Industrialization

COALBROOKDALE BY NIGHT (1801)

COALBROOKDALE BY NIGHT (1801)

Coalbrookdale: an imimportant iron-producing centre. It had many

factories, furnaces and foundries.

The painter Philippe de Louthenboug was fascinated by the

industrial landscape and the ‘terrible’ forces produced by the new

forms of energy.

Like other painters he was interested in portraying the ‘sublime’

that which inspires both terror and delight.

In the late eighteenth century industrial themes were considered

a source of this kind of feeling.

by Philippe de Loutherbourgby Philippe de Loutherbourg

Massive social, economic, and technological change in the 18th century and 19th century Great Britain which changed the country from a rural and agricultural country into an urban and industrial one.

In the 19th Century it spread throughout Western Europe and North America, eventually impacting the rest of the world.

country rich in coal and ironcountry rich in coal and iron colonial expansion of the 17th century and colonial expansion of the 17th century and

consequent development of international tradeconsequent development of international trade industrial raw materials come from British industrial raw materials come from British

coloniescolonies British colonies provide markets for manufactured British colonies provide markets for manufactured

productsproducts England rich in rivers England rich in rivers many canals are built (transport of goods and many canals are built (transport of goods and

materials)materials) British merchant fleet most efficient in the world British merchant fleet most efficient in the world British merchant fleet covers all trading routesBritish merchant fleet covers all trading routes important inventionsimportant inventions

CAUSES OFCAUSES OF FIRST INDUSTRIAL FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONAGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

16th century to about 182016th century to about 1820

• before 18th century system essentially post-feudalbefore 18th century system essentially post-feudal

• some open fields enclosed into individually owned field some open fields enclosed into individually owned field

• smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms smallest farmers cannot survive as independent farms

• villagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rightsvillagers lose their land and grazing (pascolo) rights

• Enclosure Act -1801 - Enclosure Act -1801 - Act of Parliament which encloses common land Act of Parliament which encloses common land

in the countryin the country

• new scientific approaches to farmingnew scientific approaches to farming

• increasing mechanization of farming increasing mechanization of farming

• lots of workers lose their jobslots of workers lose their jobs

• most workers forced to move to cities and find work in factories

The Enclosure Movement

The Enclosure Movement

“Enclosed” Lands Today

“Enclosed” Lands Today

1770 - 1830 Britain changes from an agricultural to 1770 - 1830 Britain changes from an agricultural to an industrial countryan industrial country

new inventions change the way goods are made. new inventions change the way goods are made. steam engine facilitates the growth of new steam engine facilitates the growth of new

industriesindustries new coal mines are opened (coal is the new power new coal mines are opened (coal is the new power

source)source) roads and canals are built to transport coal and roads and canals are built to transport coal and

other heavy goods all over the countryother heavy goods all over the country methods of producing iron improvemethods of producing iron improve iron bridges and ships were builtiron bridges and ships were built steam locomotion is inventedsteam locomotion is invented

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early CanalsEarly Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

Mine & Forge [1840-1880]

ù More powerful than water is coal.More powerful than water is coal.

ù More powerful than wood is iron.More powerful than wood is iron.

ù Innovations make steel feasible.Innovations make steel feasible. ““Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.”

(ghisa)(ghisa) ““Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer

steel (acciaio).steel (acciaio). Bessemer process [1856] – strong, Bessemer process [1856] – strong,

flexible steel.flexible steel.

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners

18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880300 million tons

500, 000 miners

19141914250 million tons

1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

Young Coal MinersYoung Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

British Pig Iron Production

British Pig Iron Production

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Factory ProductionFactory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

The Factory SystemThe Factory System

Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.

12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.

Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.

Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

machine that accelerated the speed of weaving

- spoletta volante

The Power LoomThe Power Loom

machine for weaving operated mechanically

- telaio meccanico

James Watt’s Steam Engine

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam TractorSteam Tractor

Steam ShipSteam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later LocomotivesLater Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

“The Great Land Serpent”

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851Crystal Palace

Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

17331733 – John Kay invents the flying shuttle

17651765 – WattWatt invents the steam engine

17701770 – Arkwright invents the water frame and the Factory Production starts

17851785 – Cartwright patents the first power loom

18801880 – Volta invents the voltaic pile

18251825 – the first public railroad is opened in England

18791879 - Edison invents the incandescent bulb

18941894 - Marconi pioneers wireless telegraphy

17331733 17651765 17701770 17851785 18001800 18251825 18791879 18941894

TIMELINETIMELINE

SIDE EFFECTS OF SIDE EFFECTS OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONINDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

• social conflicts and problems social conflicts and problems • many skilled men lose their jobsmany skilled men lose their jobs• demand for traditional craft declinesdemand for traditional craft declines• farms changefarms change• fewer jobs for farm workers fewer jobs for farm workers • wives weaving craft work replaced by wives weaving craft work replaced by

machines in millsmachines in mills• people from countryside forced to people from countryside forced to

leave home and move to industrial leave home and move to industrial townstowns

SOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGESSOCIAL CHANGES

change from domestic to factory system of production

before Industrial Revolution : 10% of people live in cities, after 75% live in cities

two new social classes: middle class made of powerful and wealthy

merchants and manufacturers working class made of factory workers in

conditions of poverty (old social classes: aristocracy and farmers)

46% of workers are women, 15% children under the age of 13

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wages

under 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.

11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.

17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.

22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.

27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.

32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.

37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.

42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.

47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.

52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.

57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of PollutionProblems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle TodayWorkers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”Private Charities:

The “Lady Bountifuls”

LIFE IN CITIESLIFE IN CITIES

terrible working conditions in factories terrible working conditions in factories factories dirty and noisyfactories dirty and noisy people work up to 16 hours a daypeople work up to 16 hours a day low wages low wages many die of disease and starvation many die of disease and starvation factory owners employ women and children and pay them factory owners employ women and children and pay them

very littlevery little young children work for long hours in factories and even in young children work for long hours in factories and even in

minesmines during 19th century industrial towns grow and living during 19th century industrial towns grow and living

conditions become worseconditions become worse towns not prepared to receive so many peopletowns not prepared to receive so many people people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and people forced to live in slums in houses built quickly and

cheaply without sanitationcheaply without sanitation people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease, people live in unhealthy conditions plagued by disease,

poverty and overcrowdingpoverty and overcrowding in some towns average age at which workers die is twentyin some towns average age at which workers die is twenty

The Luddites: 1811-1816

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite TriangleThe Luddite Triangle

The LudditesThe Luddites

The Neo-Luddites Today

The Neo-Luddites Today

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die Let us die like men, like men,

and not be and not be sold like sold like slaves!slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

The Chartists

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform Parliamentary reform ((These reformsThese reforms allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper allowed the middle classes to share power with the upper classes.classes. Some historians argue that this transfer of power achieved in England what the French Revolution achieved in

France )) Votes for all men.Votes for all men. Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts. Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

Annual general elections.Annual general elections. The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The ChartistsThe Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

(The Corn Laws (The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn pricesto support domestic British corn prices . . their their abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

(The Corn Laws (The Corn Laws were import tariffs designed were import tariffs designed to support domestic British corn pricesto support domestic British corn prices . . their their abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)abolishment marked the beginnings of free trade.)4 Expand employment.Expand employment.

4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

Thomas MalthusThomas Malthus

Population growth willPopulation growth willoutpace (outpace (sorpassare) ) the food supply.the food supply.

War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David RicardoDavid Ricardo

““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Jeremy BenthamJeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Government Response

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the

coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].

k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions

Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.

k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.

k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform BillsBritish Reform Bills

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continentù Northeast France.Northeast France.ù Belgium.Belgium.ù The Netherlands.The Netherlands.ù Western German states.Western German states.ù Northern ItalyNorthern Italyù East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

Bibliographic Sources

Bibliographic Sources

) ““Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Images of the Industrial Revolution.”Mt. Holyoke College. Mt. Holyoke College. http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwahttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.htmlrt/ind_rev/images/images-ind-era.html

) ““The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”The Peel Web: A Web of English History.”http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/mbloy/c-eight/primary.htmeight/primary.htm

) http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/http://www.open2.net/industrialrevolution/

• http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/Luddites/The%20Luddites.htm

• http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/IndustrialRevolution/

• http://www.pptpalooza.net/

• When did the Industrial Revolution start?When did the Industrial Revolution start?• Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in

England?England?• What were the causes of the Industrial What were the causes of the Industrial

Revolution?Revolution?• What changed with the Industrial What changed with the Industrial

Revolution?Revolution?• What were the negative consequences of What were the negative consequences of

the Industrial Revolution?the Industrial Revolution?