Indoor Air Pollution Toxins, carcinogens, oh my! Indoor Air Pollution • Indoor Air Pollution Trends • Sources ➡ Carbon Monoxide ➡ Building Materials: Formaldehyde ➡ Mites and Microbes ➡ Radon Gas ➡ Asbestos ➡ Tobacco Smoke • Regulation and Abatement Trends • Concentrations increased during 1980s ➡ Energy-efficient homes leak in less fresh air ➡ Increased use of insulation ➡ Cheaper woodwork • Exposure time increased ➡ Longer hours spent indoors 1 2 3
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Indoor Air Pollution
Toxins, carcinogens, oh my!
Indoor Air Pollution
• Indoor Air Pollution Trends
• Sources
➡ Carbon Monoxide
➡ Building Materials: Formaldehyde
➡ Mites and Microbes
➡ Radon Gas
➡ Asbestos
➡ Tobacco Smoke
• Regulation and Abatement
Trends
• Concentrations increased during 1980s
➡ Energy-efficient homes leak in less fresh air
➡ Increased use of insulation
➡ Cheaper woodwork
• Exposure time increased
➡ Longer hours spent indoors
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Carbon Monoxide Sources
Building Materials
• Carpets, textiles
➡ Organic solvents, formaldehyde
• Glue in composite materials (plywood, particleboard, plastic laminate)
➡ Formaldehyde, organic vapors
• Paints and coatings
➡ Formaldehyde, organic vapors
• Foams (insulation and cushions)
• Fiber insulation
Formaldehyde
H2CO, CH2O, or HCHO
• Slightly “sweet” odor
• Organic preservative
➡ Preserve biological specimens
➡ Sets dyes
Organic compound
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HCHO in the Home
• Main (long-term) source is furniture, wood, and insulation, not carpets!
➡ Carpets, drapes, paint emit mainly when new
➡ Insulation trapped in walls slowly outgas over a long period
➡ Glues trapped in carpentry outgas slowly over time
HCHO Health Effects
• Effects as concentration/exposure increases (in order):
➡ Eye irritation
➡ Odor detected
➡ Cerebral cortex affected
➡ Nose, throat irritation
➡ Autonomous system affected
• Also carcinogenic
Mites and MicrobesDust mite Dust mite feces
Bacteria VirusesPollen
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Mold• Fungus
➡ “Black mold”: Stachybotrys
• Live or dead cells and spores can cause allergic reactions
Remediation:
1. Eliminate sources of excessive moisture
2. Remove organisms and spores
Infiltration of Outdoor Air Pollutants
• Comes in through open and closed windows, doors
• Seeps in through cracks and gaps in walls and roof
Radon Gas in the Home
• Source: radon gas seeping out of soil
• Radon gas is a decay product of naturally occurring radioisotopes (Uranium-238)
• Radon gas problem increased during the 1980s
➡ Increased awareness
➡ Energy-efficient homes decreased ventilation
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Air
Soil
Uranium-238 Radium-226
Radon-222
Seepage: due to heating/cooling cycle in house
Basement
Polonium-218
Bismuth-214, Lead-214
House
picoCuries per liter
(pCi/l)
4-pack/day smoker100 pCi/l
Radon-infested10 pCi/l
(1 pack/day smoker)
EPA standard4 pCi/l
Radon test kits
Yellow: risk of < 2 pCi/l
Orange: risk of 2–4 pCi/l
Red: risk of > 4 pCi/l
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Radon Mitigation
Blow air into basement
Air pump
Radon Mitigation
Air pump
Layer of coarse gravel
Radon Mitigation
Air pump
Active Subsoil Depressurization
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Asbestos
• A mineral in the form of fibers
• Used extensively as an insulating material
• Problem occurs when fibers break off and become airborne
• Health effects
➡ Asbestosis: chronic inflamation and scarring of lung tissue
➡ Lung cancer and mesothelioma
Tobacco Smoke
• From combustion of tobacco products in:
➡ Cigarettes
➡ Cigars
➡ Pipes
• Similar smoke from other combustible products
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Partial List of Tobacco Smoke Constituents
Carbon monoxide
Nitrogen oxides
Hydrogen Cyanide
Acrolein
Acetaldehyde
Formaldehyde
Hydrazine
Vinyl Chloride
Nicotine, Tar
Urethane
2-nitropropane
Quionoline
Nitrosamines
Nickel carbonyl
Benzo(a)pyrene
5-methylchrysene
210Polonium
Cadmium
Sidestream Smoke(Environmental Tobacco Smoke)
Same as Mainstream smoke gases
+ Smoldering cigs
Cooler
Less efficient
burn
Higher CO content
Sidestream Smoking
• Dosage—Depends on number of smokers, room volume, ventilation, distance from cigarette(s)
• One pack of cigarettes = 20 µg/m3 of particulates per day
• Near smoker, 500–1000 µg/m3
• Health effects: eye irritation, aggravation of asthma, increased respiratory tract illness, cardiovascular and heart disease, lung cancer
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Regulation
• No NAAQS for indoors
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has workplace standards
➡ These standards are less stringent than outdoors
• Workers are a healthier subset of general population
• Photochemical smog is not an indoor problem
Indoor Air Pollution Remediation
• Reduce polluting activity
➡ Decreases the source rate
• Enhance ventilation
➡ Decreases residence time or increases mixing volume
• Live plants (?)
• Filtration (air cleaners)
➡ Anthropogenically enhanced deposition
Filtration
• Mechanical: fiber-based filtration medium traps aerosol particles
➡ Fibers: paper, cotton/cloth, fiberglass
• Sorbents: materials that capture gas molecules out of the air