Industry Regulations - sakervatten.se · Industry legitimation. Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1 7 Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation Chapter 1. 1.2

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Industry Regulations

Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1These Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation apply from 1 January 2016. These industry rules shall ensure the quality of HVP installations and prevent personal injury and property damage.

© 2015 Säker Vatten AB

[email protected]äkervatten.se

Contents1. Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 41.1 Authorised HVP companies 61.2 Documentation of HVP installations 81.3 Authorised consultants 91.4 Authorisation and control 11

2. Technical construction conditions 12

3 Execution for protection against water damage 143.1 Pipes and piping systems 153.2 Laying of pipelines 153.3 Pipe transit seal 243.4 Fastening to floors or walls with waterproofing in wet zone 1 283.5 Sealing of fastenings in wet zones 1 and 2 293.6 Coupling of HVP products 303.7 Water and drain installations in kitchens 333.8 Floor drains 363.9 Pressure and integrity check 39

4. Execution for protection against personal injury 404.1 Skydd mot legionellatillväxt 414.2 Protection against burn injuries 434.3 Protection against backflow 434.4 Temperature controls 45

5. HVP products 465.1 HVP product properties 475.2 Installation instructions 495.3 Installation tools and instruments 49

6 Abbreviations and glossary 50

Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1 3

Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation

CHAPTER 1

Legal requirements on HVP installations can be found in the Planning and Build-ing Act and functional requirements in the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations. Indus-try Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation is a requirement on ability and the execution of HVP installations. The requirements on execution are based on the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations. Consequently, HVP installations carried out in accordance with Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstal-lation comply with requirements in the Swedish National Board of Housing, Build-ing and Planning regulations. The Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation are coordinated with industry rules for water-proofing and AMA VVS & Kyl.

The purchaser receives a certificate spec-ifying that the HVP installation has been carried out pursuant to industry rules. The certificate is a valuable document that

can be used, for example, if the property is being sold or in contacts with insurance companies. Only authorised HVP compa-nies can issue certificates regarding Säker Vatteninstallation.

Insurance companies require that HVP installations are carried out pursuant to the industry rules that are applicable at the time of installation for the insurance to apply fully. HVP installations carried out pursuant to Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation are considered to be of a professional standard. This applies to all installations; new builds, re-builds and renovations.

Industry regulations for Säker Vatten-installation 2016:1 replaces all previous editions. Previous editions of Industry regulations for Säker Vatteninstallation, supplements and any revisions plus other publications are available at säkervatten.se.

HVP installations are an important part of the function of a building. They must be planned and executed correctly in order to provide the user with healthy and safe installations. The aim of these industry rules is to enable authorised HVP companies to perform installations without risk of water damage, Legionella growth, burn injuries and poisoning. Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1 has been drawn up by HVP companies together with authorities, insurance companies, construction companies and manufacturers of HVP products.


Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation Chapter 1

1.1 Authorised HVP companiesAuthorised HVP companies have:

■ undertaken to follow industry rules pursuant to written commitments.

■ employees with documented skills concerning current construction legislation.

■ HVP fi tters and personnel supervisors with industry legitimation.

■ Current liability insurance, are approved for F-tax and registered for VAT.

■ committed to the code of conduct for authorised HVP companies.

Only authorised HVP companies:

■ can issue certifi cates that HVP installation has been carried out pursuant to Industry Regulations Säker Vatten-installation.

■ may market themselves as “Authorised HVP company” and use the associated logotypes.

All authorised HVP companies are listed on säkervatten.se.

CommitmentAn authorised HVP company has a written commitment to follow Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation and to perform HVP installations in accordance with industry rules. Th e company undertakes to ensure all HVP fi tters and all supervisors possess valid industry legitimation. Th e company should have at least one HVP fi tter employed who has industry legitimation. Th e company undertakes to also follow current codes of conduct.

Diploma for authorised HVP company.

6 Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1

Chapter 1 Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation

Knowledge of current construction legislationAn authorised HVP company must have at least one employee who has documented knowledge of the Planning and Building Act and The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning Regulations. Moreover, they should have knowledge of industry regulations for waterproofing wet rooms and approved training in Säker Vatten Installation.

Industry legitimationIndustry legitimation is issued to HVP fitters and supervisors who are employed by authorised HVP companies, have valid training in Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation and documented professional training or professional experience in HVP.

Legitimation is valid for five years after a successful examina-tion in Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation and is always connected to an authorised HVP company and ID06. A person with industry legitimation may not use or refer to branch legitimation in jobs that are not approved by the authorised company.

Industry legitimation.



1.2 Documentation of HVP installations Certifi cationIn order to show that work has been carried out in compli-ance with industry rules, the authorised HVP company must always provide the purchaser with a certifi cate. Any devia-tions in jobs that cannot be carried out in accordance with industry rules must be documented on the certifi cate.

Only authorised HVP companies may issue certifi cates concerning Säker Vatteninstallation.

Th e certifi cate should contain information on the author-ised HVP company, the work that has been carried out and information about the customer and the building or part of building that is concerned. Th e certifi cate should be signed by a representative of the HVP company and one copy archived.

Deviations from industry rulesDeviations should be documented in the following circumstances:

■ when the work has not been planned in accordance with industry rules.

■ when the purchaser chooses a design that does not follow industry rules.

Before commencing deviating work, the HVP company must inform the purchaser on the reason why it will not comply with requirements in industry rules and what the conse-quences would be for the customer. For consumer contracts, the HVP company must also discourage customers from deviations from industry rules according to regulations in the Consumer Services Act. An agreement on deviation shall be documented by the HVP company and one copy archived.

A deviation may have signifi cance during the fi nal inspection, in the event of any damage, when evaluating the buildings and during warranty inspections, or if the property owner wishes to question the performance later.

Certifi cate of Säker Vatteninstallation.

The certifi cate can be printed from the Säker Vatten app.



1.3 Authorised consultantsAuthorised consultants have the following:

■ undertaken to follow heating and plumbing installations pursuant to industry rules.

■ heating and plumbing planners with documented know-ledge of Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation.

■ consultant insurance according to general provisions for consultant assignments, ABK.

An authorised consultant must have at least one certifi ed heating and plumbing planner.

Only authorised consultants may market themselves as “ Authorised Consultants” or use associated logotypes.

Authorised consultants are listed on säkervatten.se.

CommitmentAn authorised consultant has a written commitment to plan heating and plumbing installations according to industry rules. Th e company undertakes to ensure all heating and plumbing planners working with Säker Vatteninstallation have Säker Vatteninstallation approved training.

Certifi ed heating and plumbing plannerA certifi ed heating and plumbing planner must have the appropriate training or professional experience of planning and approved result from a course on Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation. Th e same requirements apply to contracted planners.

A heating and plumbing planner’s approval is linked to the consultant approved by Säker Vatten and must not be used for work that is not approved by the authorised consultant.

A certifi ed heating and plumbing planner receives a diploma that is valid for fi ve years aft er an approved examination on Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation.

Diploma for authorised consultants.

Diploma for heating and plumbing planner.



Documentation of planningIt should be evident from the project’s technical description that complies with Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstal-lation. The technical description should show if the planning deviates from Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation.

The authorised consultant is not entitled to issue certificates that HVP installations have been carried out pursuant to Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation. See page 8 for certificate.



1.4 Authorisation and controlSäker Vatten AB authorises HVP companies and consult-ants, issues industry legitimation and certifies heating and plumbing planners. Säker Vatten AB carries out continuous checks by sampling that authorisation requirements have been met.

If the companies do not comply with authorisation require-ments, their authorisation will be cancelled. Companies who have lost their authorisation are listed on säkervatten.se.



Technical construction conditions

CHAPTER 2

2. Technical construction conditionsIf a building and its HVP installation is to comply with requirements in Th e Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations and be considered to be professionally carried out, certain work outside of the HVP installation must comply with special requirements.

One important task for Säker Vatteninstallation is to work to ensure the entire construction industry possesses the knowledge required for a building and its HVP installation to be correctly constructed at all stages. Säker Vatteninstal-lation authorises only HVP companies and industry rules can therefore only control HVP work. We have nonetheless chosen to describe the work that is outside the scope of HVP installation in order to make it clear what requirements are needed for an adequate HVP installation. Th is is our method of infl uencing and clarifying how other work is to be carried out to give the best end result. Here, these requirements are called Technical Construction Conditions.

Work included in the Technical Construction Conditions is normally carried out by other contractors and not the HVP company, construction and waterproofi ng contractors for example. Th is work is performed at various points in time and it can even be done aft er the HVP company has completed its work. It is therefore not possible for the HVP company to check this work. In certain cases, it can also be diffi cult for the HVP company to assess whether the technical construction has been carried out correctly.

If the HVP company detects a deviation from what has been described in the Technical Construction Conditions, it shall notify this to the purchaser.

Th e Technical Construction Conditions are information only and are not included in the requirements for Säker Vatten-installation. Th e certifi cate for Säker Vatteninstallation does not cover work described in Technical Construction Conditions.

• Technical construction conditions are marked with this symbol.

TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Technical construction conditions are marked with this symbol.

Technical construction conditions.


Technical construction conditions Chapter 2

Execution for protection against water damage

CHAPTER 3

3. Execution for protection against water damageTh e installation of HVP systems and HVP products should always be carried out in accordance with the supplier’s installation instructions.

•See Technical Construction Conditions.

3.1 Pipes and piping systemsIn a pipe system that has been tested and approved for a particular function, a part – that is necessary to meet the system’s properties – is not modifi ed, eliminated or replaced so that the function is changed.

3.2 Laying of pipelines

3.2.1 Tap water pipesConcealed installations and ones that cannot be inspected, in a shaft , wall, joist or behind fi xed fi ttings for example, must be done without joints. See 3.7 Water and drain installations in kitchens for locations of joints and leak indicators in kitchens.

Joints in tap water pipes must be situated so they can be replaced and any leaking water can be detected easily.

Joints must be situated in rooms with waterproofed fl oors, in distribution cabinets or in special enclosures. Joints can also be situated above false ceilings or in drained distribution cabinets in the ceiling in spaces with waterproofed fl oors. See Figs. 3.2.1a and b.

Distribution cabinets or special installations for joints, in shaft s or installation walls for example, must have easily accessible service openings that make it possible to repair or replace the joints. Distribution cabinets with service openings situated in wet zone 1 shall have a watertight hatch and be tested and approved for connecting to the wall sealing layer. Th e hatch must not be situated in spaces intended for baths or showers.

3. TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Work that must be completed prior to HVP installation pursuant to Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation, reinforcing walls, fl oors, shaft design and shaft bottoms, service hatches or spaces for the installation of fl ush tanks with associated sealing layers, for example, are normally carried out by another contractor, not the HVP company.

Fig. 3.2.1a. Mains box.

Fig. 3.2.1b. Roof hatch. Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1 15

Execution for protection against water damage Chapter 3

Leakage indicators are to have outlets in rooms with water-proof fl oors but not in spaces intended for baths and showers however. Leakage indicators from distribution cabinets with pipes that only serve kitchens can have outlets onto a water-proof surface in or under kitchen units. Inner diameter of pipes for leakage indication must be at least 20 mm. Th e outlet from such a pipe must not be situated closer than 60 mm to the waterproofi ng of the fl oor or adjacent wall. Distri-bution cabinets must be clean so as not to risk blockages in leakage indicators. See Fig. 3.2.1c.


3.2.1. TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Special installations for joints, in shafts or installation walls for exam-ple, must have easily accessible ser-vice openings that make it possible to repair or replace the joints. Service openings for installation of joints to be situated in wet zone 1 shall have a watertight hatch and be tested and approved for connecting to the wall sealing layer. The hatch must not be situated in spaces intended for baths or showers.

Spaces for especially built-in joints, for example in shafts or installation walls, should have a watertight bottom and be equipped with leakage indica-tor. Leakage indicators are to have outlets in rooms with waterproof fl oors but not in spaces intended for baths and showers however. Leakage indica-tors from shafts with pipe that only serve kitchens can have outlets onto a watertight surface in or under kitchen units. Inner diameter of pipes for leak-age indication must be at least 20 mm. The outlet from such a pipe must not be situated closer than 60 mm to the waterproofi ng of the fl oor or adja-cent wall.

The walls in mounting or installation shafts must be waterproofed 50 mm above the bottom and fi t tightly to it. The bottom should be level to facili-tate leakage indication and its height should be adapted to the design of the leakage indicator. A possible leak underneath the pipe insulation must be taken into consideration so that it can be led away.

Fig. 3.2.1c. Distribution cabinet.


Chapter 3 Execution for protection against water damage

Exception to requirements on joint locations Exceptions apply to pipe runs in ceilings that are visibly mounted or concealed by removable panels, cladding or the like in the following situations:

■ in basements, offi ces or other commercial premises. ■ in public spaces such as stairwells or garages. ■ in corridors, in residential care or student accommodation

for example, joints locations must take into consideration the consequences of any leaking water. Exceptions do not apply to habitable rooms. See Fig. 3.2.1d.

3.2.2 Tap water serviceTap water services for residential houses shall be exchange-able, in conduits for example. Th e dimension and design of conduits shall be adapted for replacement of service pipes. Th e length of the conduit should extend more than a 45° angle of repose from the foundation wall. See Fig. 3.2.2.

Location of water meterTh e water meter for tap water services should be located in accordance with Swedish Water & Wastewater Association directions. A water meter cabinet must not be located in the insulation of an outer wall.

Fig. 3.2.1d. Exception to requirements on joint locations.

Fig. 3.2.2. Tap water services.



3.2.3 Distributing pipe for heating systemDistribution pipes with connections, vents, actuators or other equipment are to be placed in watertight spaces, in enclosures or in distribution cabinets. Distribution pipes can also be situated above false ceilings or in drained distribution cabi-nets in the ceiling.

Distribution cabinets or special installations for distribution pipes, in shaft s or installation walls for example, must have watertight bottoms with leakage indicators and easily accessible service openings that make it possible to repair or replace the joints, make adjustments and ventilate the instal-lation. Distribution cabinets with service openings situated in wet zone 1 shall have a watertight hatch and be tested and approved for connecting to the wall sealing layer. Th e hatch must not be situated in spaces intended for baths or showers.

Leakage indicators are to have outlets where it is easy detect leaks but not in spaces intended for baths and showers however. Inner diameter of pipes for leakage indication must be at least 20 mm. Th e outlet must not be situated closer than 60 mm to the waterproofi ng of the fl oor or wall. Distribution cabinets must be clean so as not to risk blockages in leakage indicators. See Fig. 3.2.3.



Special installations for joints, in shafts or installation walls for exam-ple, must have easily accessible ser-vice openings that make it possible to repair or replace the joints, make adjustments and ventilate the instal-lation.

Service openings for installation of joints to be situated in wet zone 1 shall have a watertight hatch and be tested and approved for connecting to the wall sealing layer. The hatch must not be situated in spaces intended for baths or showers.

Spaces for especially built-in distribu-tion pipes, for example in shafts or installation walls, should have a wa-tertight bottom and be equipped with leakage indicator. Leakage indicators are to have outlets where it is easy detect leaks but not in spaces intend-ed for baths and showers however. Inner diameter of pipes for leakage indication must be at least 20 mm. The outlet from such a pipe must not be situated closer than 60 mm to the waterproofi ng of the fl oor or wall.

The walls in mounting and installation shafts must be watertight 50 mm above the bottom and fi t tightly to it. The bottom should be level to facili-tate leakage indication and its height should be adapted to the design of the leakage indicator.

Fig. 3.2.3. Distributing pipe for heating system.



3.2.4 Wastewater pipesA gravity sewer is to be located with slope along its entire length. See Fig. 3.2.4.

Wastewater pipes being cast into the fl oor structure should be fi xed with special fasteners before casting. Fasteners should be designed so that the pipe is not able to move horizontally or vertically or twist. Fasteners should be located at all branch pipes, joints and projecting waste pipes and at the most 200 mm from fl oor drains.

Special consideration should be taken to the fi tting of waste-water pipes under piled slabs.



A gravity sewer is to be located with slope along its entire length. The thickness of fl oor joists will limit the length of wastewater pipes.

Fig. 3.2.4. Wastewater.



Directional changesa. Standing collection pipes (S) should be

connected to a horizontal collection pipe (L) with a branch pipe with angle α ≤ 45°. See Fig. 3.2.4a.

b. Standing collection pipe (S) which merges into a horizontal collection pipe (L) should be done with two bends, each at an angle of max. α ≤ 45° or with an especially designed pipe. See Fig. 3.2.4b.

c. Standing connection pipe (S) that merg-es into a horizontal connecting pipe (L) can be done with angle α ≤ 90°. See Fig. 3.2.4c.

d. Horizontal pipe (L) to be connected to standing pipe (S) with branch pipe with angle α ≤ 90°. See Fig. 3.2.4d.

e. Horizontal pipes (L) being connected from the opposite direction to the same standing pipe (S) with double branch pipe should be connected with an angle of α ≤ 70°. See Fig. 3.2.4e.

f. Horizontal pipe (L) to be connected to horizontal pipe with branch pipe with angle α ≤ 45°. See Fig. 3.2.4f.

g. Directional change of horizontal pipe (L) shall be made with one or more bends with greatest angle α≤ 45°. See Fig. 3.2.4g.

h. Wastewater pipes from a lavatory should be connected to a horizontal collection pipe with branch pipe α ≤ 45°. See Fig. 3.2.4h.

Fig. 3.2.4b.

Fig. 3.2.4g.

Fig. 3.2.4a.

Fig. 3.2.4e.

≤

Fig. 3.2.4d.

Fig. 3.2.4h.

≤90°

Fig. 3.2.4c.

Fig. 3.2.4f.



Cleaning accessCleaning access on horizontal collection pipes should be done with 90° connection in order to enable cleaning in two directions.

Cleaning access on standing wastewater pipes should be fi tted with bottom edge at least 400 mm above fl oor level. See Fig. 3.2.4i.

VentingA wastewater installation should be installed with at least one roof vent. A vent line is to be located with slope along its entire length. See Fig. 3.2.4j.



Vent lines through roof must be sealed to the roof’s waterproofi ng.

Min 400 mm

Fig. 3.2.4i. Cleaning access.

Fig 3.2.4j. Venting.



3.2.5 Freeze-proof installationTap water and heating pipes must not be fi tted in unheated spaces, crawl spaces or loft s for example. Tap water services through crawl spaces or other unheated space must be protected against freezing. Pipes must not be laid in insula-tion in the building’s fl oor, outer walls or loft ceiling beams. Pipes can be laid in special installation spaces in the fl oor, outer wall or loft ceiling beams on the warm side of the structure, inside the airtight foil, or in frost-free spaces under slabs on the ground. See Fig. 3.2.5a–d.

Water spigots should have drainage that empties the water even when a hose is connected.


3.2.5 TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Tap water services through crawl spaces or other unheated space must be protected against freezing. Tap water services should be placed so that there is no risk of freezing through transfer from the ground to the building.

If installations are placed in special installation spaces in fl oor, outer walls or loft ceiling beams, they should be designed so that the installations can be fi xed and so it is possible to secure pipe bushings against water-damage without risking damage to the building’s air seal and becoming leaky. See Fig. 3.2.5a–d.

Fig 3.2.5a. Example of pipe laying on the “warm side” of insulation in ground slab.



Fig 3.2.5b. Example of pipe laying on the “warm side” of insulation in fl oor structure.

Fig 3.2.5d. Example of pipe laying on the “warm side” of insulation in loft ceiling beams.

Fig 3.2.5c. Example of pipe laying on the “warm side” of insulation in outer wall.



3.3 Pipe transit seal Holes for pipes in fl oors and wall panels intended for water-proofi ng should have at the most 2 mm between panel and pipe or other pipe detail. Coordinate who is responsible for hole making.Se fi g. 3.3.1a.


3.3.1 Pipes going through waterproofed fl oorsNo pipes may go through fl oors that are sealed in bathrooms or shower rooms except for drains. Only fl oor drains may be present in rooms intended for bath or shower.

Holes for pipes in fl oors and wall panels intended for water-proofi ng should have at the most 2 mm between panel and pipe or other pipe detail. Coordinate who is responsible for hole making. See Fig. 3.3.1a.

Pipe penetrations in laundry fl oors, machine rooms or other spaces with water heaters, heat pumps or the like can be done with pipe transit sleeves. In houses without laundry rooms or other machine rooms, pipe penetration for water heaters, heat pumps or the like can be done with transit sleeves in bath-rooms or shower room fl oors but not in spaces intended for baths or showers. See Fig. 3.3.1b.

3.3 TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Holes for pipes in fl oors and wall panels intended for waterproofi ng should have at the most 2 mm between panel and pipe or other pipe detail. Coordinate who is responsible for hole making.

Fig. 3.3.1b. Transit sleeve.

Fig 3.3.1a. Making holes for pipe penetration.



A transit sleeve should be designed with a smooth surface and be adapted to suit the fl oor sealing. Th e medium pipe or conduit should be sealed to the transit sleeve according to assembly instructions from the pipe supplier. Coordinate so that any sealing sleeves can be placed over the transit sleeve before further coupling is done.

For projecting waste pipes for lavatories, wash basins or other drain units or for transit sleeves, the dimension between the pipe or sleeve and the wall waterproofi ng should not be less than 60 mm and between two transit sleeves at least 100 mm. Th e dimension between the underlay for the waterproofi ng and the top of the projecting waste pipe or sleeve should not be less than 40 mm when installing waterproofi ng. When surface layer and waterproofi ng has been installed, the pipe can be cut down below the level at which the waterproofi ng is folded up on the pipe. See Fig. 3.3.1c.

Wastewater pipes or connections for lavatory should be adapted for sealing to the fl oor waterproofi ng. Projecting waste pipes are to be covered with protective lids during construction.

Pipe fi xationWastewater pipe, connection for lavatory or transit sleeve should be installed and secured before the waterproofi ng is installed so that there is no movement between the pipe, lavatory connection or sleeve and the fl oor. See Fig. 3.3.1d.


Fig 3.3.1c. Projecting waste pipe.

Fig 3.3.1d. Pipe fi xation.


The seal between pipe or other transit detail and the fl oor waterproofi ng shall be made with material provided and installed by the waterproofi ng contrac-tor. Coordinate so that any sealing sleeves can be placed over the transit sleeve before further coupling is done.



3.3.2 Pipes going through waterproofed wallsTh ere should not be any pipe penetrations in places for bath and shower except the following:

■ direct connection of bath taps or shower mixer and possible shower device or

■ special pipe penetration for hose connection of shower cubicle or mixer on edge of bath.

■ pipe penetrations placed no lower than 2.0 metres above fl oor level and at least 100 mm from ceiling.

For pipe penetrations in walls, the dimension between the pipe and the waterproofi ng in adjacent walls or in fl oors must not be less than 60 mm. See Fig. 3.3.2a.

Min 60 mm

Fig 3.3.2a.Fig 3.3.2b.

WET ZO

NE 2

WET ZO

NE 2

WET ZO

NE 2

Pipe penetrations in wet rooms.



3.3.2 Pipes going through waterproofed wallsThere should not be any pipe penetrations in places for bath and shower except the following:

■ direct connection of bath taps or shower mixer and possible shower device or

■ special pipe penetration for hose connection of shower cubicle or mixer on edge of bath.

■ pipe penetrations placed no lower than 2.0 metres above floor level and at least 100 mm from ceiling.

For pipe penetrations in walls, the dimension between the pipe and the waterproofing in adjacent walls or in floors must not be less than 60 mm. See Fig. 3.3.2a.

Min 60 mm

Min 60 mm

Fig 3.3.2a.

ca 100 mm

Fig 3.3.2b.

Projections for pipes should be fitted at right angles to a wall so that there is no need to adjust once the waterproofing has been installed. Projecting pipes should protrude approx. 100 mm from wall panel or the like. See Fig. 3.3.2b.

Conduits, penetration details or plastic sheaths on pipes are to be cut 2 mm outside finished walls or according the pipe supplier’s assembly instructions.

Wastewater pipes or connections for lavatory should be adapted for sealing to the wall waterproofing. Projecting waste pipes are to be covered with protective lids during construction.

Pipe fixationTap water, heating or wastewater pipe should be fitted and fastened before the waterproofing is installed to prevent movement between the pipe and the wall.



The seal between pipe or other transit detail and the wall waterproofing shall be made with material provided and installed by the waterproofing contractor.

• Sealing is made to the plastic sheathing on plastic covered steel pipe.See Fig. 3.3.2c.

• Sealing to pipe-in-pipe systems is made to the conduit, wall box or other penetrating detail. See Fig. 3.3.2d.

• Sealing is made to steel pipe on steel piping.

2 mm

Fig. 3.3.2c. Sealing to plastic covered steel pipe. Fig. 3.3.2d. Sealing to pipe-in-pipe system and wall box.

2 mm 2 mm



3.4 Fastening to fl oors or walls with waterproofi ng in wet zone 1Requirement on, for example, fastening of lavatories, bidets, urinals, fi xtures for sanitary porcelain, mixers, shower arrangements, shower walls, grab handles and other bath-room accessories as well as for clamps for fastening pipes.

3.4.1 Screw fasteners Screw fastenings should be made in concrete or other solid structure, wooden studs, wooden noggings or in structures that have been tested and approved for fastenings, for example a sheet construction. See examples of construction at säkervatten.se.

3.4.2 Fastening with adhesiveFastening with adhesive can be done with materials and methods according to assembly instructions from the supplier of the HVP product.

2SEAL 3

PLUG 4SEAL

5SCREW

Fig. 3.4.1. Screw fastening in concrete or wood.

SEAL 3SCREW



3.4.3 Fastening to fl oor Th e mounting surface should be free from underfl oor heating and allow a drill and screw depth of 60 mm. Pipes and electrical wiring can be located under the mounting surface provided they are more than 60 mm deep.


3.4.4 Fastening to wallsFastening HVP products may require reinforcing the wall or special fi xture. Screw fastening of fi xtures for lavatories or wash basins, for example, are to be made to walls.


3.5 Sealing of fastenings in wet zones 1 and 2All fastenings are to be sealed to the wall or fl oor water-proofi ng. Materials for sealing should be fi xed to the surface and be water resistant, mould resistant and age resistant.


When mounted on a wall with boards on studs, the wall structure should be tested and approved for this purpose, otherwise the wall must be reinforced in other ways, for example with noggings.


Fastening a lavatory or bidet requires a rectangular, fl at mounting surface of at least 300 x 400 mm. The fl oor underneath the lavatory shall have a max. 10 mm/m slope. The mounting surface must be free from underfl oor heating. Pipes and electrical wiring can be located under the mounting surface provided they are more than 60 mm deep.

The fl oor for fastening should be of concrete or other solid construction or boards on studs. For fastening in board, reinforcement is needed, for example wooden noggings. The fl oor must be designed so that the lavatory or bidet stands steadily. See Fig. 3.4.3.

Min 60 mm

Fig. 3.4.3.



3.6 Coupling of HVP products

3.6.1 Built-in fi ttings for tap waterFittings, for example water mixers or shower devices, built into a wall should have all connections placed in a watertight space with leak indicator opening into a room with watertight fl oor where it is easy to detect. Lines for leak indication must not open out into spaces intended for baths or showers. Inner diameter of pipes for leakage indication must be at least 20 mm. Th e outlet must not be situated closer than 60 mm to the waterproofi ng of the fl oor or adjacent wall.

A box intended for the placement of fi ttings should be designed so that the connections are exchangeable. If the box is intended to be mounted in a wall with waterproofi ng, it should be tested and approved for being connected to the wall’s waterproofi ng and designed to allow the exchange of couplings without damaging the waterproofi ng. Th is should be stated in the supplier’s installation instructions. See Fig. 3.6.1.



The walls in installation shafts with built in fi ttings must be watertight 50 mm above the bottom and fi t tightly to it. The bottom of the shaft should be level to facilitate leakage indication and its height should be adapted to the design of the leakage indicator.

The bottom of a shaft and distribution cabinets must be clean so as not to risk blockages in leakage indicators.

Fig 3.6.1. Mounting box.



3.6.2 Lavatory with recessed cisternLavatories with recessed cisterns should have the cistern placed in recesses with watertight walls and fl oors. Th e recess should have leak indicators that open into spaces with water-tight fl oors where leaks can easily be detected. See Fig. 3.6.2a–c.

If the recess has a prefabricated waterproofi ng construction intended for a cistern, it should be tested and approved for connection to the wall’s waterproofi ng. Th is should be stated in the supplier’s installation instructions.

Water connections to recessed cisterns should have shut-off valves that are easily accessible.



Floors and walls for recessed cisterns should be waterproofed or protected from leakage in some other way. The recess should have leak indicator.

The same requirements apply to water-proofi ng recesses for cisterns in wet rooms as it does to walls and fl oors in wet rooms in general.

In rooms that are not wet rooms, the recesses for cisterns should have water-proofed fl oors and walls behind and to the sides of the cistern up to the top of the cistern.

The leak indicators should open into rooms with watertight fl oors in places where it is to detect.

Floors in recesses for cisterns should at least be at the same level as the fl oor outside. See Fig. 3.6.2a–c.

Fig 3.6.2a. Fixture on fl oor. Fig 3.6.2b. Waterproofi ng behind lavatory module in wet room.

Fig 3.6.2c. Waterproofi ng behind lavatory module in WC.



3.6.3 Washing machineWashing machines should be situated in spaces with floor drain. Washing machines can be located in kitchens if there is a watertight surface on the floor under the washing machine, in combination with a water leak breaker or floor drain and water alarm. The water connection to washing machines should have shut-off valves with actuators situated well visible and easily accessible.

Connecting lines for future installation of washing machines should have shut-off valves at the beginning of the connecting line so that it can stand empty to prevent the build-up of bacteria. Connecting pipes for water to washing machines should be tested and approved for their intended use. Provisions for water connecting pipes should be adapted for sealing to a flat gasket.

The drain hose should be mounted in accordance with the supplier’s installation instructions. Drain hoses should be fastened underneath units or at the same height as the top edge of the washing machine.


Mountings and holes for connecting pipes for water and drain hoses to appliances should be designed to avoid damage in case of movement, expansion for example.



3.7 Water and drain installations in kitchens Only installations intended to serve kitchens should be placed there.

Piping for water from distribution cabinets or shafts should be made joint-free up to the mixer or appliance. Leakage indicators from distribution cabinets or shafts with pipes that only serve kitchens can have outlets onto a watertight surface in or under worktops.

The water connection to dishwashers should have shut-off valves with actuators situated well visible and easily accessible on the top of kitchen units. Other appliances connected to water, for example ice makers or coffee machines, should have shut-off valves with easily accessible actuators. Connecting pipes for water or drain hoses from kitchen appliances should be made joint-free.

Connecting pipes for water should be tested and approved for their intended use. Provisions for water connecting pipes should be adapted for sealing to a flat gasket.



Drain hoses from dishwashers should be mounted in accordance with supplier’s installation instructions. Drain hoses should normally be fastened underneath worktops.

Th e radius of kitchen taps should not be so great that water coming from them can run outside the sink or sink inserts. See fi g. 3.7a.

Pipes to kitchen taps should be clamped as close to the tap as possible.

■ Taps with copper connections should be clamped both above and below the couplings. See Fig. 3.7b.

■ Taps with soft connecting pipes of PEX, for example, should be clamped under the couplings. See Fig. 3.7c.

Exceptions for washing machines or water spigotsWater spigots can be situated in kitchen units with watertight fl oor coverings. Installation shall be arranged so that conden-sation does not cause any damage.

Washing machines can be located in kitchens if there is a watertight surface on the fl oor in combination with a water leak breaker or fl oor drain and water alarm.

•See Technical Construction Conditions on page 35.

Soft PEXCopper pipes

Fig. 3.7a.

Fig. 3.7b. Fig. 3.7c.



3.7. TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

In sink units or the like, there should be spaces intended for installations that are suffi ciently big for connecting to water and drain with couplings and valves.

The bottom of sink units should be lowered with suffi cient space for connecting water and drain.

The unit or the wall behind the unit should be designed so it is possible to screw pipe clamps, valves and other accessories onto the installations.

In or under sink units as well as under dishwashers, fridges freezers and other appliances connected to water, there should be a watertight surface arranged so leaking water can easily be detected. Surfaces should be sealed around fl oor penetrations and be folded up on adjacent building details.

Mountings and holes for connecting pipes for water and drain hoses to appliances should be designed to avoid damage in case of movement, expansion for example.

Sinks or sink inserts should either be fi tted with overfi ll protection or be protected against unintentional dis charges of water in another way. See Fig. 3.7d–e.

Fig. 3.7d. Sink unit with sealed bottom.

Fig. 3.7e. Sink unit with lowered bottom and fl oor protector.



3.8 Floor drains Floor drains manufactured before 1990 and fl oor drains that are incorrectly installed in fl oor structures shall be changed during renovations.

Floor drains are required in the following spaces:

■ rooms with bath or shower. ■ rooms with shower cubicles that do not have overfl ow. ■ rooms with washing machines. Washing machines can be

located in kitchens without fl oor drain if there is a watertight surface on the fl oor in combination with a water leak breaker.

■ rooms with drains without overfl ow or fl ood protection. ■ rooms with water heaters or other technical equipment that

requires draining. ■ rooms intended to be cleaned with hoses, such as fan

rooms, refuge rooms or other technical areas.

LocationFloor drains in wet rooms should be installed so that the distance between the wall’s waterproofi ng and the outer fl ange is at least 200 mm, see Fig. 3.8a. Th e fl oor drain should be situated so that it can be cleaned and so that a removable water trap can be lift ed out.

Fig 3.8a.



AssemblyFloor drains should be mounted and fastened to fl oor joists with the fasteners specifi ed in the supplier’s installation instructions or fasteners that are tested and approved for this purpose. Mounting plates should be used for installing fl oor drains in wooden fl oor joists. See Fig 3.8b.

In concrete joists, the connecting wastewater pipe should have a fastener located at the most 200 mm from the connection of the fl oor drain. See Fig. 3.8d.

Floor drains should be mounted horizontally and at the right level for the connecting waterproofi ng with a tolerance of +/- 2 mm measured from the centre of the drain to the outer edge of the fl ange. Floor drains should have a protective lid during construction. See Fig 3.8c.

Extension rings should be tested and approved for use together with the fl oor drain in question.


Fig. 3.8d.

3.8. TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Floor drains should be situated with regard to the connection of water-proofi ng and be adapted in height to the fi nished fl oor. A good help is for the positive height of the fl oor drain to be marked out on the drawing. The following should also be taken into account:

• that the fl oor drain’s connection for the waterproofi ng is level with the surface of the waterproofi ng.

• that the fl oor drain’s horizontal location should be adapted to the connection of the slope construc-tion or fl oor bracing.

• noggings for mounting plates should be Executioned with the same dimensions as the fl oor joists in general.

See Fig. 3.8b–c.

Fig. 3.8b. Fig. 3.8c.



3.8.1 Near-wall fl oor drains and wall drainsNear-wall fl oor drains are drains intended for installation closer than 200 mm to walls. Wall drains are drains installed with water trap inside the wall.

Near-wall fl oor drains or wall drains should be tested and approved together with the waterproofi ng used in accordance with “Industry Acceptance of Floor Drains Intended for Near-Wall Placement in Combination with Waterproofi ng Systems”. Complete requirements and approved products and systems are listed at säkervatten.se.

Fig. 3.8.1. Near-wall fl oor drains and wall drains.



3.9 Pressure and integrity checkPipe installations are to be pressure and tightness checked before being taken into service. These checks are to be documented.

3.9.1 Tap water and heating installationsPressure and integrity checks of pipe installations can be carried out in accordance with directions on säkervatten.se unless the supplier specifies otherwise in its installation instructions or another method is prescribed in the technical description.

3.9.2 Integrity check of press fittingsSpecial integrity checks can be carried out on pipes with press fittings in order to ensure the press fittings are fitted correctly before the check is done.

3.9.3 Integrity check of existing tap water and heating installationsChanges to existing tap water installations should be integrity checked with the tap water installation’s existing water pressure.

Changes to existing heating installations should be integrity checked with the heating installation’s existing operating pressure.

3.9.4 Integrity check of wastewater linesIntegrity checks of wastewater lines should be carried out by flushing and visual inspection or according to the supplier’s installation instructions.



Execution for protection against personal injury

CHAPTER 4

4. Execution for protection against personal injuryTh e installation of HVP systems and HVP products should always be carried out in accordance with the supplier’s installation instructions.

4.1 Protection against Legionella growth

4.1.1 Tap water installationsLines for tap cold and warm water should be installed so that they do not come in contact with each other. Th is is to prevent the transfer of heat between the pipes.

Tap water pipes in shaft s, coupling boxes and joists where the temperature can become higher than room temperature should be designed so that the calculated temperature if the standing cold water does not get higher than 24 °C in 8 hours. See examples of tap water shaft design at säkervatten.se.


4. TECHNICAL CONSTRUCTION CONDITIONS

Work that must be completed prior to HVP installations pursuant to Säker Vatteninstallation, for example the completion of shafts, service hatches or insulation, is normally carried out by a contractor other than the HVP company.

Fig 4.1.1a.


In pipe shafts with cold water, hot water and warm water circulation, the air temperature may get too high, which would be a risk of bacterial growth in cold water. To prevent this, the pipes must be insulated and the size of the pipe shaft must be adapter to this. Determining for the size of the shaft are pipe dimensions, insulation, requirements of hole size in joists and requirements on work space for fi tting the insulation. See Fig. 4.1.1a.


Execution for protection against personal injury Chapter 4

Towel radiators or other heaters must not be connected to the WWC system.

No unused branch-off s may be made on cold or hot water or WWC pipes. Pipes intended for future installations can be prepared by plugging them or fi tting them with a shut-off valve immediately adjacent to the distribution line so that it can stand empty to prevent the growth of bacteria. See Fig 4.1.1b.

Pipes from a central mixer for showers, that is to say a mixer with more than one tap outlet with tap water must not be longer than 5 metres.

4.1.2 Commissioning after pressure and integrity checkAft er a pressure and integrity check of the tap water system with water, it must be taken into commission aft er seven days at the latest or be completely emptied to reduce the risk of bacteria growth.

Fig. 4.1.1b.


Chapter 4 Execution for protection against personal injury

4.2 Protection against burn injuriesTo reduce the risk of scalding, the temperature of the tap hot water coming from the water heater should not exceed 60 °C.

Where there is a special risk of accidents, such as pre-schools, the temperature of the tap hot water from a mixer should not exceed 38 °C. Mixers in showers for persons that cannot be expected to regulate the temperature themselves or in fixed shower places that cannot be regulated without a person being present in the shower, a mixer must have a temperature limiter. The limiter should be set to max. 38 °C and it should not be possible to change this without special manipulation.

4.3 Protection against backflowProposals for protection against backflow for installations in residences, offices, public premises and the like. The tables are an industry interpretation of the EN 1717 standard for these types of premises.

4.3.1 Tap outlets without screwed hose joints and hoses

Installation Examples of backflow protection

Water closet Integrated air gap

Basin mixer Air gap

Bath mixer without hand shower Air gap

Mixer with fixed shower head Air gap

Kitchen mixer Air gap

Mixer for bucket sink Air gap

Household washing machine Integrated air gap

Household dishwasher Integrated air gap

Air gap must be at least 20 mm.



4.3.2 Tap outlets with shower hose

4.3.3 Tap outlets with screwed hose jointsThe table applies to tap outlets in gardens and spaces where it can be assumed that hazardous substances are not handled. Hazardous substances can, for example, be anti-freeze, fertiliser, pesticides, oils and fuels.

4.3.4 Fixed connections to installations


Wash basin mixer with hand shower

Check valve

Bath mixer with hand shower Air gap and check valve or automaticdiverter

Shower mixer with hand shower

Check valve

Shower mixer or wash basin mixer with hand shower that reaches down under the water surface in a bidet or lavatory

Check valve and vacuum valve or two check valves or shower head with ejector function and automatic shut-off and check valve

Kitchen mixer with hand shower

Check valve and vacuum valve or two check valves or shower head with ejector function and automatic shut-off and check valve


Drain valve or water spigot with only C or H water

Check valve and vacuum valve

Flush mixer or water spigot with both C and H water

Check valves and vacuum valves


Appliance connected to water in kitchen or pantry*

Check valve

Incoming water pipe directly after water meter

Built-in or separate controllable check valve

Tap water heater Built in check valve in safety group

Heating or cooling systemwithout additives

Controllable check valve

Heating and cooling system with additives

Air gap at least 100 mm

* For dishwasher and washing machine, see 4.3.1.


Chapter 4 Execution for protection against personal injury

4.4 Temperature controlsTemperature controls are to be made before the tap water system is put into operation. The WWC system must be finished before a temperature control is carried out. These checks are to be documented. The following temperatures are to be checked:

■ At least 60 °C in water heaters and accumulators. ■ In heat pumps where temperatures in water heaters do not

reach 60° C, a safety function must be set so the heater is warmed up at least once a week.

■ Lowest 55 °C and highest 60 °C on hot water output to the installation. In installations that are heated with heat pumps according to the item above, the output temperature can be lower than 55 °C. It is not suitable to install WWC in these installations.

■ Lowest 50 °C in WWC system return line. ■ Lowest 50 °C in all WWC circuits. ■ Highest 38 °C in tap outlets where there is a particular risk

of accidents.



HVP productsCHAPTER 5

5. HVP products

5.1 HVP product propertiesSystems and products should have documentation that shows that the products comply with requirements in accordance with The Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations and demands on professional installation in accordance with Säker Vatteninstallation. This should be made evident in the Type Approval or other authorisation by a recognised certifying institution after third party testing by an accredited testing institution.

Products should be identifiable through markings on the product or, where this is not possible, the product packaging.

Systems and componentsTap water, wastewater and heating installations should be carried out with pipes and components that are tested and approved as systems. Components included in this approved system should be evident from the supplier’s documented installation instructions. Other components intended for use together with an approved system, for example couplings , mixer fastenings, ferrules, water and heat manifold, should be tested and approved for this purpose. The systems the component is approved for should be evident from the supplier’s documented installation instructions.

Special industry requirementsSpecial industry requirement from Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation apply to certain systems and products. Complete requirements and approved products and systems are listed at säkervatten.se.

Pipe-in-pipe systemsConduits should be tested and approved in accordance with Sintef ’s test methods for conduits.

In pipe-in-pipe systems intended to be exchangeable, all com-ponents must be tested and approved pursuant to NT VVS 129.


HVP products Chapter 5

Press fittingsRadial press fittings with inner or outer seal should be designed so that an unpressed fitting will leak during a special integrity check.

Near-wall floor drains and wall drainsWall-near floor drains and wall drains should be tested and approved together with its waterproofing. Only approved combinations according to industry approval for floor drains intended for wall-near locations in combination with water-proofing systems, that is to say specific drains with a specific waterproofing system, may be used together. This should be documented in the installation instructions together with a specification on which waterproofing system the drain is tested and approved together with.

Brass componentsParts of a brass coupling that come into contact with water should be made of a dezincification resistant material.


Chapter 5 HVP products

5.2 Installation instructionsSystems and products should have relevant installation instructions showing how the fi nished installation will comply with requirements in the Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation.

Installation instructions marked with the Säker Vatteninstallation logotypeFor a product that complies with Säker Vatteninstallation requirement on installation instructions, a supplier can aft er agreement use Säker Vatteninstallation’s particular logotype on installation instructions. For this to be agreed

■ the product’s installation instructions must have been reviewed and accepted by Säker Vatten AB.

■ the product, when installed, complies with requirements in Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation.

■ the product is registered in the RSK database and has a valid building product declaration.

A list of suppliers with products with accepted installation instructions can be found on säkervatten.se.

5.3 Installation tools and instrumentsInstallation tools, instruments for pressure and integrity checks and instruments for temperature control should have valid certifi cates of control and calibration if the supplier specifi es that the equipment must be controlled and calibrated.

Accepteradmonteringsanvisning

2016:1


HVP products Chapter 5

Abbreviations and glossary

CHAPTER 6

6. Abbreviations and glossaryAbbreviationsABK – Allmänna Bestämmelser för Konsultuppdrag inom arkitekt- och ingenjörsverksamhet (General Conditions for Consulting in Architectural and Engineering Activities).

AMA VVS & Kyl – Allmän materiel- och arbetsbeskrivning för VVS- och kyl tekniska arbeten (General Material and Work Description for HVP and Refrigeration Works). Industry document for establishing descriptions. Published by Svensk Byggtjänst AB.

BBR – Boverkets Byggregler (Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations).

BKR – Byggkeramikrådet .(Swedish trade association for wall and floor tiling). Issues industry rules for waterproofing, Byggkeramikrådets branschregler for våtrum, BBV.

GVK – Golvbranschens Våtrumskontroll (Floor industry’s wetroom control). Publishes industry rules for waterproofing, Safe Wetrooms. GVK’s industry rules for waterproofing in wetrooms.

NT VVS 129 – Nordtest provningsmetod för rör-i-rörsystem (Nordtest testing methods for pipe-in-pipe systems).

PBL – Plan- och bygglagen (Planning and Building Act).

VS – Värme och Sanitet (Heating and Plumbing).

VVS – Värme, Ventilation och Sanitet (HVP, heating, ventilation and plumbing).


Abbreviations and glossary Chapter 6

GlossaryAccredited – Organisation approved by Swedac, for example for technical control or the issue of approvals. Swedac is a state agency.

Connection pipe – Drain pipe from a sewage unit.

Authorised – Approved by an organisation, authority or the like for a certain purpose, for example to carry out a certain task.

Distributing pipe for heating system – Device with connections for pipes, vents, actuators or other equipment.

Distributing line – Pipes to at least two tap outlets or radiators.

Connecting line – Pipe to one tap outlet or one radiator.

Place for bath or shower – See illustration.

Sanitary – Water and drains.

Collection pipe – Drain line from two or more sewage units.

Sintef ’s test method for conduits – Testing with respect to quality of conduit.

Tap water – Drinking water.

Pressure check – Checks that a pipe installation hold a given pressure for a certain time. Tests the strength of a system.

Waterproofing – Layer on floor or wall that is sealed against water in its liquid or vapour state under a certain pressure.

Integrity check – Inspection for a non-visible leak. The entire line with joints and connected appliances should be inspected. Tests the integrity of a system.

Type approval – Approval from an accredited organisation to show that the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning regulations are complied with.

Wetroom – Room where it is expected floor and walls are to be exposed to water spray on repeated occasions. Examples of wetroom are bathrooms, shower rooms, laundry rooms. WCs with lavatory and wash basin are not wetrooms.


Chapter 6 Abbreviations and glossary

PLACE FOR PLACE FOR WET ZONE 2WET ZONE 2

WET ZONE 2


Abbreviations and glossary Chapter 6

HVP installations are an important part of the function of a building. Installations can give the user a quality of life and security.

Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation is a quality system drawn up by HVP companies together with authorities, insurance companies and manufacturers or HVP products to reduce the risk of water damage, Legionella growth, burn injuries and poisoning.

Säker Vatteninstallation is an installation that is:• carried out pursuant to Industry Regulations Säker Vatten

installation.• carried out by an authorised HVP company.• carried out by trained HVP fitters and supervisors with industry

legitimation.• controlled according to industry rules.• in possession of Certificate of Säker Vatteninstallation.

Relevant authorised HVP companies are listed on säkervatten.se.


säkervatten.se

Illustrations: Hans Sandqvist, bildinfo.sePhotographs: Sauman Agerberg, Örjan Karlsson, Jennifer Glans, Daniel Nestor

Production: Roxx Communication Group AB, www.roxx.sePrint: Sörmlands Grafiska, 2015

[email protected]äkervatten.se

Industry Regulations - sakervatten.se · Industry legitimation. Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation 2016:1 7 Industry Regulations Säker Vatteninstallation Chapter 1. 1.2

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