India Lecture1

8/8/2019 India Lecture1

1/35

3/1/2007 Saifur Rahman 1

Non-conventional Energy Sources:

Market Survey and Commercial Applications

Professor Saifur RahmanElectrical & Computer Engineering Dept.

Virginia Tech

March 2007


2/35


Outline1. Introduction to non-conventional energy sources

(wind, solar and hydro)

2. Resource assessment for wind, solar and hydro

3. Capacity factor and capacity credit calculations

4. Technology assessment

5. Global developments of wind and solar projects

6. Renewable energy and climate change issues


3/35


World Energy Consumption by Fuel Type(1970-2025)

Source: EIA, International Energy Outlook 2005

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025

Year

Quadr

illionBTU

Oil

NaturalGas

Coal

Nuclear

Others


4/35


Global Oil Production


5/35


Off-shore Wind Generation, North Sea

Wind Energy


6/35


Installed Wind Power in the WorldCumulative Capacity 1997Cumulative Capacity 1997--20062006

Source: BP.com, 2006 and World Wind Energy Association, Germany as of 29 Jan 2007

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Rest of the World

India

DenmarkUSA

Spain

Germany


7/35


Wind Power Highlights

* World Wind Energy Association, Germany, 29 Jan 2007

* International Electricity Information, EIA, 2006

Global Wind Capacity: 73.9 GW (end of 2006)

German capacity : 20.6 GW (end of 2006)

Global Wind Capacity: 73.9 GW (end of 2006)

German capacity : 20.6 GW (end of 2006)

The current installed wind power capacity generatesmore than 1% of the global electricity consumption.

At the end of 2006, Germany hosted 27.9% of annualworld WTG capacity

This is followed by Spain (15.7%), USA (15.7%), India(8.5%) and Denmark (4.2%)


8/35



9/35


Wind Energy in India, 2006


10/35


Offshore Wind Energy is Next Wave ofNew Wind Project Construction in Germany


11/35


Offshore Wind Worldwide

316587Totals

Vestas 2 MW30602004UKScroby Sands

GE 3.6 MW725.22004IrelandArklow Bank

Bonus 2.3MW721582004DenmarkNysted

Vestas 2MW30602003UKNorth Hoyle

Bonus 2.3 MW10232003DenmarkSams

2 Vestas 3MW,1 Bonus 2.3MWand 1 Nordex 2.3MW

410.62003DenmarkFrederikshaven

Vestas 2MW801602002DenmarkHorns Rev

NEG Micon NM725102001SwedenYttre Stengrund

GE Wind 1.5MW710.52001SwedenUttgrunden, Kalmar Sound

Bonus 2MW20402001DenmarkMiddelgrunden,

Copenhagen

Vestas 2MW23.82000UKBlyth Offshore

Wind World 500kW52.51997SwedenGotland (Bockstigen)

Nordtank 600kW1911.41996HollandDronten (Ijsselmeer)

Vestas 500kW105.01995DenmarkTun Knob

NedWind 500kW42.01994HollandLely (Ijsselmeer)Bonus 450kW114.951991DenmarkVindeby

RatingNoMWOnlineCountryLocation

Source: BWEA (http://www.bwea.com/offshore/worldwide.html )

Currentwo

rldslarge

st


12/35


Offshore Wind Turbines

Horns Rev, Denmark

Source: BWEA Elsam A/S

80 x 2 MW = 160 MW

14-20 km off thecoast of Jutland


13/35


Offshore Wind Turbines

Uttgrunden, Sweden

Source: BWEA GE Wind Energy

7 x 1.5 MW = 10.5 MW


14/35


Offshore Wind TurbinesBlyth, UK

Source: BWEA AMEC Wind

2 x 2 MW = 4 MW


15/35


Offshore Wind TurbinesNorth Sea, The Netherlands (3 MW)

Source: Saifur Rahman


16/35


Offshore wind turbine and GeneratorNorth Sea, The Netherlands

Source: Saifur Rahman


17/35


Large Rotor Blades Shipped by Water Offshore Wind Projects Minimize Transfers

GE 3.6 MW rotor (104 m diameter)


18/35


Solar Energy Solar Thermal

Heating

Solar ThermalElectricity

Solar Photovoltaics


19/35


Installed Solar PhotovoltaicsCumulative Capacity 1992-2004

Source: BP.com, 2006

0

500,000

1,000,000

1,500,000

2,000,000

2,500,000

3,000,000

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Rest of OECD

Germany

USA

JapanKilo

watts


20/35


Biodiversity Monitoring Projectin Bangladesh


21/35


Photovoltaics for Railway Signaling in Tibet


22/35


Solar Photovoltaics, USA

Rooftop PV Test Facility at Virginia Tech, USA


23/35


Solar Photovoltaics, USA

4 Times Square, New York4 Times Square, New York

Building-integrated PV panels ofup to 15 kW of power

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

Thin-film PV panels are locatedon the top 19th floors of the

building


24/35


Solar Photovoltaics, Germany

Source: http://www.cler.org/predac/article.php3?id_article=511

Number of module: 1,440Total area: 3,311 m2

PV output: 325 kWElectricity generation: 274,000 kWh/yr


25/35


Solar Photovoltaics, Japan

Bridge

Shiga, Japan60 kW

Source: Mitsubishi Electric

PlatformGunma, Japan

200 kW


26/35


Climate ChangeGlobal warming

World sea levels riseLoss of the arctic ice cover


27/35


Trends in Atmospheric Concentrations andAnthropogenic Emissions of CO2


28/35


Global CO2 Emissions by Region(2001-2025)

(MillionM

etricTonsofCarbonEquiv

alent)


29/35


Global warming and CO2 level rise

Earth has warmed by

about 1C since mid-19th

century; can go up by

another 5.8C by 2100


30/35


Global Warming

Top five warmest years worldwide since 1890s:(1) 1998, (2) 2002, (3) 2003, (4) 2004, (5) 2006


31/35


Loss of Arctic Ice

The Arctic ice cap could disappear completely well before the end of the century

under the impact of global warming, according to observations released yesterday.

The Times, London. 29 Sept 2005


32/35


Observed Sea Ice

Source: Impact of a warming arctic, Cambridge University Press


33/35


Polar Bears Stranded on Thin Ice

Studies of ice cores indicate a rapid rise in greenhouse gases in the past 150 years


34/35


Abrupt Climate Change

Rapid changes in ocean circulation are linked to an abrupt climatechange 8,200 years ago that had global effects. Indeed, greenhousewarming is a destabilizing factor that makes abrupt climate changemore probable.

Source: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute 2005


35/35


Thank You!

Saifur Rahman

Email: [email protected]

India Lecture1

Documents