Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution
How people lived…
Still like the Middle Ages Landowners Farmers Families small
High infant mortality rate 1 in 3 die 1st year of life
Children 1 in 2 lived to be 21 years old Life expectance 40 years old
Economic Foundation
WoolCoalFarmingGuilds (Crafts people)Villages Limited transportation Self sufficient
Village Life
Most people never went beyond their village Domestic system
Worked from homeFamily all part of system
Common Land Private and public lands not fenced off Animals grazed
Town Life
Only 25% lived in town
In 1750 London was the largest city in Europe with an est. 700,000 pop.
Changes
Agriculture to Manufacturing Enclosure movement – parliament
supports landowners fencing off private and common lands.
Displaces small farmer who need common land
Forced to find another way of life
Textile Industry
Capital-Labor, machines, raw materials, money
Labor-farmers w/o farms
Quick Clip: http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=toV9uIDIJMs
Start at 3:30
Supply
TransportationRivers, Sea ports (harbors) Think about England. Why would an
industrial rev. do well here?Raw materials –
wool, iron, coal, natural resources
Production
Machines-Innovation and Inventions Flying shuttle Spinning jenny Power loom Cotton gin Steamboats Rail roads Steam engine
Innovation-improvement Invention –new
Land Changes
Reallocation of land useCrop rotation systems- rotate crops to not exhaust the soil for better returnsSeed drill- invented by Jethro Tull
The Emergence of Mass Society in the Western WorldModernity
1919
The Industrial Regions of Europe at the End of the Nineteenth Century
The Growth of Industrial Prosperity
New Products and New PatternsSubstitution of steel for ironElectricityRadio WavesTelephoneDepartment Stores-mass consumerismStreet cars (electric)CarsAirplanesGermany replaces Britain as industrial leaderEurope’s two economic zones
Worker Prosperity
Wage increasesLower product costsConsumerism
Sewing machinesClocks**BicyclesTypewriters
Still Falling behind
Southern Europe (Italy)Austria-HungarySpainPortugalBalkan Kingdoms Russia
All are agricultural and only traded raw materials did not produce goods
Organizing the Working Class
Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto
History is that of class strugglesOverthrow the bourgeoisieEventually there would be a classless society
German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany
Trade UnionsRight to strike in Britain gained in 1870s4 million members by 1914 in Britain B3
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Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900
The Emergence of Mass Society
New Urban EnvironmentGrowth of cities: by 1914, 80%of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800);30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800)
Migration from rural to urban
Improving living conditionsBoards of health set upClean water into the cityExpulsion of sewage
Housing needsBritish Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workersOctavia Hill -poor need guidance not charity (teaching a man to fish vs. giving a man a fish)
The Social Structure of Mass SocietyNew idea: Less on privilege/birth and more on MONEY
The Elite5 percent of the population that controlled
30 to 40 percent of wealth
The Middle ClassesUpper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-classProfessionalsWhite-collar workersChange of values in the Victorian period
The Lower classes80 percent of the European populationSkilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers *Work day is only 10 hours long now!!
The Experiences of WomenMarriage and the Family
Difficulty for single women to earn a living-was not proper to Most women married
Birth controlFemale control of family size
Middle-class familyMen provided income and women focused on household and child careFostered the idea of togetherness
– Victorian ideas – Christmas
Working-class familiesDaughters work until married1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wagesNew consumer products (Sewing machines, bikes)Compulsory Education Laws- took children out of the factories
Movement for Women’s RightsFight to own propertyAccess to higher education Access to jobs dominated by men:
teaching, nursingFlorence Nightengale and Clara Barton- Nurses
Demand for equal political rightsMost vocal was the British movementEmmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 (RADICAL)Suffragettes
Education in an Age of Mass Society
In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle classBetween 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12
Reasons:Needs of industrializationNeed for an educated electorate-votersTo instill patriotism
Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women“Natural role” of women
Leisure in an Age of Mass Society
Transportation systems meant:Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activitiesEnglish Football Association 1863American Bowling Congress 1895
Ferris Wheel
Soccer