Industrial policies india

INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN INDIA: ISSUES, OBJECTIVES &

EXPERIENCE

M.H. Suryanarayana

Structure

• Industrial Policy: Objectives & Evolution

• Current Status

• Evaluation

Background:

• Planning and Industrial policy evolution highly inter-twined:– Objectives of industrial policy articulated in the Industrial

Policy Resolutions of 1948 and 1956– Specific priorities and strategies spelt out in successive five

year plans to be implemented by:– A system of licensing provided for by the Industries

(Development & Regulation) Act, 1951; and– A system of import licensing and foreign trade policies meant

to promote import substituting industrialization– Licensing ensured realization of physical targets for

capacity set by the plan, trade policy sought to promote domestic industrialization by physical allocation of imports by products.

•

Industrial Policy Resolution 1948

• Outlined the approach to industrial growth and development

• Emphasized the importance of securing a continuous increase in production and ensuring its equitable distribution.


Progressively active role for the State in the

development of Industries. • State monopoly: Arms and ammunition, atomic

energy and railway transport• State exclusively responsible for the establishment of

new undertakings in six basic industries-except where, in the national interest, the State itself found it necessary to secure the cooperation of private enterprise.


• Rest of the industrial field open to private enterprise though the State would alsoprogressively participate in this field.


• After the adoption of the Constitution and the socio-economic goals, the Industrial Policy was comprehensively revised and adopted in 1956.

• Sought to accelerate the rate of economic growth and speed up industrialization to achieve a socialist pattern of society.

• Capital was scarce & the base of entrepreneurship not strong enough. Hence, the gave primacy to the role of the State to assume a predominant and direct responsibility for industrial development.


• Objectives:– Improvement in living standards and working

conditions for the mass of the people.

– Reduction in income and wealth disparities

– Prevention of private monopolies and concentration of economic power in different fields in the hands of small numbers of individuals.


– Progressively predominant and direct responsibility for the State in setting up new industrial undertakings and for developing transport facilities

– Undertake State trading on an increasing scale.

– Equal opportunity for the private sector to develop and expand.


– Private sector to develop on the principle of cooperation; increasing proportion of the private sector activities to develop on cooperative lines.

– The adoption of the socialist pattern of society as the national objective.

– The need for planned and rapid development.


– Public sector: All industries of basic and strategic importance, or in the nature of public utility services.

– The State can undertake any type of industrial production.


• Categorization of industries:

i) Set of industries the future development of which will be the exclusive responsibility of the State

• ii) Category of industries which will be progressively state-owned and in which the State will, therefore, generally take the initiative in establishing new undertakings, but in which private enterprise will also be expected to supplement the efforts of the State.


• iii) Rest of industries left to the initiative andenterprise of the private sector.

• Stress the role of cottage and village and small scale industries in the development of the national economy.

• Disparities in levels of development between different regions should be progressively reduced.

Industrial Policy 1973

• Certain structural distortions called for policy changes in IPR 1956

• Provide for a closer interaction between the agricultural and industrial sectors

• Highest priority to the generation and transmission of power.

• Identify products to be reserved for the small scale sector: list of industries exclusively reserved for the small scale sector expanded from 180 items to more than 500 items.


• Within the small scale sector, a tiny sector was also defined with investment in machinery andequipment up to Rs.1 lakh & located in townswith a population < 50,000 according to1971 census figures, and in villages.

• Proposal for special legislation to protect cottage and household industries


• Compulsory export obligations, merely for ensuring the foreign exchange balance of the project, would no longer be insisted upon while approving new industrial capacity.

• In the areas of price control of agricultural andindustrial products, the prices would be regulatedto ensure an adequate return to the investor.


• Emphasis on

– producing inputs needed by a large number of smaller units and making adequate marketing arrangements.

– upgrading the technology of small units.

– Promoting the development of a system of linkages between nucleus large plants and the satellite ancillaries


• Emphasis on:– the development of small scale industries, the

investment limit in the case of tiny units was enhanced to Rs.2 lakh, of a small scale units to Rs.20 lakh and of ancillaries to Rs.25 lakh.

– building buffer stocks of essential raw materials for the Small Scale Industries for operation through the SmallIndustries Development Corporations in the Statesand the National Small Industries Corporation inthe Centre.


• Emphasis on:– Industrial processes and technologies involving

optimum utilization of energy or the exploitation of alternative sources of energy for giving special assistance, including finance on concessional terms.

The Industrial Policy Statement 1980

• Formulated wrt the Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 to provide for (i) Optimum utilization of installed capacity;(ii) Maximum production and achieving higher productivity;(iii) Higher employment generation;(iv) Correction of regional imbalances;(v) Strengthening of the agricultural base through agro based industries and promotion of optimum inter-sectoral relationship;

• (vi) Promotion of export-oriented industries;

The Industrial Policy Statement 1980

• (vii) Promotion of economic federalism through equitable spread of investment and dispersal of returns;

• (viii) Consumer protection against high prices and bad quality.

INDUSTRIAL POLICY 1991

• Govt . recognizes the need for

– social and economic justice, to end poverty and unemployment and to build a modern, democratic, socialist, prosperous and forward-looking India

– India to grow as part of the world economy and not in isolation

– Greater emphasis placed on building up ability to pay for imports through our own foreign exchangeearnings

– development and utilization of indigenous capabilities in technology and manufacturing as well as itsup gradation to world standards.


• Sound policy framework encompassing encouragement of entrepreneurship, development of indigenous technology through investment in research and development, bringing in new technology, dismantling of the regulatory system, development of the capital markets and increasingcompetitiveness for the benefit of the commonman.


• The spread of industrialization to backward areas of the country will be actively promotedthrough appropriate incentives, institutions andinfrastructure investments.

• Government will provide enhanced support to the small-scale sector so that it flourishes in an environment of economic efficiency and continuous technological up gradation


• Foreign investment and technology collaboration will be welcomed to obtain highertechnology, to increase exports and to expand theproduction base.

Government will endeavor to abolish the monopoly of any sector or any individualenterprise in any field of manufacture, except onstrategic or military considerations and open allmanufacturing activity to competition.


• The Government will ensure that the public sector plays its rightful role in the evolvingsocioeconomic scenario of the country.Government will ensure that the public sector isrun on business lines as envisaged in the IndustrialPolicy Resolution of 1956 and would continue toinnovate and lead in strategic areas of nationalimportance.


• Government will fully protect the interests of labour, enhance their welfare and equip them in all respects to deal with the inevitability of technological changeLabour will be made an equal partner in

• progress and prosperity

• Workers’ participation in management will be promoted


• Workers cooperatives will be encouraged toparticipate in packages designed to turn aroundsick companies.

• The major objectives of the new industrial policy package will be to build on the gains already made, correct the distortions or weaknesses that may have crept in, maintain a sustained growth in productivity and gainful employment and attain international competitiveness.


• Need to preserve the environment and ensure the efficient use of available resources.

• Government’s policy will be continuity with change


• In pursuit of the above objectives, Governmenthave decided to take a series of initiatives in respect of the policies relating to the following areas.A. Industrial Licensing.B. Foreign Investment.C. Foreign Technology Agreements.D. Public Sector Policy.E. MRTP Act.


• Industrial licensing:– Modified industrial licensing policy to ease restrictions on

capacity creation, respond to emerging domestic & global opportunities by improving productivity

– Abolished industrial licensing for most industries but for 18 categories

– Small scale sector reserved

• Foreign Investment:– FDI (up to 51% foreign equity) permitted in high priority

industries (high investment and advanced technology) & export oriented companies


• Foreign Technology Agreements:• Towards technological dynamism, automatic approval

for technological agreements related to high priority industries; eased procedures for hiring foreign technical expertise

• Public Sector Policy:

Restructuring pubic sector units, raise resources through pubic participation PSUs, refer sick units to Board of Industrial & Financial Reconstruction

• MRTP Act:• Abolished scrutiny of investment decision of MRTP companies etc.

Current Scenario:

• Substantial changes:– Only six industries require compulsory licensing

– Only three industries reserved for the public sector

– Relation of restriction on FDI: FDI up to 100 % under automatic route for most manufacturing activities in Special Economic Zones; FDI ceiling in pvt banking sector up to 74%; oil exploration (100%); natural gas and LNG pipelines (100%); telecom (74%)

• Small Scale industries sector: reduced # of items reserved from 821 (1991) to 506 (2005)

Lessons from India:

• Industrial Policy should not be about:– Controlling Prices

– Controlling Quantity

– Specifying Geographical Location of Activity

– Preemption by Public Sector

– Policy Body, Regulatory Body and Service Provider being Government Agencies

Industrial Policy cannot be Viewed in Isolation

Education • Schooling → Vocational \ Technical Education → Entry into Workforce → Employment ↔ Life Long Learning

• Typology of Higher Education Institutions

Innovation • Public – Private – Partnership Models• Open Science Model, Licence Model, Innovation Model• Industry – Academia Collaboration

• Office of Sponsored Projects: Funding agreements• Office of Technology Transfer: Patenting and licensing

technology

Global Cooperation

• Open Source Drug Discovery is a CSIR Team India Consortium with Global Partnership with a vision to provide affordable healthcare to the developing world. http://www.osdd.net/

Fiscal • Tax Incentives for R&D Expenditure• Funding for Industry – Academia Collaboration• Transparent Process (Metrics for Evaluation) for Funding Basic

Research Vs Applied Research

Industrial Policy cannot be Viewed in Isolation

Infrastructure & Industrial Policy

• Infrastructure Sectors - • Heavy Industries - • Local Infrastructure Development needs to be Dovetailed with

Industrial Structure• Cluster Program

• Specialization, Flexibility in Production, Linkages, Sub-contractors, Cooperation among Firms, Economies of Scale and Scope

• Knowledge Transfer on Best Practices• Research Parks in the Industrial Cluster

• 1999 to 2009 – 57 percent increase in number of students attending a university outside their home countries (Size: 3 million)

• Since 1990 – Doubling of cross-border scientific collaboration (measured by co-authored journal articles)

• Half of the world's top physicists no longer work in their home countries

• 60 percent increase in number of “branch campuses" (operating outside national borders) in just five years.

Global Universities are Reshaping the World: Ben Wildavsky

Internationalization of Higher Education

Source: Joseph Klafter (2010) Together, we’re better, The Times Higher Education July 1, 2010

1. To facilitate the transfer of university created discoveries into new products and services for public use and benefit.

2. To promote regional economic growth and job creation. 3. To reward, retain, and recruit faculty and graduate students. 4. To create (new) relationships with industry. 5. To generate net royalty income for the TO, inventors, and the university. 6. To generate new funding support for the university and/or faculty from sponsored

research funding, consulting opportunities for faculty, and donations of money or equipment.

7. To serve as a service center to the university, faculty, students, and staff on all areas related to intellectual property, including providing seminars and consulting assistance when requested.

8. To actively facilitate formation of university-connected start-up (spinout) companies

Mission of Office of Technology Transfer

Source: Gilles Capart and Jon Sandelin (2004) Models of, and Missions for, Transfer Offices from Public Research Organizationshttp://otl.stanford.edu/documents/JSMissionsModelsPaper-1.pdf

1. Universities should reserve the right to practice licensed inventions and to allow other non-profit and governmental organizations to do so

2. Exclusive licenses should be structured in a manner that encourages technology development and use

3. Strive to minimize the licensing of “future improvements”4. Universities should anticipate and help to manage technology transfer related

conflicts of interest5. Ensure broad access to research tools6. Enforcement action should be carefully considered7. Be mindful of export regulations8. Be mindful of the implications of working with patent aggregators9. Consider including provisions that address unmet needs, such as those of

neglected patient populations or geographic areas, giving particular attention to improved therapeutics, diagnostics and agricultural technologies for the developing world

Nine Points to Consider in Licensing University Technology

Source: In the Public Interest: Nine Points to Consider in Licensing University Technology 2007 http://www.autm.net/Nine_Points_to_Consider.htm

How do Research Universities Contribute?

Open Science Model Licence Model

Innovation Model

- No IPR retained by universities (Contract Work, Publications)

Licence Model - FY2001: Over 494 new companies based on an academic discovery were formed, and over $1 billion in royalty income-Stanford University TTO 1970 – 1980 ($4 mn)1981 – 1990 ($40 mn)Since 1990 ($ 500 min)- Demonstration of proof of principle of the utility of such inventions

Innovation Model- Collaborative research with industry- Creation of spinoutSubsidiariesMore developed in certainEuropean countries (UK, Scandinavian countries,Netherlands and Belgium)

Source: Gilles Capart and Jon Sandelin (2004) Models of, and Missions for, Transfer Offices from Public Research Organizationshttp://otl.stanford.edu/documents/JSMissionsModelsPaper-1.pdf

Approaches: 1. Licensing to established companies 2. Facilitation of start-up companies to develop

university inventions

Source: University Technology Transfer in the U.S: History, Status and Trends

Spinouts from U.S. universities- Some Issues

Assistance with preparation of business plansHelp in incorporating the companyDirectly providing or finding early stage investmentHelp in recruiting management team members.

Requires significant resources & compensation systems Potential for faculty conflict of interest Possibility for adverse public reaction and adverse media exposure Risk of involvement in product liability lawsuits.

• One spin-out company is created for every • $15 million in research spending in UK universities• $44 million for U.S. universities.

• 54% of UK universities have business incubators.

Source: U.K Department of Trade and Industry Research Management Briefing, No. 9, March 8, 2004

44

Related Illustrations

Industrial policies india

Business