Indian pv-potential

Potential of Solar Energy

in India

NITT

Tiruchirappalli2009

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Solar PV energy applications outside

India

�Opportunities for India to�Leapfrog technology,

�Achieve energy security and

�Create high employment

�Considerable saving in import of oil and

� generate exports and employment as good as, if not better, than the ICT sector

� How it is done in the world?

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Solar Energy Potential

Kwh/m2 energy availability from the Sun

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Germany –Solar Data

No. of Sunny days/year 95Highest daytime temp. 22 -280CLowest daytime temp. 2-6 0CSolar insolation kwh/m 2 1050-1200PV electricity 2005 (MW) 837 MW

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Solar PV in India- OpportunitiesSolar Data India Ge rmany

No. of Sunny days/year 300-320 95

Highest daytime temp. 35-48 0C 22-280C

Lowest daytime temp. 10-25 0C 2-60C

Solar insolation kwh/m 2 1900-2100 1050-1200

PV electricity 2005 (MW) 55 MW 837 MW

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In 2004 installed capacity of solar PV

in the EU countries is higher than

India.

� Most European countries have about 80 to 100 sunny days in a year compared to 300 to 320 days in India .

� EU Total 1010.13 MW� Germany 798.00 MW� Netherlands: 49.08 MW� Spain: 37.70 MW� Italy: 30.70 MW� Rest EU: 50.95 MW� India 45.00 MW

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PV in India- Opportunities

� India has ideal solar conditions for applications of PV technology nearly similar to California, Spain and Australia and far better than Germany

� Experience of Germany, Japan, USA and other Western Countries show that the solar technology is more suitable for commercialised major cities and urban areas

Solar PV power

for rural Electrification

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Definition of Rural

� From Socio-economic perspective the definition of rural areas is based on population densities and living conditions.

� Let us define rural as areas remote from the national grid and have no chances of accessing the grid even in the near future

� But these areas have a potential for the demand of electric energy services or expect to develop the potential in the foreseeable future.

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Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems

� Battery charging system,

� Electrical power for lighting,

� Electrical Power for pumping water,

� Electrical Power for telecommunication

� Electrical Power for rural industry

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Rural Electrification

� Storage batteries are widely used in remote

areas to provide low voltage electrical power

for lighting and communications as well as for

vehicles.

� A PV powered battery charging system

usually consists of a small PV array plus a

charge controller.

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Components for stand-alone

PV Systems-1

� Stand-alone (off-grid) PV systems require a battery, [the lead acid type], to store the energy for future use.

� High-quality batteries designed for solar applications with lifetimes of up to 15 years are available.

� However, the lifetime of the battery strongly depends on the battery management and the user’s behaviour.

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Components for stand-alone

PV Systems-2

� The battery is connected to the PV array via a charge controller. The charge controller protects the battery from overcharging or discharging, and can also provide information about the state of the system or enable metering and pre-payment for the electricity used.

� If AC output is needed, an inverter is required to convert the DC power from the array.

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Solar powered lamp-posts

[with battery backup preferably]

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Remote Lighting Systems� Lighting is required at remote locations where the cost of

power is too high to consider using the grid.

� Such applications include security lighting, navigation aids, illuminated road signs, railway crossing signs and village lighting.

� Solar PV are suited to such applications, although a storage battery is always required in such systems. They usually consist of a PV panel plus a storage battery, power conditioner and a low voltage, high efficiency DC fluorescent lamp.

� These systems are viable for remote areas, and this is one of the major applications of solar PV.

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Battery Charging

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Water Treatment Systems

In remote areas electric power is often used

to disinfect or purify drinking water.

Photovoltaic cells are used to power a

strong ultraviolet light that can be used to

kill bacteria in drinking water. This can be

combined with a solar powered water

pumping system.

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Telecommunications and Remote

Monitoring Systems

� Photovoltaics provides a cost-effective development of remote area telecommunications repeater stations.

� Similar principles apply to solar powered radios and television sets, emergency telephones and monitoring systems.

� Remote monitoring systems may be used forcollecting weather data or other environmental information and for transmitting it automatically via radio to the home base.

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White LED Lamp for PV based systems

� WLED lamps represent a new low-cost entry point for rural households in less developed countries.

� LED-based lighting systems for PV rural white lighting applications can help take the one-third of the world literally still living in the dark ages into the modern age.

� Emerging high efficiency WLED technologies can significantly improve the quality, safety, and quantity of illumination for both rural and urban homes, while reducing overall costs and environmental emissions.

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White LED Lamp with PV system-1

PV modules are the best option to power WLEDs lamps in rural areas, since they can be installed at the site where the energy is needed and no further imports are required.

Therefore, investment in infrastructure is not required. There are projects that are promoting WLEDs lamps technology powered with photovoltaic modules, which are reporting excellent technical results.

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White LED Lamp with PV system-2

However, the high initial cost, compared with fuel based lighting, is a barrier to achieve them, so other evaluation methods must be used such as the life cycle cost methodology, which found the PV LEDs are twice as cost effective as fluorescent lights, and three times more cost effective than traditional kerosene lighting technologies.

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Photovoltaic pumping systems

� Photovoltaic pumping systems provide a welcome alternative to fuel burning generators or hand pumps.

� They provide the most water precisely when it is needed the most - when the sun shines the brightest!

� Solar pumps are simple to install and maintain. The smallest systems can be installed by one person in a couple hours, with no experience or special equipment required.

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Advantages of using PV-powered

pumps

include:

low maintenance

ease of installation

reliability

scalability

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PV- powered pumps

� Solar power differs fundamentally from conventional electric or engine -powered systems, so solar pumps often depart from the conventional.

� PV arrays produce DC power, rather than the AC from conventional sources. And, the power available varies with the sun ’s intensity.

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PV- powered pumps

� Since it costs less to store water (in tanks) than energy (in batteries) solar pumps tend to be low in power, pumping slowly through the duration of the solar day.

� Simple, efficient systems are the key to economical solar pumping. Special, low -power DC pumps are used without batteries or AC conversion.

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Modern DC motors work well at varying voltage and speed. The better DC motors require maintenance (brush replacement) only after periods of 5 years or more. Most solar pumps used for small scale application (homes, small irrigation, livestock) are “positive displacement” pumps which seal water in cavities and force it upward. This differs from faster, conventional centrifugal type pumps (including jet and submersible pumps) which spin and “blow ” the water up.

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Building integrated photovoltaics-1

� BI-PV are components of buildings that have photovoltaic cells embedded in them –

� For example, photovoltaic window glass or roof shingles that can be used instead of regular building materials to produce electricity.

� There are others where whole building facades are made from photovoltaics.

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Building integrated photovoltaics-2

� There are others where whole building facades are made from photovoltaics.

� The significance of this development is that these photovoltaic materials can replace something else that would have been used anyway, so the actual cost is the incremental cost between the two.

� This is often very small, which makes photovoltaics very cost-effective in these applications.

� In building facades, for example, they have made photovoltaic panels that look like marble and that actually cost less than the real thing!

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At present the initial cost of the PV system is high. The PV

modules account for a significant share of the overall cost

of a PV system. During the past five years a downward

trend in the cost of Photovoltaic modules in India has been

experienced. This reduction in cost was possible due to• Expanded Government supported programme;• Increasing competition among the PV products manufacturers;• Incentives provided by the government;• Increased production volumes; and• Improvements in the product quality and performance.