Industrial Revolution. Note-taking I will post questions or headings for each content area that I will be discussing. You will listen to the class discussion.

Industrial Revolution

Note-takingI will post questions or headings for each

content area that I will be discussing. You will listen to the class discussion and write

down what YOU deem as important.Then I will post what I deem as important for

1-2 MINUTES. This is not the time to copy down what is on

the board as fast as you can, but check your work and add toy our notes.

CLASS DISCUSSIONS ARE INCLUDED WITH NOTES, WHICH MAY NOT BE IN THE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION, BUT YOU CAN STILL BE TESTED ON THIS MATERIAL.

First let’s look at two questions.

What was the Industrial Revolution?

How did the Industrial Revolution come about?

What was the Industrial Revolution?Industrial Revolution is the change in social

and economic organization that resulted from the replacement of hand tools with machines and from the development of large scale industrial production.

It began in the early 1800’s before the Civil War and continued with industrial growth through the 1900’s.

How did the Industrial Revolution come about?The industrial boom occurred for three

reasons: 1. The wealth of natural resources2. Government support for business 3. A growing urban population that provided

both cheap labor and markets for new products.

What inventions/innovations

came out of the Industrial Revolution?

What inventions/innovations came out of the Industrial Revolution?Technology: taking the innovations from

the lead inventors and applying them to industry.

Patent: gives the inventor the exclusive rights to make, use and sell their invention for a certain time period.

American ingenuity: business men invested money in creating new businesses and expanded old ones.

New forms of energyPennsylvania Rock Oil Company sent Edwin L.

Drake drilled for oil; its byproducts are gasoline, kerosene, and petroleum jelly. Significance: led to other towns opening up oil

refineries. Bessemer Process: Perfected by Henry Bessemer

removing carbon from iron by injecting air into molten iron and it produces steel.

Thomas A. Edison perfected the incandescent light bulb, the phonograph, motion picture cameras, etc.

Henry Ford created the Model T in 1908. Ford made the car was affordable by perfecting the assembly line.

New forms of energySamuel E. Morse patented the telegraph and

created the Morse Code- that was a series of short and long electrical impulses that represent letters of the alphabet.

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson patented the “talking telephone”.Significance: led to world wide communication.

The Transcontinental Railroad

The Transcontinental RailroadThe railway extended from Omaha, Nebraska

to Sacramento, California. The railway was built by two companies,

Central Pacific and Union Pacific Railroad companies. Both were funded by grants from the government.

Central Pacific hired Chinese immigrants and the Union Pacific hired Irish Immigrants and Civil War Veterans. They suffered attacks from Native Americans and many diseases.

It was finish on May 10, 1869 and the two companies met at Promontory Summit. (Utah)

The Transcontinental RailroadTime Zones created by Professor C.F.

Dowd. The earth was divided into 24 times zones. The United States had 4- Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Significance: People were able to get to

places on time, towns were set up by railroad tracks, and iron, coal, steel, lumber and glass companies were expanded

Big Business

Big BusinessCharles Darwin created the theory of “natural

selection” in which the strongest survives.Social Darwinism states that society should do

as little as possible to interfere with people’s pursuit of success or the government should not get involved.

This is also stated in Adam Smith’s “Wealth of the nations” in the idea of Laissez-faire or government should play a limited role in business.

Robber Barons: business leaders that built their fortunes by stealing from the public or Captains of Industry: business leaders that served their nation in a positive way.

Big BusinessDifferent terms for Big Business.

Monopoly: a complete control of a product or service. This is illegal because it goes against capitalism. Public utilities are a monopoly, but today are regulated by the government.

Oligopoly: a market structure dominated by only a few large, profitable firms.

Merger: two or more companies that join together.

Capitalism: economic system in which the means of production and distribution are privately owned.

Communism: Economic system in which production is owned by the government.

Big BusinessRobber Baron or Captain of Industry?

J.P. Morgan: an American financer. Andrew Carnegie: owner of Carnegie steel in

1899John D. Rockefeller: company of Standard Oil

in 1870Cornelius Vanderbilt: built his wealth in

shipping and railroadsJay Gould: a speculator who was involved in the

railroad and newspaper companies.

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on the

American society?

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The Garden

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on the American society?Electricity: It allowed businesses to stay open

later and factories could be located anywhere.The telephone and the typewriter led to

women entering the workforce for the first time.

Urbanization: movement of people from rural areas to cities.

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on the American society?The rich and middle class lived in pleasant

neighborhoods while the poor lived in tenements.

Tenements: multistory buildings divided into crowded apartments; that had no water and no sanitation system- which led to the spread of diseases.

Factory Life: Workers usually worked 12-16 hour days. There was no safety devices- people would lose limbs, coal miners’ lungs were destroyed. Employers would have women and children because they were easy to control.

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on the American society?Unions: an organization of workers who act

together to secure benefits and rights in the workplace.

It was formed to helped employees, but employers feared them.

To stop unions they forbid meetings, fired union organizers, forced employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts- workers could never strike or join a union, refused to bargain with unions, and refused to recognize unions as their workers’ legitimate representation.

What affects did the Industrial Revolution have on the American society?

Unions would go on strike, which would turn violent.

The Great Strike of 1877, Haymarket Affair, Homestead Strike, the Great Railroad Strike, among others, would fight against hours, factory conditions, and pay.

Sherman Anti-trust act: a law that disorganized unions, the government did not help out their citizens.

NYC Triangle Shirtwaist factory was set on fire on March 25, 1911. 146 women died due to poor fire escapes, locked doors and a lack of a sprinkler system.

1900-1920

Progressive Movement

What was the Progressive Movement?

What was its goals? What Urban problems did reformers have to face?

What was the Progressive Movement, and what was its goals?Progressive Movement: was an effort to cure

many of the problems of American society that had developed during the industrial growth in U.S. in the last quarter of the19th century.

Three main goals:1.) to remove corruption from government by

taming political bosses and machines. 2.) to include citizens more directly in the political

process. 3.) that the government must play a role to solve

social problems and establish fair business practices.

It was the rejection of Social Darwinism: which most rich business men believed in.

What Urban Problems did reformers have to face?

Housing: poor housing: tenements, row houses, no running water or sewage systems.

Transportation: Street cars (San Francisco) and Electric subways (Boston) to help transport the huge population

Water: Poor access to clean water- led to spread of diseases. By 1870 water filtration was introduced

Sanitation: by 1900 cities developed sewer lines and sanitation departments.

Crime grew with the population and police officers were created.

Fires were common due to wooden houses. In 1900 fire men and sprinklers were common and houses were replaced with brick.

What are Political machines?

What are Political machines?Political Machines offered services to voters

and businesses in exchange for political or financial support.

Some bosses used their power to build parks, sewers systems, and waterworks or give money to schools, hospitals and orphanages.

William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed) head of Tammany Hall, NYC’s powerful Democratic party. He led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians. He charged the city $13 million for construction of the NYC Courthouse, when it cost $3 million.

What is the difference between Patronage and Merit?

What is the difference between Patronage and Merit?Patronage: the giving of government jobs

to people who had helped a candidate get elected. “Spoils System”

President Chester B. Arthur passed the Pendleton Civil Service Act of 1883.

A bipartisan civil service commission to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system based on candidates’ performance on an examination.

What are Muckrakers?

What are Muckrakers?Muckrakers: Journalist who uncovers wrongdoing

in politics or businessIda Tarbell: Wrote a book called “The History of

the Standard Oil Company” about John D. Rockefeller. The book discussed how he eliminated the competition and ruined the little peoples' lives.

Upton Sinclair : Wrote “The Jungle” about the meat packing Industry and inspired the creation of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act.

Lincoln Steffens: Wrote “The Shame of the Cities” about the corruption in the government.

Jacob Riis: Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”, it denounced the poverty and exploitation of the urban poor.

What different laws/changes were created during this time

period?

What different laws/changes were created during this time period?

FDA- Food and Drug AdministrationPure Food and Drug Act of 1906- made many

changes to the way that food was processed.All ingredients have to be listed on food packages.Labels had to be put on medicine to state what the

purpose of it is. There were illegal substances in the medicine that patients did not know they were taking

TR passed this measure based on reading “The Jungle”Meat Inspection Act: had to be approved for

consumption by the federal government, all meat plants inspected.

Progressive Political ReformsBefore Reforms AfterParty Leaders choose candidates for state and local offices

Direct Primaries: Voters select their party’s candidates.

Power moves to the voters. State legislatures

choose U.S. senators17th Amendment: U.S. senators are elected by popular vote.

Only members of the state legislature can introduce bills.

Initiative: voters can put bills before the legislation

Only legislators pass laws

Referendum: voters can vote on bills directly

Only courts or the legislature can remove corrupt officials

Recall: voters can remove elected officials from office

Moral Changes18th amendment: (1919) Prohibited the manufacture and

sale of liquor (Repealed in 1933). Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) crusaded

for prohibition led by Francis Willard and Carrie Nation People firmly believed that alcohol was the root of all evil

19th amendment: (1920) Granted women full suffrage.Led by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy

Stone and Julia ward Howe. This group was divided by the 15th amendment.

Two groups were National Woman Suffrage Association and Women Suffrage Association

Led by Carrie Chapman Catt, Alice Paul and Lucy Burns in the 1920’s.

Paul was forced to resigned and formed the National’s Woman Party, and used strategies like mass marches and hunger strikes.

August 26, 1920- 19th Amendment was passed.

Social Changes

Social Gospel Movement: preached salvation through service to the poor.

Settlement houses: community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants. Jane Addams was the founder of Hull House

YMCA, YWCA, and the Salvation Army tried to aid immigrants and country folk adjust to city life by helping them find housing, jobs, new clothes and social groups.

Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

Theodore Roosevelt: 26th President 1901-1909His program is known as “The Square Deal”, where poor

people would have the same opportunities as the rich people.

His past jobs were Assistant to the head of the Dept. of the Navy, Police Commissioner of NYC, Governor of NYC, and VP to President McKinley.

TR was a conservationist and set aside millions of acres to become National Parks.

He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906.He was known as the Trust-buster. His mission as a

President was to end the trusts between companies. Trust: Commercial organization managed by

appointed trustees for the benefit of one or more beneficiaries. 

Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

William Howard Taft: 27th PresidentTaft was able to reserve more land and brought

more anti-trust suits during his 4 years as President.

He was not a pro-active President, because he truly did not want to be President.

He was hand picked by TR to be his successor.

Who were the different Progressive Presidents?The Election of 1912TR decided to run for a 3rd term. Taft won the Republican nomination. Roosevelt with the Progressive created the

Progressive Party or known as the “Bull Moose” Party.

Woodrow Wilson won the Democratic Nomination.

The vote: Wilson (41%) Roosevelt (29%) Taft (30%)

Who were the different Progressive Presidents?

Woodrow WilsonPast experience: New Jersey Governor and President of

Princeton University. His policy was “New Freedom”- he promised to enforce

anti-trust laws with threatening economic competition. The Underwood Tariff Act (1913): reduced average tariff

rates from 40% to 25%. Passed the 16th amendment- Income tax1914 Clayton Anti-trust Act: stop monopolies and price

cutting in local markets to squeeze out competitors was forbidden.

Federal Reserve Act: creates 12 reserve banks in different regions of the U.S

Elastic Currency: Create and distribute more money. We have more people in the U.S. need more money to circulate.