Industrial Training at Rajasthan electronics & instruments Ltd.

Industrial Training Seminar

Electronic Milk Testers And Production Of Renewable Energy Through Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Technology

At

Rajasthan Electronics & Instruments Ltd.

Kanakpura, Jaipur

Rajasthan

Company Profile• formed on 12th July 1981• situated at the Kanakpura Industrial area, Jaipur• ISO 9001:2000 PSE (Public Sector Enterprise)• joint venture between the Government of India (51%) & the

Government of Rajasthan (49%)• Started operations in Agro-Dairy division in 1982• entered the area of Renewable Energy through SPV technology in

1985• Voter Identity Cards in 1994• conferred the status of a ‘MINI RATNA’ by the Ministry of Heavy

Industries & Public Enterprises, Government of India in 1997• strong in-house Government recognised R&D Division• The Consistency in Excellence is recognised with repeated awards

for Excellence in Electronics.

Departments IN REIL

Agro Dairy Division Renewable Energy Division

Quality Assurance Division

Industrial Electronics and Information Technology Division

• Data Processor Electronic Milk Tester (DPEMT)

• Electronic Milk Weighed System• Automatic Milk Collection Station• Data Processor Milk Collection

Unit (DPMCU)• Raw Milk Reception Dock (RMRD)• PC Based Society Accounting &

Management System• Animal Database Management

System• Smart Automatic Milk Collection

Station (SAMCS)• Auto Zero EMT• Solar EMT

• SPV Stand Alone Street Lighting System

• SPV de-centralized Domestic Lighting Systems

• SPV Water drinking Systems• SPV Dusk Dawn Switching

Systems• SPV Lanterns• SPV powered Railway Signalling

Systems• Microwave Repeater Stations• Satellite Ground Terminals and

Grid Interactive Power Plants

Products by REIL

Electronic Milk Fat Tester

• Manufacture started in 1982• measures the fat content and amount payable instantaneously

on a digital readout• works on the light scattering principle• operates on AC-main as well as on battery• automatic switch over to battery in case of power failure• quicker, reliable and economical method• Performs 110-130 samples per hour• Facility to feed milk weight directly through keypad in

absence of weighing machine• Data storage up to 800 people for 30 days on EEPROM• Fast data transmission speed• Slip printout by 80 columns serial dot matrix printer

PROCEDURE FOR MEASUREMENTBasic Objective: Increase the productionof milk that depends on prompt payment offair and correct price to encourage producersto increase milk production. The system ofpayment based on quality (i.e. fat content)discourages adulteration and encouragesproducers to increase production of highquality milk.

•Set power switch at ON.•Set battery switch at LINE/BATTERY.•Fill bottle with diluents.•Empty bucket for waste.•Do not start procedure three until EMT has been switched ON at least half an hour.•Setting display at 0.00.•Place milk beaker under milk intake valve.•Push milk in, milk out.•Raise and lower handle 6 times.•Push repeat button so display blinks.•Push zero buttons so display reads 0.00.•Push repeat so display doesn’t blink.

PROCESSES INVOLVED IN FAT TESTING

Dilution

Mixing

Homogenization

Photometric measurement

WORKING MECHANISM OF EMT

EMTs works on the principle of SCATTERING OF LIGHT. All the fat globules do nothave the same size. The measuring system requires a constant globule size toprovide a relation between the amount of light scattered to the fat content. Therange of globule size is limited by homogenizing and bringing the globule size intothe range of 0.5 to 1.5 microns. Light rays from a photo lamp pass through the layerof fluid in the cuvette and are scattered according to the sample of fat globules inthe sample. The amount of fat present in the cuvette is directly proportional to thelight scattered. The rays that do pass through the cuvette strike the photocell,producing a current proportional to the light intensity. The current is fed to a digitalreadout unit that gives direct fat percentage readout.

Data Processor EMT ↑←Optical Milk Analyzer

Milkoscan Minor ↓Automatic EMT ↓

Variants of EMTs

Optical Milk Analyzer

• Performs 150 tests/hour

• Displays SNF% also

• Result is independent of sample temperature and air bubbles

• Low power consumption

Data Processor Electric Milk

Tester• Performs 110-

130 tests/hour• Facility to feed

milk weight directly through keypad in the absence of weighing machine

• Data storage up to 800 people for 30 days

Automatic Electronic Milk

Tester• Performs 150-

180 tests/hour• Requires small

quantity of milk• No manual

process required• Homogenization

process is performed by the EMT itself

• Good for higher fat samples

Milkoscan Minor

• Saves time• Greater data

security• Reduces manual

data entry• Easy export and

import of data• User friendly

and has Emulator

• Compatible with almost every OS

Variants of EMTs

•Solar Photovoltaic cells are made up of Silicon•Pure Silicon is bad conductor of electricity.•Impure Silicon (doped) is used.•N-type doped silicon is a much better conductorthan pure silicon.•Each generates

0.5V

Solar Energy → Electrical EnergySunlight strikes the

panel and is absorbed.

Loose electrons are knocked from some of the atoms that make

up the semiconductor.

Since the semiconductor is positively charged on one side and negatively charged on the

other, all these loose electrons to travel in the

same direction.

An electric current (DC) is generated.

The DC current is current converted to AC using an inverter.

Supplied further to grids for use.

Solar cell is a simple p-n junction, made up of silicon. Lesscharge carriers can get recombined due to low minority carrierconcentration and we get higher value of current and power.For making p-n junction, it is doped with gaseous Boron (P-type) from one side and solid Phosphorous (N-type) from otherside. Due to different doping state difference of impurities, an n-side shifted p-n junction is formed. Hence, the light is alwaysmade to incident at the n-side, so that the photons can reach thejunction. When the high-energy photons reach the depletionregion, they impart sufficient energy to an electron to break itscovalent bond. This electron comes in conduction band andbegins to behave free electron. At the same instant, a hole is alsogenerated due to broken covalent bond. Hence, two chargecarriers are generated by one high-energy photon. Thesecarriers move to opposite direction due to potential barrier atthe junction and constitute a current. The induced current isdirectly proportional to the surface area of the cell.

Tabbing

Process of making terminals on a bare cell

by soldering copper strips to the bus bar.

Stringing & String checking

Four rows are connected in series to give a total of

36 cells in series connection.

Lay up

Process of placing laminating material to the

either side of the string.

Lamination

laminating materials are attached to the string on

both sides

Curing

Done to attain the full strength of laminating

material

Trimming & Inspection

Extra laminating material is cut and string is

checked

Channeling

To provide structural support to the module,

channels are fixed around it

Terminal box fitting and soldering

Final Inspection

STORAGE

If, not okay

If, okay

PRODUCTION OF AN SPV MODULE

High efficiency Si cell

Single crystalline Si cell

Thin Film Si cellAmorphous Si

cellMulti-crystalline

Si cell

Efficiency Of Si Cells

18 WATT MODULE 75 WATT MODULE 150 WATT MODULE

36 cells are connected in series 72 cells are connected in series

Vout= 0.45-0.5V

I= 2.2A I= 4.5A

4 rows, 9 cells in each 6 rows, 12 cells

Designed to charge a 12V battery

A 150 Watt Module

Types of PV System• Independent of other power sources• Used in remote homes, cottages or lodges, remote monitoring and water

pumping

AUTONOMOUS SYSTEM

• Receive a portion of their power from one or more additional sources• Often paired with wind generator or a fuel-fired generator• Require batteries for storage• Most appropriate when energy demand is high• Power must be available on demand

HYBRID SYSTEM

• Allows reducing consumption from the electricity grid• Feeds the surplus energy back into the grid• No batteries required• Used in buildings, homes or cottages

GRID SYSTEM

Industrial products manufactured by REIL using SPV module

Solar Water Pumping System

• flexible, rugged and maintenance free

• No external power source needed

• Generates DC itself• Used for agriculture,

horticulture, irrigation,drinking water etc.

• provides reliable and economic power

• Unmanned operation• 30% energy saving• No manual setting reqd.• Maintenance-free• Weatherproof• Currently installed at

various sections of Western Railways

SPV Railway Signaling System

SPV Dusk-dawn System

• used for automatic switching of street lighting systems

• Reliable, efficient and flawless• the electronic controller actuates

after sensing the ambient light level

• Maintenance-free• Unmanned operation• 30% energy saving• Protection against line to line, line

to neutral & line to earth fault

SPV Street and Domestic Lighting System

• Provides uninterrupted light• Noiseless, smoke free and free

from fire hazard • provides night hours (street)

and 4 hours of light per day (domestic)

• During daytime, SPV module charges the battery. At night battery operates bulbs and provides light in remote areas

• E.g. Areas facing power cuts or having no grid supply, Holiday cottages & caravans, as warning signals at Railway crossings

Industrial Electronics and Information Technology Division

This division is responsible for manufacturing products like Electoral Photo Identity Cards (EPIC) And Visiting Cards, Ticketing Machine, Billing Machine, Traffic Offence Recording System, and Energy Meters for Single & Three Phase and D2H Set Top Boxes.

Quality Assurance Division

REIL has a department for quality assurance and control for checking the quality of its good, so that the consumers can use the product without any difficulty for a long time.Two major operations are EMT checking and Solar module checking.

CONCLUSION

• I learnt substantially about agro-electronics products such asElectronic Milk Tester and also renewable energy sources like anSPV module.

• REIL provided ample opportunities in this short duration toencounter with such machines having versatile technology.

• The training enhanced my theoretical knowledge and technicalskills & transformed it into practical application.

• The architecture of the Company has various units that are linked,and controlled working of the whole plant is making the studenttrainees realize that engineering is not just learning the structuraldescription and working of various machines, but also planning aproper management.