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Indexing and AbstractingLecture 04 -- Types of Indexes and
Abstracts
Kuang-hua ChenDepartment of Library and Information
National Taiwan [email protected]
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Types of Indexes
Alphabetical IndexAuthor IndexBook IndexCitation IndexClassified
IndexCoordinate IndexCumulative IndexFaceted Index
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Types of Indexes (Continued)
First-line IndexHypermedia IndexInternet IndexMultimedia
IndexPeriodical IndexPermuted Title IndexString IndexWord Index
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Alphabetical Indexes
The arrangement of an index in alphabetical order is the most
common methodThe arrangement of subject heading, cross-references,
and qualifying terms are also alphabeticalThe major drawbacks
are
Problem of synonymyScattering of entries
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Author IndexesConsist of people, organizations, corporate
authors, government agencies, universitiesAuthors can be used as an
indirect subject approach
Authors are strong indicators of subject content (Cleveland
1976)
Rules for author indexesThe number of names allowed for each
documentUse of full name or initialsUse of common names
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Book Indexes
List of words, generally alphabetical, at the back of a
bookGiving a page location of the subject or name Books without
index are incomplete
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Citation Indexes
A citation index consists of a list of articles, with a sublist
under each article of subsequently published papers that cite the
articles
Author indexSubject index
A cited paper has an internal subject relationship with the
papers that cite it
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Example of Citation Indexes
Arts & Humanities Citation IndexScience Citation IndexSocial
Science Citation IndexCSSCICSCDTHCITSSCI
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中國科學引文索引
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中國科學引文索引 (Continued)
引文著者
‧引文名稱[引文類型]- 出版年, 卷(期):起始頁來源文章著者 來源期刊-出版年, 卷(期):起始頁
例:王建生
‧化學研究- 63, 4 (1) : 54張一凡 催化學刊- 94, 5 (2): 30
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中國科學引文索引 (Continued)
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Classified Indexes
Its contents arranged systematically by classes or subject
headingsIt is important for scientific purposeLayman find
classified indexes difficult to useThe indexes are very valuable in
the appropriate environment
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Index by Categories
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Coordinate Indexes
Coordinate indexes allow terms to be combined or
coordinatedCombine two or more single terms to create a new
class
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Cumulative Indexes
A Combination or merging of a set of indexes over timeApply to
journals and to large, important works and are published as
separate volumesCumulative indexes are complex and usually are done
by teams of indexersRequire a good deal of editing because of
duplications, terminology changes and a need to adjust the depth of
indexing
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Faceted Indexes
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Faceted Indexing
Analytic-synthetic processingPre-coordinated
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First-line Indexes
Applied to poemsAll the words in the first line of a poem are
listed in their alphabetical order
http://www.photoaspects.com/chesil/firstlines.html
Another interesting exampleFirst-line index for music
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Miscellaneous IndexesHypermedia Indexes
Allows users to thread their way to what they want through
electronic nodes and links between those node.Much more transparent
to the userSomeone have to make indexing decisions in establishing
these nodes and connections
Internet Indexes Multimedia Indexes
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Multimedia Indexes
Open problem?New challenge
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Periodical Indexes
A vital channel for science and all scholarshipIndividual
indexes
Particular journal
Broad indexesA group of journals
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Permuted Title IndexesTitle index works well for highly specific
searchingPermuted title word indexes are created by systematically
rotating information-conveying words in the title as subject entry
points into the indexDrawbacks
Titles may not accurately reflect contentLimited number of terms
in titlesLack of vocabulary control
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String Index
An indexer first constructed a title-like phraseThis string was
then coded according to a set of rules, using operators and
codesAll strings would be in normal syntactic form, connected by
appropriate prepositions and conjunctions
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String Index (Continued)PRECIS systemEach string consisted of
three parts: the lead; the qualifier; display
Lead. QualifierDisplay
Coverage of meaning: Qualifier > Lead > Display“A document
on the evaluation of the professional education of nurses”
Example taken from Indexing from A to Z, p.453Nurse
Professional education. EvaluationProfessional education.
Nurses
EvaluationEvaluation. Professional education of nurses
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NEPHIS System
Lead term. Context“A document on the use of numerical data in
the humanities and in the social sciences”@Use? of ? in
Data. Numerical -. Use in Humanities and Social
SciencesHumanities and Social Sciences. Use of Numerical
DataNumerical Data. Use in Humanities and Social SciencesSocial
Sciences and Humanities. Use of Numerical Data
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Word Index
Individual names and word in documentsIndexes to the individual
names and words that the author usedBible concordance
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KWOC, KWIC, KWAC
computer design contains memory chipsmemorycomputer design
contains memory chipsdesigncomputer design contains memory
chipscomputercomputer design contains memory chipschipsKWACchips/
computer design containsmemorycontains memory chips/
computerdesigndesign contains memory chips/computercomputer design
contains memorychips/KWIC
Doc3, doc4, doc8, doc123memorydoc41designdoc1, doc4,
doc10,3computer
doc2, doc42chipsITEM IDFREQTERMKWOC
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Abstract
AbstractThe ancient peoples attached content abstracts to
papyrus rolls
SummaryRunners returned from battle with summaries of the
events
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Classify Abstracts by Function
Indicative AbstractInformative AbstractCritical Abstract
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Classify Abstracts by Method
Excerpt-based abstractGeneration-based abstract
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Classify Abstract by Use
Discipline-oriented abstractIs written for a specific area of
knowledge
Mission-oriented abstractIs written to support application
activitiesIs defined in terms of an assignment rather than a
subject area
Slanted abstractUser-oriented
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Classify Abstract by Author
AuthorSubject area expert
e.g. Excerpta MedicaProfessional abstractor
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Structured Abstract
Use predefined template to store abstract in a structured
formUsed for research articlesSample predefined template
BackgroundAimMethodResultsConclusion
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Indicative AbstractsAlso known as descriptive abstractsContain
significant information and specific data
“The number of onions grown in California was determined and
reported in this article”
Is shorter, is written in general terms, and does not give a
progressive account of the paper’s developmentIs never expected to
replace the paper itselfShows the purposes and the results of the
paper
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Informative AbstractsTry to present as much quantitative and
qualitative data as possibleIs the most useful for documents
reporting on experimental investigationsIs the skeleton of the
document itself with all the flesh missingCover four essential
points
Objective and scope of the workMethods
usedResultsConclusions
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Critical Abstracts
A critical abstract makes a value judgment or editorial
commentEditorial or abstractAn idea in a few abstractors
Good abstract avoids the bias and personal viewpoint of critical
comment
Critical abstract can be a powerful toolHeavily quality
filteringUsed to general papers with broad overviews
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Example:Educational Administration Abstracts
Abstract Numbers: In bold, for handy reference Subject
Classifications Descriptors: In bold; identify subject immediately
Alphabetical-by-Author Citations: Complete bibliographic details
Abstracts: Concise summary of contents Cumulative Indexes: The
fourth issue each year prints the cumulative author and subject
indexes for the year, along with a current "Source List."
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Educational Administration Abstracts
Abstract Number
Source
SubCategory
Category
Abstract
Descriptor
Subject Classifications
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Subject Indexes for Abstracts
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Author Indexes for Abstracts
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Display Formats of Thesaurus
Alphabetical Descriptor DisplayRotated Descriptor
DisplayHierarchical Descriptor DisplayDescriptor Group Display
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Alphabetical Descriptor Display