What organisms should be considered in the
differential diagnosis of this case based on the Gram stain?
1. Streptococcus
pneumoniae,
Staphylococcus aureus
2. Bacillus spp., Listeria
monocytogenes, and
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monocytogenes, and
Corynebacterium spp.
3. Neisseria meningitidis,
Haemophilus influenzae
4. Pseudomonas spp.,
Escherichia coli., and
Salmonella spp.
Chart review
�The specimen belongs to a 63 year old man that
presented with fever, vomiting and confusion.
�Past medical history: 4 days of fever, myalgias, and
malaise. He had not had a sore throat or any other
upper respiratory symptoms.
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting
upper respiratory symptoms.
�He had been trekking in the North Carolina
mountains the week before his symptoms started.
�Physical exam: No nuchal rigidity. Chest
examination revealed bibasilar ronchi.
�The chest X-Ray
showed a widened
mediastinum
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QUESTION: In this patient with the gram-positive bacillus in
his CSF, what is the most likely cause of a widened
mediastinum?
1. Ruptured esophagus
2. Metastases to mediastinal
lymph nodes
3. Inhalational anthrax
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3. Inhalational anthrax
4. Aortic aneurysm
Bacillus anthracis in the laboratory
� Bacillus anthracis should grow within six to eight hours.
� Colonies show a “medusa head” appearance or have comma shaped projections
� Colonies are sticky when picked up
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� Colonies are sticky when picked up
� The organisms are gram-positive, spore forming, catalase positive and non-motile.
� The capsule can be highlighted using India ink
QUESTION: To which one of the following agencies does the
hospital where the patient is being treated needs to
immediately report that there is a suspect anthrax case?
1. State Public Health
Department
2. Local Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI)
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Investigation (FBI)
3. Department of Homeland
Security
4. Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (CDC)
Hospital course
�The patient was empirically treated with intravenous
cefotaxime and vancomycin.
�Within hours after admission, the patient had a
generalized grand mal seizure and was intubated
and high dose steroids were added.
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and high dose steroids were added.
�On the second hospital day, hypotension and acute
renal failure developed. He continued to be
unconscious during the hospitalization.
�On the third hospital day, he developed refractory
hypotension, had a cardiac arrest and died.
QUESTION: Should an autopsy be performed?
1. Yes, because the cause
of death is unknown.
2. Yes, because this death
was a possible homicide.
3. No, because the cause
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3. No, because the cause
of death is known.
4. No, because an autopsy
would expose other
individuals to the
infectious agent.
Jernigan DB, et al. Investigation of
bioterrorism-related anthrax, United
States, epidemiologic findings.
Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8: 1019-28.
Guarner J, et al. Pathology and
pathogenesis of bioterrorism-related
inhalational anthrax . Am J Pathol
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inhalational anthrax . Am J Pathol
2003;163:701-709.
Shieh WJ, et al. The critical role of
pathology in the investigation of
bioterrorism-related cutaneous
anthrax. Am J Pathol,
2003;163(5):1901-10.
QUESTION: A Laboratory technologist brings to your attention
a Giemsa stained blood smear that shows “very funny
bacteria”. How would you describe the organisms that you see
in this image?
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1. Gram-positive rod-shaped
bacteria containing spores
2. Bipolar staining bacteria
3. Gram-positive, rod-shaped
bipolar bacteria
4. Rod-shaped bacteria in chains
QUESTION: What organisms should be included in the
differential diagnosis based on this Giemsa stain?
1. Burkholderia
pseudomallei, Yersinia
pestis
2. Clostridium perfringens,
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Clostridium perfringens,
Listeria monocytogenes
3. Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptoccous
pneumoniae
4. Legionella spp.,
Chlamydiophila
pneumoniae
Case:
�53 year old diabetic man from New Mexico
vacationing in New York.
�On admission, he complained of fatigue and had
diaphoresis, rigors, tender left inguinal adenopathy
with overlying edema, and lower extremity necrosis.
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting
with overlying edema, and lower extremity necrosis.
�Temperature 40.2°C, blood pressure 78/50 mm Hg.
�WBC 24,700/µl, platelets 72,000/µl.
�He was admitted to the ICU with the diagnosis of
septic shock. Guarner J, et al. Persistent Yersinia pestis antigens in ischemic tissues of a patient
with septicemic plague. Hum Pathol 2005;36:850-853.
QUESTION: 48 hours later the following plate and Gram
stain are available from microbiology. What is the possible
diagnosis?
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1. Burkholderia pseudomallei
2. Francisella tularensis
3. Yersinia pestis
4. Salmonella typhi
Pathology of pneumonic plaguePrimary Secondary
Guarner J,et al.
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Guarner J,et al.
Immunohistochemi
cal detection of
Yersinia pestis in
formalin-fixed,
paraffin-embedded
tissue. Am J Clin
Pathol 2002;117:
205-209.
QUESTION: Why is it important to distinguish between
primary and secondary plague pneumonia?
1. Treatment is different
2. Possible bioterrorism
3. Worse prognosis
4. Chest X-ray interpretation
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4. Chest X-ray interpretation
QUESTION: What term is used to describe an illness
acquired by a traveler in one area who becomes ill in
another area where the illness is not endemic?
1. Peripatetic
2. Endemic
3. Dislocated
Autochthonous
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4. Autochthonous
QUESTION: What is the vector for transmission of plague?
1. Fleas
2. Mosquitoes
3. Ticks
4. Tsetse flies
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Clinical history
�A 35 years old a farm worker originally from
Central America presented with fever and was
found to have a lung nodule in a Chest X ray. A
PPD was placed.
�His first sputum AFB smears shows:
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�His first sputum AFB smears shows:
QUESTION: How many AFB organisms need to be present
in 1 µL of sputum so as to have a positive smear?
1. 100
2. 1,000
3. 10,000
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4. 100,000
Siddiqi K et al. Clinical diagnosis of
smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis in
low-income countries: the current
evidence. Lancet Infect Dise 2003;3:288
QUESTION: The sputum culture exposed to light grew the
following colonies within 1 week, how would you classify this
mycobacteria?
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1. Rapid grower
2. A photochromogen
3. A scotochromogen
4. Not in the Runyon
classification
Runyon classification
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Not in the classification:
M. tuberculosis, M. bovis
End of case
�The patient took his treatment which included
isoniazid, ethambutol, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and
vitamin B6, but did not go for his monthly follow ups.
�At 2 months he started feeling weak and having
nausea. He went to a physician and his liver
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nausea. He went to a physician and his liver
function tests were markedly elevated.
�Even though isoniazid was discontinued the patient
went into liver failure and he has been placed in the
waiting list for a liver transplant.
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GERMANY - CIRCA 2005: Robert Koch
http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-166210p1.html
USA - CIRCA 1975: Emily P. Bissell -
http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-89286p1.html ?
MALI - CIRCA 1975: ambulance car and lungs
http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-376564p1.html
POLAND - CIRCA 1982: Odo Bujwid (1857-1942),
bacteriologist,
http://www.shutterstock.com/cat.mhtml
wheel=1#id=67821679
SPAIN - CIRCA 1953: charity to fight tuberculosis,
http://www.shutterstock.com/gallery-472024p1.html
� In January of 2003, an American businessman that
had been travelling in China and Vietnam presented
with a severe influenza-like illness to a Hanoi
hospital.
The patient rapidly went into respiratory failure
Case
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�The patient rapidly went into respiratory failure
requiring intubation.
�Hospital officials suspected avian influenza.
�However, Dr Carlo Urbani contacted WHO for
assistance since he thought the disease was not
avian influenza.
QUESTION: Hospital officials were thinking the patient had
avian influenza (H5N1). Why?
1. Severe respiratory disease
is frequently caused by
influenza viruses
2. Avian influenza viruses are
easily transmissible from
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easily transmissible from
human to human
3. This patient had eaten
chicken and other birds
while traveling
4. Influenza pandemics always
start in Asia
QUESTION: What test is used for avian influenza viruses
(H5N1)?
1. Using commercially
available fluorescent
antibodies
2. Culturing nasopharyngeal
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2. Culturing nasopharyngeal
specimens
3. Testing for IgM antibodies
against avian influenza
viruses
4. All of the above
Detection of influenza viruses
Direct fluorescent Assays
(DFA)
Viral cultures
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QUESTION: What test is used in your institution to diagnose
seasonal influenza viruses?
1. Viral cultures/ R-mix
2. PCR for respiratory
viruses
3. Direct fluorescent
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3. Direct fluorescent
antibody testing from
primary specimen
4. Rapid antigen testing
5. Other
Sensitivity and specificity of influenza tests during the
2009 H1N1 pandemic
Rapid
antigen
DFA R-mix PCR
Luminex
Sensitivity 17.8 46.7 88.9 97.8
Specificity 93.6 94.5 100 100
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Specificity 93.6 94.5 100 100
PPV 77.4 91.3 100 100
NPV 47.9 58.9 87.9 97.3
Ginocchio CC et al. Evaluation of multiple test methods for the detection of the novel 2009
influenza A (H1N1) during the New York City outbreak. J Clin Virol. 2009;45:191-5.
QUESTION: When people talk about influenza viruses they
mention H (number) and N (number) to refer to them. What
do H and N stand for?
1. Hydroxylysine and
neuraminidase
2. Hemagglutinin and
nalidixic acid
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nalidixic acid
3. Hemolysin and nucleotide
4. Hemagglutinin and
neuraminidase
QUESTION: What is the best way to protect yourself from
getting influenza?
1. Wash hands frequently
2. Avoid contact with sick
individuals
3. Avoid having wet
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3. Avoid having wet
hair/clothing while in cold
environments
4. Vaccination
5. Avoid contact with
children
�Dr. Carlo Urbani, saw the patient in Hanoi and 2
weeks later, while attending a conference in
Thailand, became sick.
�He had respiratory failure and persistent fevers.
In a matter of weeks, Dr. Urbani and five other
Back to our case
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� In a matter of weeks, Dr. Urbani and five other
health care professionals that took care of the
patient died.
� Influenza testing was negative.
�Specimens obtained from Dr. Urbani were sent
to the CDC for study. Ksiazek TG, el al. A novel coronavirus associated
with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J
Med 2003; 348: 1953-1966.
QUESTION: Electron microscopy of the viral culture showed
the following virus, which family does it belong to:
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1. Togavirus
2. Flavivirus
3. Coronovirus
4. Rhabdovirus
RabiesHerpes
Adenovirus SARS coronavirus
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Influenza Ebola
Pox
�During the 2003 SARS
outbreak, symptoms
included:
� Fever
� Non-productive cough
� Muscle aches
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� Muscle aches
� Difficulty breathing
� Chills and shivering
QUESTION: During the 2003 outbreak, what was the
method used for diagnosing a patient with SARS?
1. Reverse-transcriptase
Polymerase Chain
Reaction (RT-PCR)
2. Electron microscopy
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3. Culture
4. Differential white blood
cell count
Usual appearance of Ag & Ab
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QUESTION: What was the use of serology during the outbreak?
1. Diagnose exposure
2. Diagnosis for isolation of
the patient
3. Screening of subjects
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3. Screening of subjects
4. 1 and 3 are correct
�Quarantine all patients with symptoms
�Ensure that healthcare staff are protected
appropriately and come to work healthy
�Enforce personal hygiene (hand washing)
Measures that hospitals used to decrease the
spread of SARS included:
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�Enforce personal hygiene (hand washing)
�Constant and active communication with staff as
well as with state and national health
departments
�Ensure that uninfected patients and their family
members are not exposed
QUESTION: Which of the following could potentially be the
next deadly global outbreak that necessitates strategies to
evaluate and respond to the infection?
1. Another form of SARS
2. Influenza H5N1
3. Influenza H1N1
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3. Influenza H1N1
4. A novel microbial
pathogen
5. All of the above
�Hospitals need to produce a preparedness plan for outbreaks and pandemics so that they can take care of patients and staff.
2011 ASCP Annual Meeting