Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org Inclusion of indigenous peoples in development and poverty reduction strategies
Dec 23, 2015
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Inclusion of indigenous peoples indevelopment and poverty
reduction strategies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Context:
• Indigenous peoples excluded from development efforts
• Development efforts having harmful impact on indigenous peoples
• Development not having desired impact
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Examples of policy development:
Agency Policy Main issues
World Bank OD 4.20. (1991)
OP 4.10 (2005)
Free & prior informed consultation
Indigenous Peoples Plan/Planning Framework
Danida National strategy (1994)
National strategy (2004)
Aligned with C169: ITPs to control their own development path
Multifaceted: int. processes, bi- & multi- lateral cooperation, direct support to ITPs, trade
UNDP Practice note on engagement (2001)
Promote IP participation in decision-making, co-existence, capacity-building for policy change
Mainstream within UNDP
ADB ADB policy on indigenous peoples (1998)
Recognise vulnerability & provide opportunities. No negative impact – and compensation
Indigenous Peoples Development Plan
EU Council Resolution (1998)
Enhance right & capacity to self-development
Right to object to projects
Integrate as cross-cutting concern
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Major trends:
• From “do-no-harm” to rights-based approaches
• Partnerships • Located within broader framework of
human rights, poverty reduction, good governance, environmental protection
• Mainstreaming within agencies• Facilitation of dialogue/policy dialogue• Consultation & participation• Responding to ITPs’ needs and priorities
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Poverty Reduction Strategies
• Introduced in 1999 by World Bank and IMF• Applied in approximately 70 countries
Are supposed to be:• Country-driven• Results-oriented• Comprehensive • Partnership-oriented• Long-term
• In line with Rome and Paris Declarations
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Rome & Paris Declarations: Harmonization and Aid Effectiveness
• Determined within high-level meetings of the OECD/DAC (2003-5)
• Practically all bi- and multi- lateral agencies and developing countries have agreed to adhere to these principles
• In line with UN reform
• Fully operational from 2010
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Main principles
Principle: Goal:
Ownership Developing countries exercise strong and effective leadership over their development policies and plans
Alignment Donors base their support on developing countries’ own policies, strategies and systems
Harmonisation Donors coordinate their activities and minimise the cost of delivering aid
Managing for results
Developing countries and donors orient their activities to achieve the desired results, using information to improve decision-making
Mutual accountability
Donors and developing countries are accountable to each other for progress in managing aid better and in achieving development results
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
PRSP: Main elements & entry points
PRSP mainelements
Potential entry points for indigenous peoples
Participatory process
Specific and appropriate consultations, through representative organizations. Reflection of needs and priorities. Participation in implementation & monitoring.
Poverty diagnostics Diversified poverty profiles, reflecting diversified perceptions of poverty and well-being & needsand priorities
Priorities formacroeconomic, structuraland social policies
Address structural factors leading to pauperization, e.g., access to land and resources; adequate education and health services that consider cultural and linguistic features.
Targets, indicators,monitoring and evaluation
Specific goals and targets for indigenous peoples; mechanisms for participation in monitoring and evaluation.
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Findings of ILO research
Aspect of participation
Cambodia Cameroon Nepal
Information flow Not at all Some Some
Participation experience
None Some Some
Poverty diagnostics Not at all Not at all Some
Budget-making process
Not at all Not at all Some
Poverty monitoring One specific indicator
No No
Mainstreaming of participation
No No Mechanisms being defined
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Determining factors for participation
• The institutional capacity of indigenous peoples
• The existence of national legislative and policy frameworks
• The capacity of concerned government institutions
• The operationalization of institutional policies of international agencies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Requirements for participation
• Special efforts and long-term commitment of all actors
• Focus on capcity-building• Public information strategy, targeting
indigenous peoples• An outcome-oriented action plan for
participation in prioritization and policy-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• Institutional arrangements for mainstreaming participation in governance structures
• Adequacy with regards to language, timing etc.• Gender sensitivity
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
National legislation or policy
• Of crucial importance• If not in place, should be developed
within context of PRS• Ratification of Convention No. 169:
Solid framework• If reluctance: Address as vulnerable
groups in the context of overall poverty reduction and sector policies
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Capacity of government institutions
• Address in the context of good governance
• Employment of indigenous people
• Staff training• Incentive measures
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Donor policies
• No coherent implementation• Focus on small-scale/specific
interventions• Not applied in overall
policies/programmes• World Bank Policy not applied to PRS
processes• Compulsory procedural steps• Establishment of coordination groups• Training of staff
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | www.ilo.org/indigenous | www.pro169.org
Data and indicators
• Fail to capture specificities of indigenous peoples’ real situation and perceptions of poverty and well-being
• Invisibility in national statistics• Invisibility of internal differences
• Controversy over definition or terminology (fluidity of ethnic identity, migration, conflicts and wars, lack of legal provisions/political acceptance)
• Lack of understanding of the importance of disaggregated data
• Weak national capacities for data collection, analysis and disaggregation
• Resistance from indigenous peoples if they are not themselves in control of data collection
• Strengthening national capacities for disaggregation of data• Develop specific indicators • Monitor implementation of indigenous peoples’ rights• All with full participation of indigenous peoples