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台北榮總 過敏免疫風濕科 陳瑋昇 主治醫師
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Page 1: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

台北榮總 過敏免疫風濕科

陳瑋昇 主治醫師

Page 2: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Introduction (簡介)

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 4: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

嚴重度

(arb

itra

ry u

nit

s)

0

發病時間 (年)

5 10 15 20 25 30

早期 中期 晚期 類風濕性關節炎

Adapted from Kirwan. J Rheumatol 1999;26:720–725

發炎反應

患者失能

骨頭關節破壞

早期診斷、早期治療

Page 5: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

RA病理機轉

Immune complexes

Complement fixation

Attract inflammatory

cell infiltrates

IL-2IFNγ

TNFaIL-17

RANKL

Pannus

Articularcartilage

IL-4

IL-6

IL-10

IL-6, TNFα,IFNγ, IL-10, lymphotoxin

Adapted from Smolen and Steiner. Nature Rev Drug Discovery. 2003;2;473; Choy and Panayi. N Engl J Med.2001;344:907., Silverman and Carson. Arthritis Res Ther 2003; 59(suppl 4):S1.

APC– B cells– Dendritic cells– Macrophages

Production of metalloproteinases and other effector molecules

Migration of polymorphonuclear cells

Erosion of bone and cartilage

RF, anti-CCP

APC

TNFa, IL-1, IL-6,

metalloproteinases

T

B

C

FLSOC

PC

Page 6: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

RA的各式各樣的生物製劑

McInnes I. and Schett G. N Eng J Med (2011) 365: 2205; http://www.fda.gov

TNFα inhibitor

1998 EtanerceptInfliximab

2002 Adalimumab

2008 Certolizumab

pegol

2009 Golimumab

B-cell depletion

2006 Rituximab*

IL-6 Inhibitor

2010 Tocilizumab

T-cell Co-stimulation

Inhibitor

2007 Abatacept

* Rituximab was approved for NHL on 1997.

JAK-3 Inhibitor

2013Toficitinib

Page 7: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Anti-CD20

不同機轉的生物製劑

TNF-α inhibitor Anti-IL-6

T-cell co-stimulation

Woodrick, R & Ruderman, E. (2011) Nat. Rev. Rheum. 7: 639.

7

Page 8: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

• 類風濕性關節炎的達標治療,其重點在於藉著訂定治療的目標以及發展治療的策略,希望能早期達到治療的目標,而且要繼續維持,以避免骨骼破壞和失能。

• 目前,許多國家都在推動類風濕性關節炎 T2T (Treat to Target) 的治療,在台灣稱為「達標治療」。

Smolen J. et al. Ann Rheum Dis (2010) 69: 631–637; 蔡嘉哲 et al. 中華民國風濕病醫學會 (2011)

Treat to Target (達標治療)

Page 9: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Individualized Medicine in RA (個人化醫療)

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 10: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

What is “Personalized Healthcare” ?

• Personalized medicine is a medical model that propose the customization of healthcare - with medical decisions, practices, and/or products being tailored to the individual patient.

Different therapies by different biomarker profiles

A group of patient with the same symptoms

Different Targeted Therapies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personalized_medicine, retrieved on 24 March 2013; http://www.roche.com/about_roche/personalised_healthcare.htm, retrieved on 24 March 2013

Page 11: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Personalised/stratified medicine(個人化醫療)

• 現在有非常多種的生物製劑可以選擇

• 在這些治療裡面不同族群的病人有不同的治療效果與副作用

Clinical trials and real-life experience demonstrating significant interpatient

heterogeneity in efficacy as well as important adverse effects of these treatments

• 我們希望有最大的療效最少的副作用來達到減少關節的破壞傷害, 進一步希望能預測不同藥物的治療效果與副作用

In order to maximise their benefit:risk ratios and to minimise later joint

damage, predictors needed to define response and, ideally, adverse effects for each of these drugs

Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.

Page 12: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Personalised/stratified medicine(個人化醫療)

• 有很多的研究對個人化醫療有興趣

Huge interest in this field of ‘personalised medicine

• 也就是讓治療量身訂做

Matching the treatment to the patient

• 減少疾病活性

Minimises periods of disease activity

• 保護關節維持功能

Protects joints, maintains function

• 減少副作用與共病

Should minimise adverse effects and comorbidity

• 降低治療的花費

Reduces costs of treatment

Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.

Page 13: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Approaches to personalised/stratified medicine如何來做?

• 臨床徵候

Clinical features

• 血清學

Serology, proteomics

• 組織學

Histology

• 基因體學

Genomics

• 綜合以上各點

Combinations

Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.

Page 14: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

為什麼 RA 會是「個人化醫療」的目標?

• 疾病的診斷主要是以症狀為主。

• 在關節的滑膜腔內

– 有不同的白血球滲入(infiltration)和不同的細胞激素(cytokines)表現模式。

– 在基質細胞內也有不同的基因表現型式。

• 在周邊血液中

– 不同的自體免疫抗體可能會影響診斷結果(RF、Anti-CCP),這些自體免疫抗體的表可以視做不同的疾病起因。

– 不同的基因「簽章」(gene signatures)。

– 對不同的標靶治療有不同的反應。

RA 與其說是一種疾病,還不如說是「一些症狀的總和」

病人可能可以用不同的生物標記分成不同群組

Choy et al. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. (2013) 9, 154–163; Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 15: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

然而,因為沒有「有效的」生物標記很難區分不同的 RA 病患

• 相同的症狀可能由不同的原因引起的 –在引發疾病的路徑中,有很多可能、但是還未被確效的生物標記。

• 然而,除了 RF 和 anti-CCP之外,還是有一些非傳統的生物標記可以使用:

– 血液中特定的 T / B 細胞的量?

– 其他的自體免疫抗體?

– 關節液內細胞激素的量?

– 配合影象學檢查的結果?

Macrophage

可能的生物標記來源

發炎反應

Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 16: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

為什麼我們會想做 RA 的個人化(Individualized)醫療?

• 目前的 RA 治療方式大致都合手「ACR Rule」--也就是達到 ACR 20, 50, 70 的病患數達到 60%, 40%, 20%。

• 但是,我們要怎麼幫病患選擇「最合適」的藥物?

Risk A Comorbidity B Risk C

Drug A Drug B Drug C

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 17: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

基於臨床療效、安全性和生物標記所提出的初步想法

• 在 RA 的疾病上,用「生物標記」來完全區分病患的種類非常的困難…

• 但是有些基本的條件還是可以用來區別不同的病患族群,包括:

– 每個病患不同的 safety profile

– RF 及/或 ACPA [Seropositive or seronegative]

– 使用生物製劑失敗的原因

• Primary failure

• Secondary failure

Non-Personalized Medicine

“Individualized” Medicine

Different RA types

All RA pts

Drug target

Responders

Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609; Karsdal, MA et al. Arthritis Care & Res. (2014) doi 10.1002/acr.22289.

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 18: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

那些病人對腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑效果好?

丹麥DANBIO registry: 對第一個TNFi 效果差的因素有:

– 年紀較大

– 併用類固醇者

– 關節功能較差者

義大利GISEA study 看哪需因素在第六個月容易達到緩解?

– 類風濕因子陰性

– 年齡小於53

– 男性

Isaacs J & Ferraccioli G. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70:4–7.

Page 19: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

BSRBR/BRAGGSS: 血清陽性或陰性對TNFi 療效的差別

Predictor n (%)*Mean DAS score (SD)

AssociationBaseline Improvement

RF– 59 (11) 6.72 (1) 3.03 (1.7)p=0.02†

RF+ 462 (89) 6.59 (1) 2.43 (1.5)

ACPA– 96 (18) 6.61 (1) 2.90 (1.6)p=0.02†

ACPA+ 425 (82) 6.61 (1) 2.40 (1.5)

BRAGGSS = Biologics in Rheumatoid Arthritis Genetics and Genomics Study Syndicate

* Analyses performed in 521 patients for whom serum samples were available † Linear regression, adjusted for concurrent DMARD use,

sex and baseline HAQ and DAS28 score

Potter C, et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2009;68:69–74.

Page 20: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

29

75

14

44

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Placebo + MTX Rituximab 2 x 1000 mg +

MTX

Placebo + MTX Rituximab 2 x 1000 mg +

MTX

Pa

tie

nts

(%

) (

Go

od

/Mo

d. E

UL

AR

re

sp

on

se

)

RF and/or anti-CCP positive (ITT) RF and anti-CCP negative (ITT)

*

國外臨床研究結果顯示Mabthera對血清陽性RA病患有更高比例達到良好反應

*p<0.05 vs placebo + MTX

Statistical analysis not reported for RF-positive versus RF-negative patients

Tak et al., 2007

血清陽性 血清陰性

Page 21: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

對第一種腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑(aTNF)治療失敗的RA患者,使用第二種aTNF 與 B 細胞療法(RTX)的比較

RA

疾病活動度

B細胞標靶療法(RTX)療效優於第二種腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑

Finckh et al. ARD 2010

Page 22: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

RTX對血清陽性RA病患藥物效果更迅速(三個月),血清陰性也有效但較慢

RF+ vs RF- CCP+ vs CCP-

Katerina et al. ARD 2011

Page 23: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Date of preparation: April 2011, RXUKMABR00281m

Dennis and colleagues have identified distinct pretreatment gene expression profiles in affected synovial tissue

specimens and a tissue type-related systemic protein pattern which are associated with a positive or negative

clinical outcome to monotherapy with adalumimab (anti-TNFα) and tocilizumab (anti-IL-6 receptor).

科學家發現滑膜組織或系統性蛋白可以跟TNFi

與anti-IL-6 的治療效果有關

Page 24: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

• Cardiovascular disease• Other autoimmune

diseases

• Switch• Comparative

Effectiveness

RA 的個人化醫療(Individualized medicine)考量

• 除了一般的療效和安全性之外,也開始注重病患本身的危險因子及合併症。

RA 治療方式

危險因子

療效

合併症

安全性

• Latent TB Infection• Malignancy

• Infection • Other

complication

pSS, vasculitisCV Risk

TB, Hep B/CHerpes

• CV disease risk

Page 25: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

A Proposed Treatment Algorithm For Individualized Medicine in RA

診斷RA安全性考量

1st腫瘤壞死因子抑制劑(TNFi) + 傳統抗風濕藥物 (±類固醇)

原發性TNFi療效不佳 次發性TNFi療效不佳(產生抗藥性)

有沒有惡性腫瘤

有沒有結核病史

Consider RTX**

RF+ and/or ACPA+

RF- and ACPA-RF+ and/or

ACPA+RF- and ACPA-

ABA, RTX, TOC ABA, TOC ABA, RTX, TOC or 2nd TNFi

ABA, TOC or 2nd TNFi

Adapted from Tak, PP. Rheumatology (2012) 51: 600-609.

Page 26: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Take Home Messages

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 27: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Take Home Messages (結論)

• 類風濕關節炎的病友很多, 雖然症狀表現很相似, 但個別的病理機轉可能有所不同RA is a disease with the same symptoms but those may come from different

pathogenetic origins.

• 目前有很幾種生物製劑可以選擇, 希望能有更多預測因子讓我們能選擇針對個人更有效的治療Currently, several biologics are available for RA patients, however, there is a “ceiling”

(ACR rules) of their efficacy, which means, we may consider more factors to give patients’ better experiences in RA treatment.

• 個人化醫療很適合應用在類風溼性關節炎, 但仍需要更多的研究資料來提供更好的生物標記Concept of personalized medical may be suitable for RA, however, more studies in

biomarker researches is warranted.

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)

Page 28: Individualized medicine in ra (dr. ws chen)

Thank You.

Individualized Medicine in RA (21 May 2014)