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NATIONALIST MOVEMENT

IN

INDO - CHINA

Indo - China is a small peninsula in South-East Asia. It consists of Laos, Cambodia

and Vietnam.

VIETNAM AND CHINA

• Vietnam was under the shadow of Chinese empire.

• (i) Vietnam followed the Chinese system of government and Chinese culture.

• (ii) Chinese language was the language of the educated Vietnamese people. They followed Chinese system of education.

• (iii) Confucianism, a Chinese religion, had many followers in Vietnam.

• (iv) Vietnam was connected to Maritime silk route.

The French troops reached Vietnam in 1858. They defeated china in a war and got control over Tonkin

and Annam. In 1887, the French Indo-China was formed.

FRANCE AND OTHER EUROPEAN POWERS LOOKED FOR COLONIES

• Colonies were necessary due to the following reasons:

• (i) They were rich in natural resources. So, they provided raw materials to European industries.

• (ii) Europeans could use colonies as markets to sell their finished goods.

• (iii) Europeans wanted to spread western culture in the colonies.

DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS UNDERTAKEN BY FRANCE IN VIETNAM

• The French built irrigation canals. They drained Mekong delta and encouraged rice cultivation.

• They built roads and railway lines. For example:-Trans Indo-China railway route.

• Rubber plantation was introduced in

Vietnam.

• Land reform measures were undertaken.

• Modern education was introduced.

RICE AND RUBBER CULTIVATION IN VIETNAM

TRANS INDO – CHINA RAILWAY

PAUL BERNARD ASKED THE FRENCH TO TAKE STEPS TO DEVELOP VIETNAM

• According to Paul Bernard, colonies were acquired with the aim of making profits.

• If colonies were developed, the standard of living of the people would improve.

• The people would demand more and more foreign goods. So, the French can sell more goods and get more profits

BARRIERS TO ECONOMIC GROWTH IN VIETNAM

• Huge population size.

• Low agricultural productivity.

• Indebtedness among the peasants.

INTRODUCTION OF MODERN EDUCATION IN VIETNAM

• The French introduced modern education:-

• to spread western culture and civilization.

• to get educated workers for low-paid jobs.

• to make the Vietnamese , their loyal supporters.

DILEMMA OF MODERN EDUCATION

• The French wanted to civilise the people of Vietnam. They were also in the need of an educated labour force. So, they decided to introduce modern education.

• At the same time, the French had a fear that the education would create the following problems:-

• Educated people may oppose colonial domination.

• The colons feared that, they would lose their jobs to the educated Vietnamese.

MEDIUM OF EDUCATION

• Some people argued that the French should be used as the medium of education. It would help in spreading western culture and civilisation.

• Some others argued that Vietnamese should be the medium in the lower classes and French in the higher classes.

• Those who learn French and adopt French culture could be given French citizenship.

• Finally, the rich were allowed to study in French schools and poor in the Vietnamese schools.

DRAWBACKS OF THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM INTRODUCED BY THE FRENCH IN VIETNAM

• The government followed the policy of deliberately failing the students.

• Education was limited to the rich people.

• The textbooks glorified the French rule and culture and degraded Vietnamese culture.

TONKIN FREE SCHOOL

• It was started in 1907 to provide western education.

• Science, hygiene and French were taught along with the other subjects.

• The school encouraged students to adopt western style of living. Students had to cut their hair short.

TONKIN FREE SCHOOL

SCHOOL TEXT BOOKS

• The school textbooks glorified French culture and supported French rule.

• The Vietnamese were shown as primitive and backward people.

• The Vietnamese could do only manual labour not intellectual labour.

• The children were made to believe that only French rule could provide peace to Vietnam.

• The schools forced the students to give up Vietnamese lifestyle and follow French lifestyle.

PROTEST BY TEACHERS AND STUDENTS

• Teachers and students did not follow the curriculum blindly. They opposed it openly.

• Students organised a movement against the Saigon Native Girls schools which expelled a student.

• They formed political parties like Party of Young Annan and published a journal called AnnaneseStudent.

SAIGON NATIVE GIRLS SCHOOL INCIDENT

• In Saigon Native Girls School, a Vietnamese girl sitting in the first bench was asked to go to the back bench in order to allow a colon girl to occupy the first bench.

• She was expelled from the school when she refused to obey.

• The students who opposed this action were also expelled.

• This led to large scale protests. So, the government asked the school to take back the students.

GO EAST MOVEMENT

• Nearly 300 students of Vietnam went to Japan to get modern education.

• Their real aim was to overthrow the French rule with the help of Japan.

• They set up Restoration Society in Tokyo.

PLAGUE IN HANOI

• The French part of the city of Hanoi was beautiful with all modern facilities.

• The native part was unclean without sanitation facilities.

• The dirty water from the old city joined the river. The sewers of modern city became a breeding ground of rats.

• The rats entered the French houses through sewage pipes and spread plague.

RAT HUNT

• The modern city of Hanoi was affected by plague.

• It was spread by the rats which lived in sewers. So, rats had to be killed.

• Vietnamese were employed to kill the rats. The workers started collective bargaining.

• Some of them cut the tail to show as proof and released the rats.

• Some of them reared rats to earn money.

NATIVE PART OF HANOI

MODERN PART OF HANOI

RELIGION AND ANTI COLONIALISM

• The French effort to destroy the religious believes and traditions of Vietnam created anti-French feelings.

• Scholars’ revolt was organised by the French.

• Hoa Hao movement encouraged anti-French feelings among the people.

• Political parties got the support of the religious groups in the struggle for freedom.

SCHOLAR’S REVOLT

• It was an armed revolt led by the officers of the Kings Court.

• It was against the spread of Christianity and the French rule.

HOA HAO MOVEMENT

• It was a religious movement started by Huynh PhuSo in 1939.

• He performed miracles and helped the poor. He opposed child marriages, useless expenditure, gambling and the use of liquor.

• The French called him mad [MAD BONZE] and sent him to a mental hospital. Later he was sent out of Vietnam.

PHAN BOI CHAU

He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He formed the revolutionary society in 1903. He wrote a book titled ‘The History Of The Loss Of Vietnam’. He wanted to

overthrow the French rule with the help of the Monarchy.

PHAN BOI CHAU

• He accepted monarchy.

• He did not want to revolt against monarchy.

• He wanted to get the help of monarchy to oppose French rule.

• He supported Vietnamese culture and opposed western ideas.

• He wanted to establish a constitutional monarchy

PHAN CHU TRINH

• He was a Vietnamese nationalist. He was against Monarchy. He wanted to establish a Modern Democratic Republic. He supported the French ideas of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

PHAN CHU TRINH

• He wished to overthrow monarchy.

• He planned an uprising against monarchy.

• He did not want to get the help of monarchy.

• He supported modern ideas like liberty, fraternity and equality.

INFLUENCE OF JAPAN AND CHINA ON VIETNAMES NATIONALISTS

• Japan became a modern nation. So, Vietnamese considered it as a model. The people who escaped from French police took refuge in Japan.

• Many students went to Japan in the name of education, but their real aim was to get Japan’s support for freedom struggle.

• They set up restoration society in Japan.

• Sun Yat Sen’s movement ,which overthrew monarchy in China, inspired Vietnamese nationalists.

EFFCTS OF GREAT DEPRESSION ON VIETNAM

• Great depression led to a fall in the prices of rice and rubber. This affected the farmers badly.

• Export earnings of Vietnam decreased sharply.

• Unemployment and poverty became severe.

• It led to many revolts in villages.

HO CHI MINH

HO CHI MINH

• Ho Chi Minh was the greatest leader of the Vietnamese freedom struggle. He:

• united the nationalist groups and formed the Indo-Chinese communist party.

• became the president of North Vietnam and introduced many socialist policies.

• formed a people’s army called Vietminh to fight against foreign powers.

• led the communists and the struggle for freedom for 40 years.

• organised his people for their heroic struggle against American troops.

CHALLENGES FACED BY THE NEW REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

• The french troops tried to re-establish their control over Vietnam. So, the new republic had to fight a war.

• Vietnam was divided into two parts in the Geneva Conference.

• The U.S.A entered into the Vietnamese war. So, the new republic had to fight against the most powerful country of the world.

• Use of chemical weapons and destruction of towns and villages by the American forces made the people’s life miserable.

BATTLE OF DIEN BIEN PHU: It was a battle fought between the French and the Vietminh in 1954. The French were

defeated in this battle.

GENEVA CONFERENCE OF 1954

• It was organised by the U.N.

• It was decided to divide Vietnam into two parts.

• The North under Communist rule and South under Bao Dai[Puppet of the U.S.A]

NATIONAL LIBERATION FRONT

• Bao Dai’s government in South Vietnam was overthrown by Ngo Dinh Diem.

• He set up an oppressive and dictatorial government. Anyone who opposed him was called a communist and jailed.

• He allowed Christianity and banned Buddhism. So, the people turned against him.

• They formed the NLF and started a war against his government with the support of North Vietnam.

USA INTERFERES IN VIETNAMESE WAR

• The U.S.A decided to interfere in Vietnamese war because:

• America was strongly against communist movement. They had a fear that the victory of communists of Vietnam would lead to the spread of communism in Asia.

• The U.S.A policy makers underestimated the strength of the Vietnamese nationalists. They expected a quick victory.

EFFECTS OF VIETNAMESE WAR ON USA

• American people opposed their county’s involvement in the war.

• Only non-graduates had to join the army. So, many poor men had to go to Vietnam.

• Many Americans were killed and many were wounded. So, their relatives turned against the government.

• Many books were written and films were made to show the sufferings of the American troops.

US MEDIA AND FILMS

• U.S media and films were divided over the issue of U.S involvement in Vietnamese war.

• Some movies like Green Berets directed by John Wayne supported the war.

• Some other movies like ‘Apocalypse Now’, directed by John Ford Coppola opposed the war and showed its bad effects.

HO CHI MINH’S TRAIL

• Ho Chi Minh’s Trail was a network of roads and footpaths. Most of the trail was in Laos and Cambodia. It was used by the Vietnamese in their war against the U.S forces.

• It was used to transport goods and people from North Vietnam to South Vietnam.

• It was used for the quick movement of forces from one war front to the other.

• It was used to supply food, arms and ammunition to the soldiers.

• It had support bases and hospitals along the way.

HOCHI MINH’S TRAIL

ROLE OF WOMEN IN ANTI-IMPERIALIST STRUGGLE IN VIETNAM

• Plays, novels and paintings were made about the heroic women of the past such as Trung sisters and Trieu Au in order to create patriotism among the people.

• Women joined the army and fought bravely against the American troops. They succeeded in shooting down war planes.

• They were dedicated workers. They carried rifle on their back and worked in the field.

• They were involved in nursing the injured, constructing underground rooms and tunnels.

• They worked as helpers in Ho Chi Minh’s Trail. They carried goods.

TRUNG SISTERS

• They were two Vietnamese women who fought against the Chinese domination.

• Phan Boi Chau wrote a play based on their lives.

• When they lost the war, they killed themselves. The Vietnamese people considered the Trung sisters as great patriots.

TRUNG SISTERS

TRIEU AU

• She organized an army to fight against the Chinese.

• She lived in the forest and led the war. She killed herself when she lost the war.

TRIEU AU

END OF THE WAR

• Common people of the U.S.A opposed their country’s involvement in the war. Movies and media showed the miseries of the American soldiers.

• (ii) American forces suffered heavy damages. Many were killed in the war.

• (iii) World opinion turned against the U.S. many writers and thinkers supported Vietnam.

• (iv) A peace agreement was signed in January 1974 and the war ended when Saigon was freed.

NEW REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM

THE END

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