Industrial Chemistry Part ii Dr. Ramy Y. Morjan Faculty of Science The Islamic University-Gaza 2011.

Industrial ChemistryPart ii 

Dr. Ramy Y. MorjanFaculty of Science

The Islamic University-Gaza

2011

Formulation Chemistry

Is the mixing of compounds/substances that DO NOT react with each other but produce a mixture with the desired characteristics/properties to suit a particular application/use.

Many modern products contain a combination of several chemical substances, each contributing an advantage to the finished product for a particular application and use.

All product development starts from an idea or dream that are converted into a physical form by combining multiple ingredients.

A broad range of useful household products are the result of the science of formulation chemistry.

Cosmetics and other 'personal products‘

Perfumes, Hair colouring products, Deodorants and antiperspirants, Detergents - liquids/gels (e.g. washing up liquids/shampoos) and soaps blocks/powders PaintsPharmaceutical productsInks and DyesAdhesives

In formulating chemistry products, the chemist needs problem-free ingredients that have been tested and found to be safe and effective.

Since no reactions happen in making the mixture, most formulations are prepared by measuring liquids by volume and solids by mass ('weight').

Characteristics of formulation chemistry

Products are composed of multiple ingredients of different physico-chemical properties.

In the process of formulation, all ingredients lose their intrinsic identity.

Formulation is the accurate balance of all ingredients in a single physical entity.

In order for all ingredients to take shape into specific physical form, there plays an invisible physical chemistry.

Cosmetics formulation is more than just simple mixing of all ingredients. There must be chemistry behind putting together all ingredients.

Without chemistry it would be called a “mixture” rather than a formulation !!! 

Formulation product is composed of two main parts

1)Structural PartChemical attraction between waxes and oils determines the visco-elastic characteristics of product. If there is a stable structure of the product, then that will be a good start to combine the pigments uniformly for the desired application properties.The chemistry of individual ingredients determines the texture of finished goods. It is the mystery of chemistry how the same molecular weight can give products completely different texture and properties. Empirical formula: C18H36O2 (stearic acid): Waxy Empirical formula: C18H36O2 (isostearic acid): Liquid

Surface Active Agents

Surfactants are "Surface Active Agents":

Surfactants are usually organic compounds that areAmphiphilic

They contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups Surfactants are made up of two parts, a head and a tail that exhibit differing properties.

The head is hydrophilic (it is attracted to water)

Tail is hydrophobic (it tends to distance itself from H2O

Tail

Head

Surfactants are compounds that stabilize mixtures of oil and water by reducing the surface tension at the interface between the oil and water molecules.

Surfactants are broadly classified into the following four groups based on the ionic charges they carry:

Anionic surfactants

Nonionic surfactants

Cationic surfactants

Amphoteric surfactants

The tail of surfactants can be:

1) A hydrocarbon chain: Aromatic hydrocarbons , alkanes , alkenes, alkyne. 2) Alkyl ether chain (Alkoxylated surfactants)

i) Polyethylene oxides:

Inserted to increase the hydrophilic character of surfactant.

ii) Polypropylene oxides

Inserted to increase the lipophilic character of a surfactant.

Fluorinated Surfactants

Are synthetic organofluorine chemical compounds that have multiple fluorine atoms

The Head of surfactants can be:

A surfactant can be classified by the presence of formally charged groups in its head.

Anionic surfactants These have a negatively charged end of the molecule.

Gives it the hydrophilic part of the molecule.

These negatively charged parts of the molecules are usually

Sulfonates, Sulfates, or Carboxylates.

Neutralized by positively charged metal cations such as Na or K

Carboxylates

Alkyl benzene Sulphonates

Cleansing Formulation

Shampoo & Hand wash

Bath gels & Tooth Paste

Soaps & Detergents

Uses of Ionic Surfactants

Nonionic surfactants These are surfactants that have no ions. They derive their polarity from having an oxygen rich portion of the molecule at one end and a large organic molecule at the other end. Partial net-negative charge which makes the whole molecule polar and able to participate in hydrogen bonding with water Examples of nonionic surfactants are alcohol ethoxylates, nonylphenoxy polyethylenoxy alcohols, and ethylene oxide/propylene oxide

Cationic surfactants These are positively charged molecules usually derived from nitrogen compounds. They are not commonly used as cleaning agents in hard-surface cleaners .Many cationic surfactants have bacteriacidal properties that are useful in creating disinfectants that leave a cationic disinfectant film on the surface.

Cationic surfactants are usually incompatible with anionic surfactants, because they will react with the negatively charged anionic surfactant to form an insoluble or ineffective compound.

Amphoteric surfactants

Those surfactants that change their charge with pH. They can be anionic, nonionic, or cationic depending on pH.

N+

CH3

CH3

CH2COO-