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Dr. Sami A. R. J. El Jundi, MD, MSc
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Industry Funding Of Medical Education

Jul 13, 2015

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Page 1: Industry Funding Of Medical Education

Dr. Sami A. R. J. El Jundi, MD, MSc

Page 2: Industry Funding Of Medical Education

Key conceptsTRANSPARENCY: the quality or state of being transparent 

Synonyms: clearness, limpidity, limpidness, lucency, translucence, translucency, clarity

TRANSPARENTa : free from pretense or deceit : frankb : easily detected or seen through : obviousc : readily understoodd : characterized by visibility or accessibility of information especially concerning business practices

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Psicology of decision makingBevan W. Subliminal Stimulation: A Pervasive Problem for Psychology. Psychological bulletin. 1964 Feb;61:81‐99. Zimbardo PG. On the ethics of intervention in human psychological research: with special reference to the Stanford Prison Experiment. Cognition. 1973;2(2):243‐56. Tversky A, Kahneman D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science. 1981 Jan 30;211(4481):453‐8.

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Decision making coherence theorySimetry: coherence and incoherence are symmetric relaions. If F1  F2, then F2  F1.Facilitation: actions (A) that lead to goals/objectives (O)

Ai  OA1  AnThe more A, the less coherence between An and O.A and O are “factors”, because they may change positions.

Thagard, P. Millgram, E. Inference to the best plan: a coherence theory of decision.In: Ram, A & Leake, DB (Eds), Goal-driven learning: Cambridge, MIT Press, 1995.

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Rules for coherenceIncompatibility:

If two factors cannot be achieved, they are strongly incoherentIf they are harder to achieve together, they are weakly incoherent

Objetives (goals) priorities: some goals are desirable due to intrinsic or non‐coherent reasons (AFECTIVE).Judgment: facilitation and competition relations can depend on admission judgments.Decisions: are taken based in a global coherence of actions and objectives evaluation.

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Mechanism of coherence“Affective manipulation”, via prefrontal cortex:

Heuristics of decisionPrioritaire factors (O e A) stablish the pathway

Process economyNo other areas intervention requiredReinforced by the speed it is done

Previous experienceHigh probability of success (reward)Operative conditioning, even in a more complex fashion

Complex interaction of cognitive factors and external influence (marketing, social networks, etc)Subconscious level of processing: 90%

Final objetive/goal: reaching the objetive (reward) through the most “efficient”, “shortest” and “fastest” path, keeping affective homeostasis.

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Decision making frame in individual levelLimits of decision autonomy: freedom a priori grade

Affective “anchor”

Effective freedom of decision

Morality (Kohlberg)

Culture

Rules and regulations

Economy

Inteligence

Information

Affection

Ideology

Prejudice

Conditioned reflex (Pavlov)

Operationl conditioning (Skinner)Social networks

PoliticsInstitucional policy

Page 9: Industry Funding Of Medical Education

Influence of information in decision‐making

Process: how does it interfere?Quality: which information?Quantity: how much information?Timely: when providing/requiring information?Source: whose information?

Power: effectiveness in redirecting (influencing) decision!

Affective “anchor”

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Positive feedback of influence

Highly rankedprofessional

$$$

CredibilityAffective bondInformation

Affective bondConfidencePrescription

Source

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... while there is conflict, it is not between desire and reason, but between a desire which wants a near‐by object and a desire which wants an object which is seen by thought to occur in consequence of an intervening series of 

conditions, or in the “long run”.

Dewey, J. (1932) Ethics in The CollectedWork of John Dewey (1969‐1991). Boydston, JA (eds): Carbondale,  Southern Illinois University Press.

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Final theoretical considerationsIf information creates a “threat” to goals/objectives achievement, it will be regarded to second plan, or even discarded as prejudicial

If information creates and emotional imbalanced state, it will be ignored as a factor in decision

Full disclosure of conflicts has a more than potential adverse effect – quite the opposite of desired – in medical decision making

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Decision‐making as a systemic process...

There are no simple solutions for complex problems

Transparency means providing information about ones interests – “full disclosure”Decision making as an individual process is strongly influenced by non‐rational issues – strongest biasTransparency does not solve the conflict. Instead, it creates a “frame of morality” and legitimates the process of influencing decision‐making

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... requires systemic solutions for conflicts

Public fundingPrivate anonymous fundingClear rules of engagementFull disclosure, including personal financesSubject to public screeningIndependent groups and publications

Transparency means nothing without INDEPENDENCY and even jeopardizes 

it’s own purpose

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samieljundi@risk‐0.com