Infant Social Development Reciprocity Social Smiling Development of Emotions Emotional Regulation Bases of Attachment Harlow’s Monkey Studies Attachment and the Strange Situation Attachment and later development Sensitive Period Cultural Differences in Attachment Temperament
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Infant Social Development Reciprocity Social Smiling Development of Emotions Emotional Regulation Bases of Attachment Harlow’s Monkey Studies Attachment.
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Infant Social DevelopmentReciprocitySocial SmilingDevelopment of EmotionsEmotional RegulationBases of AttachmentHarlow’s Monkey StudiesAttachment and the Strange SituationAttachment and later developmentSensitive PeriodCultural Differences in AttachmentTemperament
Predispositions of newborns: Built-in ability to signal needs in
ways adults can interpret and respond to.
Capacity to detect contingencies in the environment.
Built-in attraction to social stimuli. Inclination to fall in step with the
caregiver’s behavior.
The Origins of Reciprocity
Reciprocity in social interaction develops gradually. At first caregivers orchestrate social dialogues, ideally
providing sensitive care. Infants’ involvement in social encounters becomes increasingly
complex until they are full partners in social interactions. Remember circular reactions.
Reciprocity:True social interactions involving mutual exchanges between partners.
Sensitive care:A caregiving style in which the caregiver attends to the infant ’s needs and responds to them promptly and effectively.
Attunement:Caregivers’ adjustment of the stimulation they provide in response to signs from the infant.
Development of social smiling follows a predictable timetable:
Newborns smile because of activity in lower brain regions.
By 8-10 weeks, babies smile as a result of recognitory assimilation.
By 4-5 months, babies produce truly social smiles in response to people they know.
Recognitory assimilation: A form of visual mastery in which the infant recognizes a familiar stimulus and assimilates it to an established scheme.
Recognitory assimilation: A form of visual mastery in which the infant recognizes a familiar stimulus and assimilates it to an established scheme.
Newborns’ physiological responses to stimulation develop into forerunners of specific basic emotions, but differ from these emotions in several ways:
Emotion: A state of feeling that arises when a person evaluates an event in a particular way.
They often require time to build up. Meanings attached to events involved are
very general. They are not well differentiated. Infants differ in their ability to moderate
their arrousal
Capacity to cope with emotionally arousing situations begins to develop in first 6 months.Early techniques are global and involuntary andinterrupt contact with the environment.
Development from 6 mo. To 1 yearDuring this time, emotional responses change in
several fundamental ways: Clearly differentiated specific emotions emerge. Emotional responses become increasingly
immediate. All the classic facial expressions of emotion
begin to appear regularly.
Emotional Reactions to the UnfamiliarStranger Anxiety
A stranger staring can cause a 5-month-old infant to cry after about 30 seconds.
At 7-10 months, babies begin to react negatively to strangers even without prolonged stares.
This stranger distress usually continues for 2-3 months.
Degree of stranger distress varies greatly from baby to baby.
In the second 6 months, babies develop more flexible skills for coping with emotionally arousing situations, such as:
signaling the caregiver moving near the caregiver
Pestisides in the Salinas Valley and Brain developmentAttachment and the Strange SituationAttachment and later developmentSensitive PeriodCultural Differences in AttachmentTemperamentInner Working Models
“Salinas and Watsonville … had higher yearly average (pesticide) concentrations in 2013 compared to both 2011 and 2012.” One of the monitoring sites was Ohlone Elementary in Watsonville.
More on how pesticides affect children's developing brains from the CHAMACOS study in Salinas: http://www.thenation.com/article/178804/warning-signs-how-pesticides-harm-young-brain#
infant and caregiver.A major development in the second 6 months is
the formation of specific infant-caregiver attachments.
Hallmarks of Attachment
Separation distress: Negative reactions of infants when the caregiver temporarily leaves.Greeting reactions: Positive reactions of infants when the caregiver appears.Secure-base behavior: Behavior in which the infant uses the caregiver as a base for exploration.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU
The Bases of Attachment Attachment is 2-way
between parent & child.
Bonding is 1-way, parent toward child.
Infants adopted in the 1st year are just as likely as other infants to develop healthy attachments.
Infants often become attached to more than one person.
Patterns of AttachmentThe Strange Situation Test:Mary Ainsworth’s technique for assessing attachments.
Secure Infant is confident of caregiver’s availability and responsiveness, and can use caregiver as secure base for exploration. Most (60-70%) infants show this.
Anxious-resistant
Infant separates form the caregiver reluctantly but shows ambivalence toward caregiver after a separation.
Anxious-avoidant
Infant readily separates from caregiver and avoids contact after a brief separation.
Main added another attachment style:
Disorganized-disoriented
Infant shows contradictory features of several patterns of anxious attachment or appears dazed and disoriented.
anxious-resistant inconsistent care exaggerated maternal behaviors ineffective soothing
anxious-avoidant indifference emotional unavailability or active rejection
disorganized-disoriented
maltreatment or frightening or confusing behavior
Sensitive care & encouragement of Exploration
Bernier, A., et al. (2014). Taking stock of two decades of attachment transmission gap: Broadening the assessment of maternal behavior. Child Development, Vol. 85 (5), 1771-2105.
Sensitive care explains less than half of the explained variance.
The Sensitive Period Hypothesis:The idea that certain kinds of
experience are especially important at particular points in development.
• The quality of attachments in infancy sets the stage for later relationships.
• Later attachment formation may be more difficult.
Although cultures around the world vary in specific child-rearing goals and practices, there is a consistent recognition of the need to provide responsive care.
Early experience has special significance for development because basic expectations about oneself and the social world are laid down in infancy.
However, it does not determine the rest of development, and later change is generally possible.