Industrialism agrarian- & handicraft-centered economies shifted to industry & machine-manufactured economies – transportation & communication improvements.

industrialism

• agrarian- & handicraft-centered economies shifted to

• industry & machine-manufactured economies– transportation & communication improvements– harness inanimate sources of energy

(i.e., wind, water, steam, coal, petroleum, etc.)– people don’t grow their own food,

nor make their stuff; can exchange money for goods produced by others

adjusting to the city

agrarian time / rural time

clock time /mechanical time / city time

factory life

• social changes of industrial work– dependence on employer for livelihood– supervisors– single task• repetitive, boring, only a limited part of process• need to keep up w/ pace of machines .

– rage against the machines: Luddites (1811–1816) destroyed machines to protest changes in work patterns

Britain as early industrial leader

• coal deposits replaced wood for fuel• raw materials– colonies supplied– Britain processed

• Britain supplied Europe + North America w/ manufactured goods

Britain as early industrial leader

• raw materials supplied to Britain– timber (esp. Canada)– grain (food)– cotton (textiles)• replaced wool• independent United States supplied demand

(b/c of slavery)– shifted to India & Egypt during U.S. Civil War

industrial innovations• technology– coke (purified coal, 1709)

• better iron production (machinery, ships, bridges, buildings)

– steam engine (1765)• spun cotton thread 100x faster

than manual spinning wheel– Bessemer converter (1856)

• steel production made cheaper• harder & stronger than iron

diagram for a steam engine

Manchester, England, in 1843—smokestacks among densely packed urban buildings

the world catches up to Britain

• 50-year head-start in industrial revolution– protective:

forbade export of machines, techniques, & workers

• eventually spread to Germany, U.S., Belgium, France, southern Canada

• U.S. caught up by:– taxing British exports to U.S.– copying British machinery– finding a large labor supply• young women from rural/agricultural areas

the world catches up to Britain

• Russia & Japan– industrialized to avoid domination

by other industrial powers

• Africa, Asia, Latin America– primarily exported raw materials to industrial

countries

industrial revolution• Waltham Plan

– moved women from rural/agricultural areas to urban/industrial areas

– provided:• boarding houses• moral guidance

(curfews, no alcohol)• education, cultural,

& religious opportunities– women got:

• better pay & living conditions (than in rural areas)

• help for families & selves• more independence

cover of the August 1845 issue ofthe Lowell Offering,a magazine described as“A repository of original articles,written by ‘factory girls.’”

BLOG POST 16

• After reviewing the slide about the “Waltham Plan,” describe 3 ways in which the ideals of the Plan are portrayed on the cover of the August 1845 issue of the Lowell Offering.

industry in agriculturein the United States

• new strain of cotton developed, could grow away from water, but… seeds difficult to remove

• cotton gin (1793) removed seeds• huge impact on slavery• cotton became most important U.S. export– other countries dependent on U.S. cotton– northern U.S. supplied business & industrial

expertise

growth of cotton production & the slave population in the United States, 1790–1860

year bales of cottonproduced

number of slavesin the United States

1790 4,000 697,897

1820 73,222 1,538,038

1840 1,347,540 2,487,455

1860 3,841,406 3,957,760

bale = 500 pounds