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Alan F. Koropitan
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB)
[email protected]
Indonesia Scoping Report
Asia and the Pacific Regional Expert Workshop on Ocean Accounts
UN Conference Centre, Bangkok, 1 – 3 August 2018
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TOTAL AREA
TERRITORIAL WATERS
EEZ WATERS
COASTLINE 95,181 KM
2.7 M KM2
3.1 M KM2
5.8 M KM2
ISLANDS 17,508
Physical and Geographical Features
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Ocean contribution to GDP
Ocean Economic Feature
BAPPENAS (2014)
BAPPENAS (2014)
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Orasi Menteri PPN/Kepala BAPPENAS di UI, 26 September 2017 “Visi Indonesia 2045”
Indonesia 2045
Contribution of fisheries, marine tourism and marine transportation will be 30% of GDP, through:
Institutionalization of Fisheries Management Areas, fisheries industry, modern fishing fleet, world
class marine tourism and water front city development
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• Total workers in fisheries sector are 13 million people
51% active in production (capture and aquaculture)
38% active in trade
11% active in fish processing.
• In general, fishermen in Indonesia are still poor due to several problems, such as: low
skill in technology and business management, not bankable, etc.
• Fishing boat owned by fisherman is mainly < 5 GT, with the number counted 90% of
total national fishing boat.
• Almost 90% of fisherman can be categorized as peasant and post peasant fishermen.
• Traditional small scale business with limited capacity of human resources, labor
intensive, seasonal and limited raw material supply, low value added, and unmatched
with industrial standard product.
• Dependent to middle man (not bankable condition).
BAPPENAS (2016)
Social Feature of Fishermen
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One Map Policy for Mangrove Distribution
SATU PETA MANGROVE
Mangrove coverage :3,321,288 Ha (in progress)
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One Map Policy for Seagrass
SATU PETA HABITAT LAMUN NASIONAL
Seagrass coverage : 150,693.16 Ha (LIPI, 2017)
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One Map Policy for Coral Reef Distribution
SATU PETA TERUMBU KARANG NASIONAL
Coral reef coverage : 2,517,858 Ha (LIPI, 2017)
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Human population and land-use change
would be the main drivers for marine
pollution (organic and sediment loads)
Demographic feature
KLHK (2014)
Environmental Quality Index
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(a) Coastal provinces up to 12 miles from the coastline, including small islands, (National Act
No. 27/2007 jo Act No. 1/2014 on Coastal Zone and Smal Islands Management).
(b) Ocean regions that cover more than 12 miles until economic exclusive zone (Ocean Act
32 of 2014).
Concept of Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia
Courtesy of Dr. Subandono
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a) Zonation Plan for Coastal Provinces, including Small Islands (RZWP3K) has established
in 4 provinces (North Sulawesi, West Sulawesi, West Nusa Tenggara and East Nusa
Tenggara), while 9 provinces (West Sumatra, Lampung, Banten, JMA, Central Java, East
Java, North Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi and South Sulawesi) will establish soon. There
are 6 provinces (Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, Southeast Sulawesi, Riau, West
Kalimantan and Gorontalo) in final processes for RZWP3K. The remains 15 provinces
(North Maluku, Yogyakarta, North Sumatera, West Jawa, Maluku, Bengkulu, Bangka
Belitung, Aceh, South Sumatera, West Papua, Riau Archipelago, Bali, Jambi, East
Kalimantan, and Papua) are targeted to finish their RZWP3K by 2019.
b) A National Marine Spatial Plan (RTRLN) is currently being formalized through a
government regulation.
Status of Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia
End of 2017
RZWP3K and RTRLN are to ensure the sustainability of marine and coastal resources
management, which is carried out through: (i) improvement of marine, coastal and small
islands protection; (ii) preservation of maritime socio-culture, indigenous communities and
artisanal fisheries; (iii) improvement of community welfare through development of
maritime economic growth centers; and (iv) legal certainty for attracting investments.
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Fisheries Management in Indonesia
Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 18/2014
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Fisheries Management Area
Ministry Marine Affairs and
FisheriesNational
Commission on
Fish Stock
Assessment
National
Fisheries
Management
Authority
Local Fisheries
Provinces and Districts/Cities
Fisheries Act and Government
Regulation No. 54/2002 on boat
licenses:
Fisheries Management in Indonesia
> 30 GT: ministry
management
10-30 GT: province
management
5-10 GT: district/city
management
< 5 GT do not need
licenses
Fisheries Management Plan for all WPPs has been formalized
through the series of marine and fisheries affairs ministerial decrees
No authority
In every fishing operation, all boats with SIPI have to report fisheries log book to the Fishing Port before landing
the fish catch. (Minister of Marine Affairs and Fisheries Regulation No. 18/2010)
Task Force 115 for combating
IUU Fishing
Small scale fisheries: National Act No. 7/2016 regarding Protection and
Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish and Salt Farmers, provides support for
fishermen, fish and salt farmers in the form of: means and infrastructures
for doing sustainable business, capacity building, institutional
arrangement, financing system, risks transfer, and legal assistance.
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Marine Protected Areas in 2016
No MPA Type Number of
MPA
Area coverage
(Ha)
A Managed by Ministry of Environment and
Forestry
32 4,694,947.55
1 Marine National Park 7 4,043,541.30
2 Natural Marine Tourism Park 14 491,248.00
3 Marine Wildlife Reserve 5 5,678.25
4 Natural Marine Preserve 6 154,480.00
B Managed by MMAF and Local Government 133 13,285,704.44
5 Waters National Park 1 3,355,352.82
6 Natural Waters Reserve 3 445,630.00
7 Waters Tourism Park 6 1,541,040.20
8 Local conservation Area 123 7,943,681.42
Total 165 17,980,651.99
Established and managed according to three legislations,
• National Act No. 5/1990 (Conservation Act)
• National Act No. 31/2004 jo 45/2009 (Fisheries Act)
• National Act No. 27/2007 jo 1/2014 (Coastal Zone and Small Islands Management Act)
Target:
20 million ha
in 2020
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Local Marine Protected Area
• All MPAs that established by local and indigenous communities and private
sectors are regulated by a permit issuance.
• The issuance of permit will ensure the activities will not exceed the MPA’s
carrying capacity and in accordance to Indonesia’s Guidelines of the Sustainable
Fisheries Zoning Utilization in the Conservation Area (Minister of Marine Affairs
and Fisheries Regulation No. 47/2016 on Utilization of MPA).
• The extent of permits issued should not exceed 50% of the carrying capacity
(e.g.: maximum fish catch is 50% of the potential fish stock in a sustainable
fisheries zone, or number of aquaculture unit should not exceed the total area of
a sustainable fisheries zone).
• Recognizing various local wisdom which in line with the sustainable use of
natural resources
• Implementing the guidelines to improve the management effectiveness of MPA
(E-KKP3K)
The latest award was given to local government of Raja Ampat who sucessfully manage
Raja Ampat MPA. At the moment, Raja Ampat MPA already reach gold level for tourism
aspect, as the main drive of economy as proved by 18 thousand people visited Raja
Ampat in 2016.
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Governance Challenges
Main challenge in ocean governance in Indonesia: spatial planning.
Two regimes of spatial planning: terrestrial and marine.
Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is divided into coastal provinces (up to 12 miles from the
coastline) and ocean regions that cover more than 12 miles until economic exclusive zone.
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Minister of MAF
Executive Committee
Statistics
Advisory
board
Management Measures
Scientific panel
Fisheries Commission
National
Commission on
Fish Stock
Assessment
Panel of
DGs
evaluasi
Control
Secretariat
feedbackFMA Authority
DG on Fisheries Capture
LC-EAFM
National Management Authority
MPA
Future Plan
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Distribusi Spasial FP2TPKIFisheries Knowledge Centers (Universities)
LC-EAFM
Courtesy of Dr. Luky Adrianto
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Research Structure in FMAs
WPP 571 WPP 572 WPP 573 WPP 711 WPP 712 WPP 713 WPP 714 WPP 715 WPP 716 WPP 717 WPP 718
LC-571 LC-572 LC- 573 LC-711 LC-712 LC- 713 LC-714 LC-715 LC-716 LC-717 LC-718
Marine data Fisheries data Socio-economic data Policy data
Fisheries resources Habitat Social InstitutionEconomic
Long term Research and Observation
WPP Data Pool
Fisheries Big Data
FMA basis
Fisheries ManagementCourtesy of Dr. Luky Adrianto