Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 18, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m. Debbie Richardson, M.S. Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University 1 11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson
57
Embed
Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months
Infant and Toddler Development Part 4: 18-36 Months. Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service Core In-Service November 18, 2008 10:00-11:30 a.m . Debbie Richardson, M.S. Parenting Assistant Extension Specialist Human Development & Family Science Oklahoma State University . Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 1
Infant and Toddler DevelopmentPart 4: 18-36 Months
Height is about ½ total height the child will attain as an adult – about 32 to 38” tall.
Approx. first 16 teeth have appeared.
Vision fully developed.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 26
25-30 Months(2–2 ½ Years)
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 27
25- 30 MonthsCognitive
Represent reality to themselves through use of symbols, mental images, words, gestures.
Objects & events no longer have to be present to be thought about.
Often fail to distinguish their point of view from others.
Easily captured by surface appearances.
Often confused about causal relations.
The above points last until about 6 years old.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 28
25- 30 MonthsCognitive (cont’d)
Can see how things are same or different.
Matches objects; matches 4 colors.
Identifies objects by their use.
Recalls geometric shapes.
Completes 3-6 piece inset puzzle.
Understands the concept of ‘one’, then ‘two’.
Engages in simple make-believe play.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 29
25- 30 MonthsCognitive (cont’d)
Can pay attention to only one thing at a time.
Represents/recalls events less frequently experienced or observed, particularly impressive or traumatic events.
Plays doctor, store, shopping, teacher, mom/dad, child.
Roles shift quickly; events still short & isolated.
Realistic props required.
Matches object to a picture in a book.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 30
25- 30 MonthsCognitive (cont’d)
Curious what things are, what they do, how they work.
Begins making mechanical toys work.
Expands knowledge or shape/color.
Knows spatial concepts such as ‘in’, ‘on’, ‘under’, ‘up/down’.
Notices what comes “first, next, last” when routines are followed; doesn’t like changes in schedule – confusing.
Knows mostly where things are located in and around house.
Begins to reason from one situation to another similar situation.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 31
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
LanguageNames 5 pictures.
Recognizes action in pictures.
Begins to use pronouns (I, you, me, we, they).
Says “me”, “mine”, “no” a lot.
May use action words such as go, run, look, eat.
Begins to understand many sentences.
Combines 3-4 words.
Uses 50+ words.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 32
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Language (cont’d)
May be able to identify friend by naming.
Speaks clearly most of the time.
Uses plurals and pronouns.
Identifies objects or pictures by use.
Asks a question using inflection.
Gets excited about books, songs, & conversation.
May repeat numbers but can’t count.
Knows descriptive words such as ‘big’, ‘happy’
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 33
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Language (cont’d)
Asks ‘why’, “what”, “where” questions.
Responds appropriately to ‘why’ questions regarding routine activities.
Can tell 2-3 sentences about an activity.
Can use 2 adjectives.
Knows name, age, gender.
Names 6-8 body parts.
Conversational.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 34
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Social-EmotionalPretends to be engaged in familiar activities or other events using toys as props.
May ‘help’ with simple household tasks.
Imitates adults & peers.
Fears include: loud noises, animals, dark rooms, separation from parent, large objects/machines, change in personal environment.
Shows affection.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 35
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Social-Emotional (cont’d)
Greets familiar adults spontaneously.
Readily expresses wide range of emotion
Quick mood changes.
Sense of self; positive or negative self-worth.
Periods of strong independence; often stubborn, bossy, wants own way.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 36
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Social-Emotional (cont’d)
Playing more with other children.
May poke, push, pull in awkward attempt to make friends.
Waits his/her turn.
Sometimes shares toys with others when prompted.
Starts to understand ‘mine’ vs. ‘his/hers’ or ‘yours’.
Doesn’t understand others have feelings.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 37
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Gross MotorRuns easily.
Stands/walks on tiptoes.
Stands on one foot momentarily without assistance.
Throws a ball 5 feet with direction.
Jumps off the ground; may jump broadly (across).
Walks up/down stairs alone, first placing both feet on each step with minimal assistance, then in a step-to-step manner without assistance.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 38
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Gross Motor (cont’d)
Demonstrates overall coordination and balancing.
Stoops, squats, bends over to pick up something without falling.
Walks 2+ steps on a line alternating feet.
Pedaling.
Climbs well; may need help getting down.
Likes rough & tumble play.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 39
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Fine MotorFeeds self independently with utensils with little spilling.
Drinks from cup, eventually with one hand.
Takes off clothes; puts on simple clothing without help.
Washes/dries hands and brushes teeth with minimal assistance.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 40
25-30 Months(2- 2 ½ Years)
Fine Motor (cont’d)
Separates 4 snap beads.
Builds tower of 3-4 then up to 9 blocks.
Removes cap from bottle; screws/unscrews jar lids, nuts, bolts.
Turns rotating handles.
Turns 1-3 pages of paper book.
Draws
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 41
31-36 Months(2 ½-3 Years)
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 42
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
CognitionEngages in functional play – simple, repetitive activities.
Gender identity develops.
Begins to understand big & little; relationship between part & whole (door of car, nose of animal).
Selects toy hidden in correct hand when put behind back.
Points/names a color; may recognize 3 colors.
Matches 3 shapes; stacks 4-5 rings in order.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 43
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Cognition (cont’d)
Counts 3 objects.
Completes simple puzzles.
Makes mechanical toys work.
Continues pretend activities.
Play starts having a sequence; sequences evolve and are not planned; events are not isolated.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 44
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Cognition (cont’d)
Compensatory stories: re-enactment of experiences, events with new outcomes.
Associative play: loosely organized around a common activity, shared interests & materials.
Reasons from effect back to cause.
Understands before, after, now, soon, later
Expanding attention span – up to about 10 min.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 45
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
LanguageVery talkative. Vocabulary of many hundreds of words (200-800).
Speech is more accurate; may still leave off ending sounds, stumble or stutter when trying to express self.
Recognizes/identifies most common objects & pictures.
Understands most sentences.
Uses 3-5 word phrases/sentences consistently.
Answers what, where, or yes/no questions.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 46
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Language (cont’d)
Distinguishes on, in, under, big, little.
Starts using past tense, referring to future.
Listens attentively to stories & books but doesn’t like if you skip or change a word.
Uses words differently at different times.
Repeats words and sounds.
Uses words to express fears and insecurities by telling others “don’t look”, “don’t laugh”, etc.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 47
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Social-EmotionalSimilar fears as 2 - 2 ½; some decrease in separation anxiety; fears imaginary things, unusual or dramatic appearances in other people.
Begins to develop real friendships; may develop imaginary friend.
Increasingly likes having peers and other adults around.
Separates easily from caregiver in familiar surroundings.
Shares & take turns sometimes, but still does not cooperate well.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 49
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Social-Emotional (cont’d)
Participates in circle games.
Acts out social encounters through play activities.
Expresses wide range of emotions.
Objects to minor changes in routines.
Realizes own skills.
Acts to please adults.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 50
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Social-Emotional (cont’d)
Helps others.
Seeks assistance.
Directs others.
Enjoys making others laugh and being silly.
Spends a great deal of time watching & observing.
Enjoys hearing stories about self & playing ‘house’.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 51
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Gross MotorThrows ball overhand; catches a large ball.
Jumps over a line.
Ascends/descends stairs alternating feet without help.
May swing leg to kick ball; more accurate kicking.
Rides on tricycle using pedals.
Can briefly balance and hop on one foot.
Enjoys fast moving activities.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 52
31-36 Months(2 ½ - 3 Years)
Fine MotorHolds pencil in writing position. Scribbles spontaneously.
Makes or copies lines & circles with pencil/crayon.
Turns one page at a time.
Builds 3 block bridge with demonstration.
Might use one hand more frequently than another.
Undoes some buttons, laces, zippers.
Cuts across 6” piece of paper with scissors.
Easily places small objects in a small opening.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 53
3 YearsPhysical Markers
Gained about 4-5 lbs. and grown about 2-3” in last year.
About 25 to 44 lbs. and 34 to 43”.
Develops taller, leaner appearance.
Has all 20 primary teeth.
Sleeps 10-12 hours per night plus daytime nap.
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 54
Toilet Learning
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 55
Toilet LearningAbout 18-20 mos. - Indicates discomfort over soiled diapers verbally or with gestures.
About 2 yrs. - May be psychologically ready for toilet learning. Begins to gain some control of bowels & bladder.
About 28 mo. - Indicates need to use the bathroom.
About 33 mo. - Distinguishes urination & bowel movements.
About 3 yrs. - May have daytime & possibly nighttime control over bowel & bladder functions.
About 36-38 mos. - May have full control, use toilet on own. Boys often do not complete toilet learning until 3 ½ (42 mo.).
11.18.08 Infant-Toddler 4, D. Richardson 56
Wrap-upQuestions
Discussion
In-service evaluation
Follow-up
Next session Nov. 25: Early brain development, learning, and mental health
11.13.2008 Infant-Toddler Dev 3, D. Richardson
57
References
In addition to the provided resource materials listed on the in-service agenda, various textbooks and other reference materials used for this presentation are available upon request.