Index - state.gov

Aaron, David, 104Abramowitz, Morton, 1, 16Abzug, Bella, 355Ackland, Anthony, 269Adams, Brock, 355Agnew, Spiro T., 19Agreements, international:

“Basic Principles of RelationsBetween the United States ofAmerica and the Union of SovietSocialist Republics,” 97

Basic Treaty between the twoGermanies, 1972, 145

Joint Statement on Principles ofUnited States-Polish relations,Oct. 1974, 264

Locarno Treaty, 1925, 20Moscow Treaty, 1970, 76, 78, 87, 94,

95, 147, 338Paris Agreements, 1954, 338Potsdam Conference Agreement,

1945, 11, 20, 60, 95, 124, 214, 335

Principles of Cooperation Betweenthe USSR and France, 1971, 76

Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin,1971, 233

Rapallo Treaty, 1922, 19Shanghai Communiqué, 1972, 338U.S.–U.S.S.R. Trade Agreement, 1972,

329Versailles Treaty, 1919, 20Warsaw Treaty, 1970, 76, 78, 87, 94,

95West Berlin Protocol, 94, 95, 96Yalta Agreement, 1945, 338

Akalovsky, Alexander, 261, 329Albania, 95, 142, 256Aldrich, George H., 177, 262, 345Aleksandrov-Agentov, Andrei M., 91,

95, 162, 194, 195, 196, 226, 228, 257,258, 329, 368

Algeria, 168, 173America (magazine), 196Anders, Gisela, 331Anderson, David, 293, 306Anderson, John, 50

Anderson, Robert:Basket III, 233Confidence-building measures, 293CSCE, 232, 234, 265, 283, 304

Andreani, Jacques, 246Andreotti, Giulio, 138Andrews, Nicholas G., 244, 255, 326Andronikoff, Constantin, 83, 154, 251,

362Andropov, Yuri, 304Androsch, Hannes, 260Annenberg, Walter H., 19, 234Apollo-Soyuz docking mission, 329Arab-Israeli War, 1973, 206Arabs, 168Arends, Leslie, 50Armitage, John A., 292Arms control. See Mutual and Balanced

Force Reductions (MBFR); StrategicArms Limitation Talks (SALT).

Arms Control and DisarmamentAgency (ACDA):

MBFR, 38, 47, 365Guidelines for, 29, 48, 58, 347

SALT–CES linkage, 76Asian Security Conference, proposed,

338Assad, Hafez al-, 319Astavin, Sergei T., 203Atherton, Alfred L., Jr., 177

Basket III, 187, 259CSCE, 265, 271, 283, 304, 311

Maltese amendments, 314, 316Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196

Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 344Auschwitz, 319, 332Austria, 95

Baader Meinhof gang, 332Bachar, Mike, 322Bahr, Egon:

CES possibility, 68, 78CSCE, 125, 131, 145, 152, 190

Multilateral preliminaryconference, 132, 146, 148

Kissinger on, 191MBFR, 59, 62, 68, 69, 152

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Bahr, Egon—ContinuedPreparations for MBFR talks, 115, 125U.S. withdrawal from Europe, 136

Baker, Vincent, 365Balkan Entente, 142Baraz, Robert, 364Barnes, Harry G., 180, 299, 335, 336Barnum, James, 349Baroody, Bill, 322Bartholomew, Reginald, 32, 364Barzel, Rainer, 28Basket I (see also Inviolability of

frontiers):Background of, 323EEC-Nine list of key issues for, 237Europe clause, 312, 318French draft declaration of principles

for, 176French position, 280German Federal Republic-U.S.

discussion of, 233Romanian position, 280Soviet criticism of German Federal

Republic position, 190U.S. position, 312

Basket II (see also Confidence-buildingmeasures):

Background of, 323EEC-Nine list of key issues for, 237Most-favored nation status and

reciprocity, 318Trade barrier reduction reciprocity, 312

Basket III (see also Cultural andinformational exchange; Humancontacts; Marriage and familyreunification):

Allied draft of principles, U.S.proposal for:

British position, 246Canadian position, 246German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 233, 236, 237, 238Austrian-U.S. talks, 260Background of, 323British position, 179British-U.S. talks, 294Danish position, 179Dutch position, 179, 257, 260Dutch-U.S. talks, 241French drafts, 178, 185, 246German Federal Republic-U.S. talks,

230, 233, 249, 262, 263, 305, 306Key issues for, 204

EEC-Nine list of, 236, 237, 241

Basket III—ContinuedLaws and customs issue:

Finnish presentation of U.S.-Sovietproposal:

EEC-Nine rejection of, 208European suspicion of U.S.-

Soviet collusion in, 219, 231Finnish revision of, 218German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 212Swiss position, 208U.S. position, 210, 217, 220, 224,

226U.S.-Soviet discussion of, 184,

190, 191, 203, 206, 216NATO discussion of, 179Neutral nations package proposal

on, 221, 223Proposed replacement by “respect

for legal systems,” 186Soviet-U.S. discussions, 184, 190,

191, 216U.S. actions on, 209, 210U.S. position, 185

Preamble for:Bulgarian draft, 179, 186Canadian position, 179European allies position, 178, 179French position, 178, 179, 185Helsinki formula as basis for, 189,

200Neutral nations package proposal

on, 221, 223Soviet position, 182, 188, 191, 198,

202Soviet-U.S. talks, 185, 186, 200U.S. concessions on, 187U.S. position, 188, 190, 198

Soviet-U.S. talks, 228Laws and customs issue, 184, 190,

191, 203, 206, 216Preamble, 185, 186, 200U.S. talking points for, 204, 227

Substance of, 227Summit-level gathering as tradeoff

for, 233, 235Texts:

Early registration of, 216, 217, 218,221, 233

Provision registration of, 312Turkish position, 256, 257U.S. passivity on, Soviet charges of,

257, 258, 261, 270, 284Basket IV, 280, 312, 323

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Bastin, George, 144Beam, Jacob D.:

CES possibility, 17CSCE, 105, 106MBFR, 106, 119

Gromyko conversations on, 50, 51,52, 54, 66, 69

Behuncik, Edward, 322Belgium (see also Belgian and Benelux

subheadings under other subjects), 80,349

Benelux. See Belgium; Luxembourg;Netherlands.

Bennet, Jack, 262Bergold, Harry E., Jr., 319, 348Berlin, 2

Agreement on as prerequisite forConference on EuropeanSecurity:

British position, 57, 77European position, 44, 78French position, 57, 77, 84German Federal Republic position,

48, 57, 77NATO position, 41Soviet position, 42, 43, 46, 57

Allied access rights, 233, 240Bilateral U.S.-Soviet talks, 17CSCE on interests of, 293CSCE results as applicable to, 334Europe clause, 312, 318German Federal Republic position on

status of, 20NATO meeting planning for, 5NATO support for initiatives on, 14,

24, 41, 42Progress in talks over treaty on, 71,

76, 80, 81, 91Romanian position, 335Signing of protocol on, 94, 95, 96

Bessarabia, 311, 336Biological weapons, 336Blackwill, Robert, 191, 264Blech, Klaus, 264Bobelis, Kazys, 322Bogdan, Corneliu, 142, 244, 255, 299Boidevaix, Serge, 101, 231Bonn Group, 212, 214, 293Bosch, Albert, 322Boster, Davis, 177Bowden, Lewis W., 16Bradsher, Henry, 332Brandt, Willy:

Brezhnev talks with, 68, 69, 133, 152

Brandt, Willy—ContinuedCES possibility, 20, 80, 86, 87, 111CSCE, 132, 147, 152, 317

Summit-level gathering, 199, 224,259

German Democratic Republic-German Federal Republicrelations, 19

As German Federal Republicchancellor, 10

German reunification, 145Invitation for Washington visit, 13, 14Key Biscayne Summit with Nixon, 85Kissinger talks with, 111Kissinger view of, 91, 245Letter to Nixon, 68MBFR, 21, 87, 111, 114, 193Military force level reductions, 37, 64,

355Nixon’s view of, 135Ostpolitik, 136Resignation of, 203Visits:

Soviet Union, Sept. 1971, 68, 69, 70United States, Apr. 1970, 21United States, June 1971, 56, 59, 61United States, Dec. 1971, 85United States, May 1973, 145,

147Bratteli, Trygve, 334Brazil, 336Bremer, L. Paul, III, 202, 262, 283, 304,

311, 330Brezhnev, Leonid (see also Moscow

Summit, May 1972):Basket III, 220, 257, 258Brandt talks with, 68, 69, 133, 152CES possibility, 91, 111CSCE:

Giscard talks, 258, 265, 266Kissinger discussions on, 190, 191,

194, 195, 196, 197Multilateral preliminary

conference, 105, 112, 134Scheduling for, 152Stage II’s pace, 190, 194, 195, 196,

197, 247, 270Summit-level gathering, 184, 276,

277, 278, 286Détente, 326Ford, oral messages to, 303, 308Ford meetings with:

Helsinki Summit, 293, 315, 327,329, 330

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Brezhnev, Leonid—ContinuedFord meetings with—Continued

Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974,243, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268,310, 326

Health of, 288, 289, 331Helsinki Summit, 293, 315, 323, 327,

329, 330, 331, 362Kissinger’s view of, 151Letters:

Ford exchange with, 261, 268, 276,277, 278, 308

Nixon exchange with, 86, 105, 121,152, 182, 190, 196, 211

MBFR, 91, 111, 192, 260, 341Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, 369,

370Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226,

228Nixon talks with, 94, 95

Summit, June 1974, 196, 215, 224,225, 226, 228

Pompidou visits, 123, 194, 195Preparations for MBFR talks, 113, 160SALT, 192, 339Speeches:

On CSCE, Sofia, Sept. 1973, 173Helsinki Summit, July 1975, 331On MBFR, Tbilisi, May 1971, 48,

49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 60, 69Successor to, 336Visits:

Bonn, May 1973, 149, 152United States, June 1973, 142, 159,

160, 161, 162, 163, 166, 247United States, Oct. 1975, proposed,

287, 327, 329Brezhnev Doctrine:

European position, 85Romanian position, 35, 80, 280U.S. position, 13, 70, 100Yugoslavian position, 80

Brimelow, Thomas, 131, 140, 202, 203,234

British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC),204, 227

Brosio, Manlio:CES possibility, 9, 20, 23, 80Letter from Nixon, 77MBFR, 34, 51, 72

As brake to U.S. unilateralreductions, 80

NATO’s exploring of Soviet viewson, 70, 80, 81, 85, 86, 87

Brossolette, Claude-Pierre, 231Brown, Gen. George S., 348, 349, 351,

355, 357Browne, Malcolm W., 332Bruce, David K.E., 274, 310, 365Brunner, Eduard, 130, 141, 146, 246Brunner, Guido, 170Buchanan, Thompson R., 11Budapest Appeal on European Security,

1, 2, 3, 10, 31, 39Buell, William A., Jr., 269Buffum, William B., 262, 265, 283, 311Bulgaria (see also Bulgarian subheadings

under other subjects), 125, 168, 336

Bundeswehr, 72, 193, 345Bunker, Ellsworth, 203, 271Burden-sharing. See Defense burden-

sharing.Burton, Philip, 355Busch, Rolf T., 166, 310Buttigieg, Anton, 334Butz, Earl, 326Buwalda, Peter, 166

Callaghan, James:Basket III, 294Communism’s future, 339Confidence-building measures, 203,

248, 293, 298CSCE, 234, 269, 270, 365

Maltese amendments, 316, 317Summit-level gathering, 206, 294

Helsinki Summit, 328, 331Inviolability of frontiers, 214MBFR, 362

Campbell, Alan, 362Campbell, Richard, 147, 324Canada. See Canada and Canadian

subheadings under other subjects.Caroline, Princess of Monaco, 206Caroline Islands, 270Carrington, Lord Peter, 37, 51, 77, 80,

341Carter, Stanley, 332Casaroli, Agostino, 334Catalano di Melilli, Felice, 166, 310Ceausescu, Nicolae, 83, 142, 180, 255

CSCE, 259, 299, 305Ford visit, 335, 336Helsinki Summit, 334, 336

Celac, Sergiu, 180, 335, 336Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 39,

104, 114, 340, 344

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Central Treaty Organization (CENTO),203

Chaban-Delmas, Jacques, 13Chemical weapons, 336China, People’s Republic of (see also

Sino-Soviet dispute), 142, 147, 338Chnoupek, Bohuslav, 332Chou En-lai, 260Christensen, Hans J., 166Christian Science Monitor, 355Chrobog, Juergen, 306Civil aviation, 325Clarke, Bruce C., Jr.:

MBFR, 70, 348, 349Developing strategies for talks, 32,

39, 58, 99, 104Clift, A. Denis:

Basket III, 257CSCE, 255, 310, 320, 322MBFR, 190, 191, 192, 310Polish-U.S. talks, 326Vladivostok Summit, Nov., 1974, 261,

264Cohen, Edward, 104Colby, William, 351, 355Cold War, 362Committee on Challenges of Modern

Society, 41Common Market (EEC), 19Conable, Barber, 50Conference on Cooperation in Europe,

possibility of, 76Conference on European Security

(CES), possibility of:Alliance management as goal of, 110Allied consensus, development of, 76Allied differences over, 92Belgian position, 20, 23, 30, 85Berlin settlement as prerequisite for:

British position, 57, 77European position, 44, 78French position, 57, 77, 84German Federal Republic position,

48, 57, 77NATO position, 41Soviet position, 42, 43, 46, 57

Bloc-to-bloc talks, 96British position, 19, 23, 24, 30, 38, 73British-U.S. talks, 103Canadian participation in:

German Federal Republic position,68

Soviet position, 1, 17, 30, 36U.S. position, 5, 7, 13

Conference on European Security(CES), possibility of—Continued

Canadian position, 51Consultative organ for, 96Cultural, technical and economic

proposals, 15Czech position, 83Declaration of principles, 110Détente as goal of, 76Disarmament as topic in, 36, 78Dutch position, 85East-West cooperation, 76East-West difference in concept of, 76Finnish support of, 11, 38, 42French position, 24, 76, 80French-U.S. talks, 101, 258, 267

Pompidou-Nixon conversations,83, 84

German/Berlin problems as issue in,11, 20

German Democratic Republicrepresentation at, 95

German Democratic Republic role in,10

Soviet position, 49German Federal Republic position,

20, 24, 38, 76, 80German Federal Republic-Soviet

talks, 68German Federal Republic-U.S. talks,

4, 8, 85, 111Greek position, 24Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71, 72, 80Heath-Nixon Summit in Bermuda,

84Helsinki as site of, 95Hungarian position, 83Interagency Group study on, 74Issues for negotiation, 10, 12Italian position, 24, 80MBFR:

Inclusion as agenda item:British position, 38European position, 46Soviet position, 54U.S. position, 38Warsaw Pact position, 38

On parallel track to, 95Separation as agenda item from,

51, 52Moscow Summit Communiqué on,

92, 96, 97, 98Moscow Summit discussions on, 92,

93, 95, 96

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Multilateral preliminary conferenceproposal, 96

NATO discussions on:Belgian position, 30British position, 30Communiqué, May 1970, 23, 25,

30Communiqué, Dec. 1970, 42, 43Danish position, 30Dutch position, 30Norwegian position, 30U.S. position, 13, 14

NSC analytical summary, 76NSC planning for, 20Permanent machinery for, 76, 78, 80,

110Polish position, 76, 83Portuguese position, 24Presidential guidance on, 81Proposed areas of substance for,

110Romanian position, 35, 76, 80, 83, 84,

85SALT linkage to, 48, 76Scandinavian position, 43, 80, 85Senior Review Group strategies for,

48Soviet-French communiqué on, 10Soviet initiatives for, 2, 11, 31, 38, 44,

48, 80Soviets on U.S. participation in, 1Soviet-U.S. talks, 35, 36, 71, 84, 110

Initial contacts, 1, 11, 16, 17Moscow Summit, 92, 93, 94, 95Rogers-Gromyko discussions, 96

Soviet view of U.S. as obstacle to, 42,43

As State Department interest, 108Symbolic nature of, 110Territorial integrity, 96Timetable for:

British-U.S. talks, 84German Federal Republic position,

90Soviet acknowledgement of

extension for, 178Soviet position, 91, 95U.S. position, 90, 92, 94, 95

Turkish position, 24U.S. agenda for, development of, 12U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 3, 6, 7,

9, 10, 34, 35


U.S.-European differences on holdingof, 10, 78

U.S. position, 53Yugoslavian position, 76, 80, 313

Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe (CSCE) (seealso Helsinki Summit; Linkagebetween CSCE and MBFR;Permanent machinery for CSCE):

Albanian position, 256Arab role in, 168Asia as affected by, 338Benelux proposals as viewed by

Soviets, 195, 196Berlin’s interests in, 293Bilateral arrangements with Soviets

on, 265Binding nature of undertakings at,

168British position, 113, 130, 153, 156,

234, 316, 317, 320Canadian position, 113, 147, 313, 314,

316Characterization of, 312Consensus vs. Consensus-minus-one

decisionmaking at, 313, 314, 315

Cypriot role in, 280Danish position, 284Declaration of principles:

Dutch proposal, 194Equal validity of principles, 147,

192, 233, 248, 249, 258, 261,262, 264

Belgrade declaration, 270Soviet position, 165U.S. position, 165

Dutch position, 113, 203, 313, 314Dutch-Soviet talks, 201, 203EEC-Nine position, 205, 212European mistrust of Soviet-U.S.

arrangements for, 130, 133, 164,242, 247

Final document:Dutch proposal, 280Irreversibility of détente, 318Obligations as not legally binding,

318, 320Soviet disclaimer in, 312U.S. position, 320, 339

Finnish position, 314

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Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe (CSCE)—Continued

French position, 153, 232, 316, 317French-Soviet talks, 261, 265German Federal Republic position,

113, 153, 199, 264, 316, 317, 320German Federal Republic-Romanian

dispute over state sovereignty,311, 312, 313

German Federal Republic-Soviettalks, 311

Global approach to, 296Greek position, 280Highlights of, 318Importance for Europe of, 170Intra-bloc application of principles,

120Italian position, 212, 313, 314, 316Italian-U.S. talks, 138Japanese-U.S. talks, 338Jewish views on human rights in, 279Maltese amendments, 294, 313, 314,

315, 316, 317Mediterranean declarations, 147, 212,

213, 294, 295, 318Middle East as subject of, 147Ministerial meeting, July, 1973, 165,

167, 169Multilateral preliminary conference:

Allied agreement on dates for, 116Conclusion of, 157Confidence-building measures and,

123Final communiqué, 132, 153, 160,

165French-Soviet talks, 123French-U.S. talks, 115, 151, 157German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 125, 145Human contacts, 124, 133, 139Inviolability of frontiers-human

contacts linkage at, 141, 146Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129NATO discussion on, 84, 120Opening of, 122Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142Round II results, 127, 133Soviet draft declaration, 124, 125,

132, 147, 148, 153Soviet position, 105, 122, 134Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on

agenda-setting, 124, 125U.S. draft declaration, 147


Multilateral preliminary conference—Continued

U.S. position, 110, 121, 132, 160U.S.-Soviet agreement on

scheduling for, 112, 113, 117NATO caucus papers on, 237, 238NATO discussion on, 246Neutral nations package proposal,

221, 223Norwegian position, 147, 246, 262Objectives for:

Allied study of minimum desiredresults, 192, 233, 234, 236, 237,238

Listing of, 231, 232Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities (QRRs), 293, 304,305, 312, 313

Romanian position, 122, 132, 313, 314,317

Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255, 259Scheduling for, 133, 134, 147, 149

Soviet-German Federal Republictalks, 152

Soviet-U.S. agreement, 163U.S. position, 156, 157

Siting for, 152Soviet acceptance of U.S. role in, 145Soviet negotiating style, 285Soviet pressure tactics for, 280Soviet-U.S. discussions:

Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 190, 191,194, 195, 196, 197, 257, 258, 259

Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 159, 160,196, 215, 224, 225, 226, 228

Dobrynin-Kissinger talks, 123Gromyko-Ford talks, 247Gromyko-Nixon talks, 84Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 315,

316Mandates for working committees,

123Vladivostok, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268,

310, 326Soviet-U.S. joint communiqué on, 229Soviet view of Allied role at, 270Stage II:

Adjournment of, 205, 231French-Soviet talks, 265Gromyko-Rogers discussions of,

168

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Stage II—ContinuedLevel of representation at, 168Noninterference with domestic

legislation, 177Pace of:

Belgian position, 231Danish position, 246, 262European position, 172Key issues for movement in, 282,

283, 284Norwegian position, 246, 262Soviet position, 168, 183, 184,

194, 195, 196, 197, 201, 211,247, 264, 270, 272, 295

U.S. position, 181, 182, 190, 194,198, 201, 224, 225, 238, 261,264, 271, 295

Procedural issues, 173Relative importance of issues at,

168Scheduling for, 165U.S. slowdown in response to

Mideast crisis, 177Summit-level gathering:

Basket III tradeoff for, 233, 235British-U.S. talks, 190Canadian proposal, 313, 314, 316European requirements for, 203, 224Finnish invitation to, 222Finnish lead-time for preparations

for, 262, 311French position, 232German Federal Republic position,

199Length of:

Soviet position, 284, 286U.S. position, 283, 284, 286, 313

Preamble as tradeoff in negotiation,192

Soviet position, 159, 184, 190, 224Soviet proposal for, 145Timing for, 198, 241, 245, 302

Soviet position, 269, 270, 289U.S. position, 161, 164, 165, 190,

230Turkish position, 147, 280, 316, 318U.S. limited goals for, 166U.S. status report on, Apr. 1975, 280Venue for, 113, 116, 117Western allies Summit proposal, 170Yugoslavian position, 313

Confidence building measures:Belgian position, 123, 195, 196British position, 196, 199, 203As conference goal, 110Cypriot position, 311, 318Dutch position, 123, 195, 196, 280,

312, 318German Federal Republic working

paper on, 183Luxembourg position, 195Military movements and maneuvers:

Area included for requirednotification:

Allied position, 173, 295, 300British-U.S. talks, 234, 269German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 233, 306, 307Soviet position, 280, 297Soviet-U.S. talks, 258, 264, 284,

307U.S. position, 308

British proposal, 194, 201, 202, 205,284

British-U.S. talks, 226, 269German Federal Republic position,

205, 248, 293Soviet position, 133, 141, 173, 196,

197, 202, 226, 291, 292Soviet proposal on, 258, 306Time required for notification, 284,

287U.S. position, 141, 144, 194, 196,

224, 282NATO discussion of, 20, 237Neutral nations position, 300, 302Romanian position, 123, 133, 280, 293,

299, 312, 318Soviet position, 125, 318Soviet-U.S. informal agreements on,

143Turkish position, 311, 312, 313, 316,

318U.S. position, 123, 236, 272, 312Yugoslavian position, 123, 133, 144,

293Conflict resolution, 20Congress, U.S. (see also Senate, U.S.):

Foreign Assistance Act, 1975, 339Jackson-Vanik Amendment, 329MBFR as weapon against troop cuts

by, 110, 166, 324, 349Neo-isolationism in, 166Nunn Amendment, 348, 353Troop reduction debate, 159

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Connally, John B., 63Cooper, Charles, 324Cooper, John Sherman, 57Corning Glass, 326Corr, Edwin G., 72Costa Gomes, Francisco de, 334, 336Cotter, Donald R., 348Cotton, Norris, 50Courcel, Geoffroy de, 232, 265Court, John C., 32, 48, 58, 70Covey, James, 306, 325Crittenberger, Maj. Gen. Willis D., 70,

87, 102, 349Cromer, Lord, 103, 128, 131, 140, 156,

166Cronkite, Walter, 240Cultural and informational exchange

(see also Basket III; Humancontacts):

Czechoslovakian position, 141Dutch position, 204Early registration of texts for, 216,

217, 218French position, 204, 234German Federal Republic position,

230, 240Italian position, 141, 204Multilateral preliminary conference

approach to, 141, 147Polish position, 141Soviet position, 147Swiss position, 204Turkish position, 256

Cushman, Lt. Gen. Robert E., 32, 72, 78Cyprus:

Confidence-building measures on,311, 318

CSCE representation dispute, 294,334

CSCE role of, 280French-U.S. differences over, 266Mediterranean Declaration, 147Turkish notification of maneuvers

near, 316Czechoslovakia (see also Czechoslovakia

and Czechoslovakian subheadingsunder other subjects):

MBFR role of, 60, 65, 119Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free

zone in, 60Soviet forces in, 49, 56, 63, 322, 340Soviet invasion of, 2, 5, 19, 39Soviet war plans role for, 355United States, relations with, 332, 336

Dam, Kenneth, 70Dannenbring, Fredo, 212, 233, 264Danzig, 154Dargis, Paul P., 322Datchu, Ion, 255David, Edward, 37, 70, 104, 114Davidson, John S., 292Davies, Richard T., 61, 256, 325, 326Davignon, Etienne, 175Davis, Jeanne W., 32, 39, 48, 114Davis, Nathaniel M., 311Davis, Peter Dixon, 48Day, Arthur R., 369Dean, Jonathan, 61, 114, 343, 348, 349,

353Debre, Michel, 64, 101, 115Declaration on European Security, 13Defense, U.S. Department of:

CES planning, 78European security, 55MBFR, 47, 52, 53, 70, 118, 190, 344

Defense burden-sharing:European position, 37Italian position, 138NATO position, 34U.S. position, 80

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), 39,104

De Gaulle, Charles, 19, 170Delay, Raoul, 231Demirel, Suleyman, 339Demler, Maj. Gen. Marvin C., 58Democratic Party, U.S., 337Denktash, Rauf, 294Denmark (see also Danish subheadings

under other entries), 119, 355Denney, George C., Jr., 345Dent, Harry, 50Den Uyl, Joop, 334De Rose, Francois de Tricornot, 166,

236, 310, 363Derwinski, Edward J., 321Détente:

As CES goal, 76EEC-Nine position, 212French position, 78German Federal Republic position,

170Irreversibility of, 318Polish position, 325Romanian position, 142Soviet position, 42, 84, 196, 205, 284,

362U.S. position, 314, 326, 327, 329, 334

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Detinov, Nikolai N., 368Dettre, Maj. Gen. R.H., 104Deutsche Welle, 204, 227Disarmament, 36, 76, 78, 192, 345Dobbins, James F., 292Dobriansky, Lev, 322Dobrynin, Anatoliy F., 152

Basket III:Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet

proposal for, 208, 210Preamble to, 200Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on,

257, 258Summit tradeoff for, 235U.S. position, 203

Brezhnev-Nixon letters, 211CES possibility:

Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71Initial U.S.-Soviet contacts on, 1, 11,

16, 17Kissinger meetings, 15, 31Rogers talks, 80Soviet initiatives for, 2, 44Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36U.S. liaisons with Soviets, question

of, 86U.S. position, 42, 43

Confidence-building measures:Military movements and

maneuvers, 144, 205, 248, 298,300, 301, 302

Soviet-U.S. informal agreementson, 143, 307

CSCE:Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316Multilateral preliminary

conference, 112, 117, 124, 125,134, 139

Oral message from Brezhnev, 303,308

Pace of Stage II, 201, 271, 284, 295Scheduling for, 147, 159Soviet-U.S. discussions on:

Allied proposals, 183, 184Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194,

195, 196Ford-Gromyko talks, 247Gromyko-Nixon talks, 174, 199With Kissinger, 123, 309

Human contacts, 171Kissinger visit to Moscow, Apr., 1972,

91MBFR:

Lack of compromise on, 215

Dobrynin, Anatoliy F.—ContinuedMBFR—Continued

Leaking of U.S. position on, 341NATO discussions on, 366NATO’s exploring of Soviet views

on, 86Size and nature of, 191, 193, 341,

347, 361, 368, 369Soviet-U.S. discussions on:

Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June 1973,162

Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174With Kissinger, 84, 125, 343With Richardson, 26, 27, 28, 29With Rogers, 61, 63, 64, 66

Troop movements, 155Moscow Summit, 95Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

226, 228Preparations for MBFR talks, 107,

108, 117, 140SALT, 287Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 261

Dole, Robert, 50Dominick, Peter, 50Donaldson, William H., 345Douglas-Home, Sir Alec, 57, 84, 140, 196Dubcek, Alexander, 279Dubs, Adolph, 1, 11Dubynin, Yuri, 8, 136, 210, 216, 218, 269Ducci, Roberto, 170Duckett, Carl, 58Dulles, John Foster, 332, 339

Eagleburger, Lawrence S., 102CSCE, 172, 175, 177, 265, 283, 304, 311MBFR, 70, 72, 158, 190, 192, 324, 340MBFR-Security Conference linkage, 87Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104,

114Romanian-U.S. relations, 142

East-West Code of Good Conductproposal, 10

East-West trade, 20Economic cooperation, 110, 133, 165Educational tax, 133Egypt, 173Ehrlichman, John, 50Eisenhower, Dwight D., 114Elections:

Canada, 1972, 95German Federal Republic, 1969, 10United States, 1972, 89, 95, 96, 101, 115United States, 1976, 253, 325

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Eliot, Theodore L., Jr., 39, 113, 116, 117,146

Ellsworth, Robert F.:CES, 6, 7, 23, 25Declaration on European Security, 13Helsinki Summit, 319MBFR, 18, 26, 34, 37, 348, 349, 366NATO meeting preparations, 5, 22, 70Security issues in Europe, 9

Elslande, Renaat van, 175, 232Emigration tax, 133Enckell, Ralph, 38Enders, Thomas, 262, 265, 311Energy cooperation, 260Enthoven, Alain C., 349Environmental cooperation, 20, 165Eralp, Orhan, 166, 310Estonian-Americans, 321European Defense Improvement

Program (EDIP), 63, 77European Economic Community (EEC)

(see also EEC-Nine subheadingsunder other subjects):

British referendum on, 270CES as legitimizer of, 110CES role of, 87German Federal Republic role in, 196MBFR approach of, 363U.S. Summit with, 85

Exit taxes, 177Export-Import Bank, 326

Fall, B.J.P., 130Farley, Philip J.:

CES possibility, 48, 78, 87MBFR, 37, 39, 63, 70, 80, 87, 135

Ferjencik, Mikulas, 322Firyubin, Nikolai, 118Fischback, Marcel, 310Fishing, 325Fiss, Col. Robert E., 39Flanigan, Peter M., 95Flood, Daniel J., 322Floyd, Arva C., 173, 236Foch, Marshal Ferdinand, 284Fokin, Yuri E., 313, 314, 361Ford, Gerald R.:

Accession to Presidency, 242Basket III, 260, 294Confidence-building measures, 291,

298Congressional meeting with Nixon, 50Brezhnev letter exchange with, 261,

268, 276, 277, 278, 308

Ford, Gerald R.—ContinuedBrezhnev’s oral messages to, 303,

308CSCE:

Final document, 320Japanese-U.S. talks, 338Maltese amendments, 315Pace of Stage II, 262Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 299Soviet negotiating style at, 285Soviet-U.S. discussions with

Gromyko on, 247Status report, Apr. 1975, 280Summit-level gathering:

British-U.S. talks, 294Target date for, 245, 276, 277, 278,

281, 286U.S.-East European meeting over,

321, 322French meeting in Martinique with,

265, 266, 267Gromyko meetings with, 247, 360Helsinki Summit, 319, 323, 331

Brezhnev meetings at, 293, 315,327, 329, 330

Speech at, 333, 334Inviolability of frontiers, 253, 273Martinique meeting with French, 265,

266, 267MBFR:

Austrian-U.S. talks, 260Instructions for negotiations on,

351Lack of progress in talks on, 360NATO discussion on, 366Nuclear option, 353, 354Option III, 324, 369, 370Pre-second stage briefing, 355Resor report on talks on, 350Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 369U.S. position, 243, 357U.S. willingness to negotiate, 192,

193Polish-U.S. relations, 264, 326Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304SALT, 287, 326, 337Visits:

Auschwitz, 319, 332Bonn, July 1975, 289, 324Bucharest, Aug. 1975, 335, 336Gdansk, proposed, 319Warsaw, July 1975, 325, 326Yugoslavia, Aug. 1975, 337

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Ford, Gerald R.—ContinuedVladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 243,

258, 259, 261, 264, 268, 310, 326Forward base systems (FBS), 37, 152,

345, 349, 353, 355Fourcade, Jean-Pierre, 267France (see also France and French

subheadings under other subjects):Bilateral talks with Rogers, Dec. 1969,

13, 14Communist Party, 336Diplomatic style of, 233As NSC meeting topic, 14United States, relations with, 266U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37

Frank, Paul, 80, 111, 131, 193, 304Freed, Kenneth, 332Freeman, John, 19Freer movement:

Belgian proposal, 204As CSCE goal, 110, 323Danish position, 204Internal travel controls, 204, 296Multilateral preliminary conference

approach to, 133Unresolved issues on, Apr., 1975, 280U.S. position, 204

Freitas Cruz, João de, 310Frelek, Ryszard, 256, 325, 326Friedersdorf, Max L., 322Frowick, Robert H., 312Fry, Samuel E., 210Fugit, Edward F., 369Fulbright, J. William, 50

Gaja, Roberto, 170Garrison, Mark, 313, 314Garthoff, Raymond L., 58, 99, 102, 114Gates, Robert, 282Gehlhoff, Walter, 230General Agreement on Tariffs and

Trade (GATT), 20General Motors, 325, 326Genscher, Hans-Dietrich:

Basket III, 230, 233Communism’s future, 339Confidence-building measures, 248,

293, 298, 306CSCE:

Allied study of minimum desiredresults, 238

Bilateral arrangements with Sovietson, 269

EEC-Nine declarations for, 212

Genscher, Hans-Dietrich—ContinuedCSCE—Continued

Maltese amendments, 316, 317Mediterranean Declaration, 213Soviet view of German Federal

Republic role at, 270U.S.-German Federal Republic

talks, 259, 263Helsinki Summit, 331Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 240,

251, 254, 275Marriage and family reunification, 236MBFR, 359, 362Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304, 305, 306,312

Repatriation of ethnic Germans fromPoland, 325

George, Scott, 214, 233, 249, 264German Democratic Republic (see also

German Democratic Republicsubheadings under other entries):

CES as strengthening position of, 34German Federal Republic recognition

of, 2, 245German Federal Republic relations

with, 350MBFR role of, 54, 60, 119Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free

zone in, 60Revolution, 1953, 50Soviet forces’ effect on, 63Soviet troop numbers in, 340United States, relations with, 15, 76,

240U.N. membership for, 91, 95, 97U.S. intelligence capabilities in, 39

German reunification:CSCE discussion on, 169As German Federal Republic goal,

145, 146Herter Plan, 20Romanian position, 335Soviet position, 261

Germany, Federal Republic of (see alsoGerman Federal Republic subentriesunder other headings):

Bilateral talks with Rogers, Dec. 1969,13, 14

As CES agenda item, 11Christian Democratic Union (CDU),

13, 355German Democratic Republic

recognition by, 2, 245

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Germany, Federal Republic of—Continued

German Democratic Republicrelations with, 350

MBFR role of, 60, 119, 355NATO support for initiatives on, 14Neutralization of, 193As NSC meeting topic, 14Polish relations with, 325Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 76, 212, 214, 275,280, 284, 293, 304, 305, 306, 312,313

Rapacki proposal for nuclear-freezone in, 60

Ratification of Moscow/Warsawtreaties, 87

Repatriation of ethnic Germans fromPoland, 325

Social Democratic Party (SPD), 13,355

Soviet bloc talks with, 15Soviet polemic attacks on, 2Troop reduction in the Bundeswahr,

72, 193Unilateral disarmament by, 345U.N. membership for, 91, 95, 97U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37U.S. troop replacement in, 264

Gierek, Edward, 256, 264, 322, 328Giscard d’Estaing, Valery:

CSCE, 258, 261, 265, 266, 267Summit-level gathering, 206, 278,

313Helsinki Summit, 331

Goering, Hermann, 349Golan Heights, 206Goldwin, Robert, 310Goodby, James, 18, 364, 365Goodpaster, Gen. Andrew J., 37, 65,

341, 355Gordon, Nicholas, 234Grace, Princess of Monaco, 147, 191,

201Grava, Uldis I., 322Grechko, Marshal Andrei A., 258, 289Greece (see also Greek subheadings under

other subjects):Arab role in CSCE, 168Constitutional government, 41CSCE role of, 147As NSC meeting topic, 14Romanian position on MBFR role of,

142

Green Belt theory, 37Griffin, Robert, 50Grinevskiy, Oleg, 369Grobel, Olaf, 87Gromyko, Andrei A.:

Basket III, 227Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet

proposal, 203German Federal Republic-U.S.

discussions on, 249Journalists’ working conditions,

284, 287, 288Laws and customs issue, 185, 190Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on,

257, 258, 261, 270, 284Summit tradeoff for, 233, 235U.S.-Soviet talks, 191, 227

Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973,162

CES possibility:Beam conversations on, 17Helsinki as site of, 95Nixon talks, 35, 36, 42, 71, 72, 80Territorial integrity, 96

Confidence-building measures, 272,307

Military movements andmaneuvers, 144, 205, 248, 291,300

CSCE:Allied role at CSCE, 270Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195,

196Kissinger conversations on, 147,

181, 198, 211, 247, 269, 270, 287Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 315,

316Multilateral preliminary

conference, 112, 141, 147Nixon talks, 174, 199Scheduling for, 147, 156Soviet negotiating style at, 285Stage II:

Key issues in movement on, 282,283, 284

Noninterference with domesticlegislation, 177

Pace of, 201, 264, 271Rogers discussions on, 168

Summit-level gathering, 269, 281,286, 289

U.S.-Soviet discussion of Alliedproposals for, 183, 184

Détente, 362

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Gromyko, Andrei A.—ContinuedFord-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki

Summit, 329Ford meetings with, 247, 360Helsinki Summit, 329, 330Human contacts, 147, 171Inviolability of frontiers, 147, 250,

272, 275Soviet “peaceful changes”

formulation, 249, 252, 254Kissinger on, 304MBFR:

Beam conversations on, 50, 51, 52,54, 66, 69

Brezhnev statements on, 50, 51Kissinger talks, 181, 272Lack of progress in talks on, 360Scheel talks, 85Size and nature of, 361, 368, 369,

371MBFR-Security Conference linkage,

96, 106On Mintoff, 168Moscow Summit, 95, 96, 97Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

226, 228Preparations for MBFR talks, 125,

128, 152SALT, 293, 315U.S. foreign policy continuity, 242Visits:

Benelux, July 1972, 106Bonn, Sept. 1974, 249Rome, Nov. 1970, 38

Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974,261

Group of Ten, 20Growald, Richard, 332

Habib, Philip, 283, 304, 311Hackett, James, 70, 99, 104Hahn, Otto, 136Haig, Alexander M., Jr., 17, 61, 74

CES possibility, 3, 12, 85, 108CSCE, 105, 112, 120MBFR, 120, 207, 358, 363, 366MBFR-Security Conference linkage,

75Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974,

226, 228U.S. troop withdrawals from Europe,

192Haldeman, H. Robert, 51Hanrahan, James P., 78, 87

Hansen, Niels, 306Harmel, Pierre, 51, 87Hartling, Poul, 199Hartman, Arthur A., 188, 220

Basket III, 187, 190, 246, 288, 292Finnish presentation of U.S.-Soviet

proposal, 203, 220German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 233, 249, 259, 262U.S. talking points for Soviet-U.S.

talks, 204, 227Confidence-building measures, 272,

293, 295Military movements and

maneuvers, 205, 248, 298, 300,302

CSCE, 213, 222, 232, 234, 236, 269, 304German Federal Republic-

Romanian dispute over statesovereignty, 311, 313

Key issues in movement on StageII, 283, 284

Laws and customs issue, 185Maltese amendments, 317Pace of Stage II, 201, 295Polish-U.S. talks, 256Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 194, 196Summit-level gathering, 296, 310,

311Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec.

1974, 267Helsinki Summit, 333Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239,

252, 273MBFR, 191, 264, 365

Size and nature of, 190, 192, 193,361, 368, 369

Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,198, 226

Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 306Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 264

Hartogh, A. Karel F., 310Hattersley, Roy, 363Heath, Edward, 84, 126, 135

CES possibility, 84, 86MBFR, 80, 84, 85

Hébert, F. Edward, 355Heffner, Hubert, 58Heisbourg, Georges, 333Helman, Gerald, 264, 365Helminger, Paul, 333Helms, Jesse, 319

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Helms, Richard M., 73CES possibility, 12, 48, 74, 81MBFR, 39, 60, 65, 70, 80, 81

NSC discussion on, 21, 37, 63MBFR-Security Conference linkage,

87NATO ministerial meetings, 45NATO-Warsaw Pact military strength

comparisons, 37Preparations for MBFR talks, 114Security issues in Europe, 19

Helsinki Summit (see also Summit-levelgathering under Conference onSecurity and Cooperation inEurope (CSCE)):

Allied meeting at, 331Brezhnev-Ford meetings at, 315, 327,

329Briefing papers for Ford at, 323, 327Closing of, 334Dutch speech, 334East European Americans’ concern

about Ford trip to, 322, 326Ford meeting with Solzhenitsyn,

proposed, 319Ford’s preparations for, 319Kekkonen’s dinner, 331Kissinger press conference, 332Maltese apology, 334Monégasque speech, 334Norwegian speech, 334Opening of, 330Results of, 362Romanian position, 334, 335, 336Signing ceremony, 323Small countries speeches, 334Thorn meeting with Kissinger, 333U.S. Defense Department role at, 319Wilson-Ford meeting, 328, 330

Hermes, Peter, 193Herter, Christian, 20Herter Plan, 1959, 20Higgins, Michael, 349, 363, 364Hill, Robert C., 345Hillenbrand, Martin J.:

Basket III, 152, 233CES possibility, 3, 5, 42, 78CSCE, EEC-Nine declarations for,

212, 213Inviolability of frontiers, 240MBFR, 26, 62, 63, 80, 193, 363

Developing strategies for talks, 32,58

NATO discussions on, 28, 70

Hillenbrand, Martin J.—ContinuedMBFR-Security Conference linkage, 87Moscow Summit, 95, 97Ostpolitik, 20Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304Repatriation of ethnic Germans from

Poland, 325Hirschfeld, Thomas J., 32, 70, 114Hodgson, James D., 338Holmes, H. Allan, 310Honecker, Erich, 331Howe, Cmdr. Jonathan T., 72, 112Human contacts (see also Basket III;

Cultural and informationalexchange; Marriage and familyreunification):

British paper on, 234Inviolability of frontiers, linkage to,

141, 146, 147, 148Multilateral preliminary conference

approach to, 14, 124, 133, 139,141, 165

Newly-created institutions for, 170Soviet-U.S. discussions, 171

Human Kindness Day, 284Human rights:

As CSCE multilateral preliminaryconference issue, 141

Jewish view of CSCE handling ofhuman rights issue, 279

Kissinger on, 175Hummel, Arthur W., Jr., 177, 262, 265Humphrey, Hubert H., 50, 256Humphreys, Colin, 310Hungary (see also Hungary and

Hungarian subheadings under othersubjects):

CES possibility, 1Ford visit to, proposed, 245MBFR role of, 70, 72, 73, 116, 166

Agreement on, 147British position, 131Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129NATO position, 128Non-circumvention clause, 136,

140, 149, 159, 164Romanian position, 142, 180Soviet position, 124Soviet-U.S. discussions on, 125Yugoslavian position, 180

Soviet forces’ effect on, 63Hunt, John, 294Husak, Gustav, 332

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Hyland, William G., 77, 102Basket III, 187, 190, 257, 258, 262CES possibility, 48, 78CSCE, 170, 265, 304, 311

Maltese amendments, 313, 314Multilateral preliminary

conference, 112, 127, 132Scheduling for, 147, 156Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 196Stage II, 201, 283, 284

Ford-Brezhnev meeting at HelsinkiSummit, 329

Helsinki Summit, 329, 330MBFR:


Option III, 364Seen as deleterious to NATO

interests, 80Size and nature of, 190, 192, 361,

368, 369, 371Soviet position, 70, 202, 368, 369U.S. proposals, 191, 192

MBFR-Security conference linkage, 87NATO ambassadors meeting, 166Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

226Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104,

114, 140Romanian-U.S. relations, 142

Ikle, Fred C.:MBFR, 355, 357, 358, 363

Instructions for negotiations on,190, 191, 347, 351

Nuclear option, 345, 346, 349, 353Option III, 355, 356

Iloniemi, Jaakko, 203India, 336Ingersoll, Robert S., 256, 262, 283, 311,

355Interagency Group for Europe, 48, 52,

74Interagency Task Force on the

Conference on Security andCooperation in Europe SecondInterim Report, 92

International Harvester, 326International Parliamentary Union

(IPU), 270Inviolability of frontiers, 97

French-U.S. talks, 251, 253German Federal Republic position,

239, 258, 261, 262

Inviolability of frontiers—ContinuedGerman Federal Republic proposal

on, 212, 226, 234German Federal Republic-Soviet

discussion on, 249, 252, 264German Federal Republic-U.S.

discussion of, 240Human contacts, linkage to, 141, 146,

147, 148Location of reference to, 178, 179,

196As multilateral preliminary

conference subject, 133, 141, 194Peaceful changes formulation:

Agreement on, 275Allied position, 169, 212, 214Baltic states as affected by, 279, 281,

287French position, 275German Federal Republic proposal,

226, 234, 275German Federal Republic-Soviet

agreement on, 198, 269German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 230, 240, 273Media treatment of, 279Sino-Soviet split and, 191Soviet position, 178, 249, 252, 253,

254, 256Soviet-U.S. talks, 182, 194, 196, 248,

271, 273U.S. position, 192, 312

Quadripartite talks, 214Soviet position, 182, 226Soviet-U.S. talks, 250, 258, 261, 272U.S. position, 247U.S. proposals on, 239

Iran, 316, 318Iraq, 316, 318Irwin, John N., II:

CSCE, 151, 232MBFR, 37, 63, 70, 102, 151

Developing strategies for talks on,39, 58, 72

MBFR-Security Conference linkage,69

Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 114

Ishida, Hirohide, 338Isolationism, 166Israel, 173, 212, 325Italy (see also Italian subheading under

other subjects):Communist Party, 336

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Italy—ContinuedMBFR role of, 72, 119, 125, 128

British position, 131Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129Yugoslavian position, 180

As NSC meeting topic, 14Izvestiya, 194

Jablonski, Henryk, 326Jackson, Henry M., 184, 195, 244, 260,

281, 329Jagielski, Mieczyslaw, 256James, Alan, 234Janiurek, Wlodzimierz, 326Japan, 37, 338Jaroszewicz, Piotr, 326Javits, Jacob, 50, 329Jobert, Michel, 151, 157, 196, 265Johnson, Lyndon B., 17, 27, 97Johnson, U. Alexis:

CES possibility, 48MBFR, 32, 40, 50, 73Preparations for MBFR talks, 104SALT, 191

Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 52, 99, 104,192, 365

Joint U.S.-Polish Trade Commission,326

Jonge, Maxime de, 241Jordan, Amos A., 348Journalists’ working conditions:


Soviet position, 284, 287, 288, 290, 296

Swiss position, 204, 290U.S. position, 237, 282

Jurich, Anthony, 32

Kadar, Janos, 328, 333Kaifu, Toshiki, 338Kamorowski, Capt. R.A., 48Kaplan, Philip S., 365Karamanlis, Constantine, 339Kastl, Jorg, 274Kekkonen, Urho, 38, 329, 331, 334Kemp, Jack F., 322Kennedy, David M., 13, 37, 73, 109, 113Kennedy, John F., 97, 135Kennedy, Col. Richard T., 32, 37, 39, 48,

58, 70, 324Khaddam, Abd al-Halim, 206Khama, Seretse, 317Khrushchev, Nikita S., 17, 226, 327

Killick, John, 214, 234, 317Kinast, Jan, 325, 326Kingswell, Attard, 313, 314, 316, 317Kirchschlaeger, Rudolf, 323Kissinger, Henry A., 188, 308

Allied mistrust of, 129, 130Basket III:

British-U.S. talks, 294German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 230, 233, 259Journalists’ working conditions,

284, 287, 288, 290Laws and customs issue, 185, 191,

203, 208, 209, 210, 212Preamble for, 190, 198, 200, 202Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on,

257, 258, 261, 270, 284Soviet-U.S. talks, 204, 227Summit tradeoff for, 233, 235

Bermuda Summit, Dec. 1971, 84Brezhnev-Nixon letters, 211Brezhnev-Nixon meetings, 159, 160,

161, 162CES possibility:

Berlin agreement as prerequisitefor, 42, 43, 48

British-U.S. talks, 103Development of U.S. agenda for,

12, 15Dobrynin meetings with, 15, 31Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71NATO discussions on, 23, 25Presidential guidance on, 81, 88Senior Review group strategies for,

48Soviet initiatives for, 2, 3Soviet-U.S. initial contacts on, 11Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 6, 7,

10U.S.-European differences in, 78U.S.-German Federal Republic

talks, 4, 8U.S. liaisons with Soviets, question

of, 86On Communism, 339Confidence-building measures, 144,

205, 248Neutral nations position, 300, 302Soviet proposals on, 292, 297, 298Soviet-U.S. talks, 143, 307U.S. position, 272

CSCE:Belgian-U.S. discussions, 175

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedCSCE—Continued

Bilateral arrangements with Sovietson, 265, 269

British-U.S. talks, 234Dobrynin talks over, 123, 309East European-Americans meeting

with Ford, 321, 322EEC-Nine declarations for, 212European mistrust of Soviet-U.S.

arrangements for, 164, 247Final document, 320Finnish invitation to Stage III, 222French-U.S. talks, 232German Federal Republic-

Romanian dispute over statesovereignty, 311

German Federal Republic-U.S.talks, 125, 145, 170, 262

Gromyko conversations on, 147,181, 198, 211, 247, 269, 270, 287

Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174,199

Inviolability of frontiers, 146, 147,148, 198

Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316,317

Mediterranean Declaration, 213Ministerial meeting on, 69, 165, 167Multilateral preliminary

conference:Inviolability of frontiers-human

contacts linkage at, 146, 147,148

Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142Round II results, 133Soviet draft declaration for, 125,

132, 148, 153Soviet position, 105, 134, 148Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers

on, 124, 125U.S. position, 110, 123

NATO discussions, 164, 310Polish-U.S. talks, 256Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255,

299Scheduling for, 147, 149, 156Soviet negotiating style at, 285Soviet toughening of negotiation

strategy, 304Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 190, 191, 194,

195, 196, 197

Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedCSCE—Continued

Stage II, 173, 177Key issues in movement on, 282,

283, 284Pace of, 172, 194, 195, 201, 262,

271, 295Status report, Apr., 1975, 280Studies on, 165, 238, 254Summit-level gathering, 245, 281,

286, 294, 296, 311On European allies, 247Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki

Summit, 329Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec.

1974, 265, 266, 267Ford-Solzhenitsyn meeting proposal,

319Heath-Nixon Camp David talks, Feb.

1973, 126Helsinki Summit, 319, 328, 329, 331,

332, 333Briefing papers for Ford at, 323, 327

Human contacts, 139, 146, 147, 148Human rights, 175Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239,

250, 252, 275Agreement on peaceful changes,

275, 312French-U.S. talks, 251, 253German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 240, 249Keeping the Soviets happy, 190Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit,

85MBFR:

Allied quadripartite talks on, 362Bahr conversation on, 62Basic framework for, 32, 60, 63Brezhnev statement on, 49, 50British-U.S. talks, 341, 342Brosio talks, 34Data uncertainty in U.S. position,

340Developing strategies for talks, 32,

38, 39, 58, 72Dobrynin discussions on, 84, 125Dobrynin-Richardson talks, 27European mistrust of Soviet-U.S.

arrangements for, 158, 166German Federal Republic force

reductions, 346Gromyko-Beam conversation on,

52, 54

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Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedMBFR—Continued

Gromyko conversations on, 181,272

Gromyko-Nixon discussions, 174Lack of progress in talks on, 360Military vs. political approach to,

47NATO discussions on, planning

for, 51NATO interests and, 80, 118NATO’s exploring of Soviet view

on, 70, 72NATO-U.S. talks, 274, 366NSC discussion on, 37, 63, 135NSDMs on, 52, 53Nuclear option, 345, 346, 349, 353,

354, 356, 366Option III, 259, 324, 358, 359Pompidou-Nixon conversation, 83Presidential guidance on, 81, 88Problems in development of U.S.

position on, 52Resor report to Ford on, 350Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180Second thoughts on, 333Size and nature of:

Defense Department position,190

Estimates of current forces inreductions area, 371

Ground vs. air forces, numbersfor, 371

Scheel talks, 187, 193Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368,

369, 370Soviet-U.S. talks, 361U.S. position, 207, 347U.S proposals, 192

Soviet troop numbers in reductionsarea, 340

Soviet-U.S. talks, 358Stalemate in negotiations for, 365Studies and briefings on, 254, 351,

355Troop movements, 155U.S. guidelines for talks on, 347U.S. policy guidance for, 73U.S. proposals, 59, 191, 243

MBFR-Security conference linkage,46, 69, 72, 75, 87, 89, 92, 111

Moscow Summit, 90, 95, 97, 100NATO meetings, 57, 59, 164, 166

Preparations for, 5, 20, 22, 46

Kissinger, Henry A.—ContinuedNixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

215, 224, 226, 228Nixon visit to Moscow, June 1974,

198Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326Pompidou-Nixon Summit, 154Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 128,

137, 142, 145, 164British-U.S. talks, 103, 131Force reduction numbers, 140, 160French-U.S. talks, 101, 115Hungarian non-circumvention

clause, 136, 140, 149Scheduling for negotiations, 116,

159Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on,

119, 124Soviet-U.S. talks, 107, 108, 112, 113SRG/Verification Panel joint

meetings on, 104, 114Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304, 305, 306Repatriation of ethnic Germans from

Poland, 325Rogers’s visit to Europe, Dec. 1969

13, 14SALT, 287, 315, 337Security issues in Europe, 5, 9, 52, 55U.S. foreign policy continuity, 242U.S.-Soviet diplomacy on European

security, 17Visits:

Bonn, Sept. 1972, 109, 111Bonn, Mar. 1974, 187, 193European allies, July 1974, 231, 233,

234Geneva, Dec. 1973, 181Moscow, Apr. 1972, 90, 91Moscow, Sept. 1972, 109, 111, 112,

113Moscow, May 1973, 140, 147, 148,

150Moscow, Mar. 1974, 190, 191, 193Moscow, Oct. 1974, 257Moscow, Jan. 1976, 368, 369Nicosia, Damascus, May 1974, 203,

206Paris, May 1973, 151Paris, June 1973, 157Romania, Nov. 1974, 259Vienna, May 1975, 287, 359

Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 258,259, 261

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Klossen, Boris H., 66Knowles, Lt. Gen. Richard, 39, 87Kohl, Wilfrid L., 48, 58Komplektov, V.G., 368, 369Koppers Company, 325, 326Kornienko, Georgiy M., 66, 97, 106

Basket III, 198, 203, 227Preamble for, 186, 188, 191, 200Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on,

257, 258Confidence-building measures, 205,

248CSCE, 112, 147, 183, 284, 286

Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195,196

Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316Pace of Stage II, 201, 271

Ford-Brezhnev meetings at HelsinkiSummit, 329

MBFR, 360, 361, 368, 369, 371Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

226, 228Kosciusko-Morizet, Jacques, 101, 115,

151, 251, 253, 265Kosygin, Aleksei N., 17, 69, 95

Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,226, 228

Visit to Canada, Oct. 1971, 51Kovalev, Sergei, 13, 173

Basket III, 178, 203, 216, 218, 221, 227,270

Confidence-building measures, 292,298

CSCE, 282, 313, 314, 316, 318Inviolability of frontiers, 264, 273, 275

Kozlov, Maj. Gen. Mikhail, 368Krapf, Franz, 166, 232, 310Kreisky, Bruno, 260, 286, 289Krimer, William D., 36, 71Kruczkowski, Marian, 256Kubisch, Jack B., 177Kuznetsov, Vasiliy V., 106, 115, 368

Laboulaye, Francois de, 362Lahusen, Carl, 264Laird, Melvin R.:

CES possibility, 46, 74, 81Maintenance of troop levels in

Europe, 34MBFR, 18, 50, 51, 59, 72, 81

Defense Department paper on, 52,53

Dobrynin-Richardson discussionson, 26, 29

Laird, Melvin R.—ContinuedMBFR—Continued

NATO interests and, 80, 118NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63U.S. policy, 65, 73

MBFR-Security conference linkage,75, 88

NATO ministerial meetings, 13, 45Security issues in Europe, 19, 55U.S. troop reductions, 131, 192Visit to Europe, Oct, 1971, 77

Lake, W. Anthony, 4Latvian-Americans, 321Leber, Georg, 152

German Federal Republic forcereductions, 345, 355

MBFR, 136, 170, 341, 363, 366LeBieu, Ken, 50Lee, Vice Adm. John M., 32Leesmont, Heikki A., 322Lehman, John, 358, 363, 364Leigh, Monroe, 283, 304, 311Leonard, James F., 16, 99Leonard, John, 87Leone, Giovanni, 154Lesawyer, Joseph, 322Less-Developed Countries (LDCs),

325Levitsky, Melvyn, 11Lewis, Samuel W., 265Libya, 194, 284Liechtenstein, 142, 147, 328, 334Limited sovereignty, 110Lincoln, Gen. George A., 19, 37, 63, 80Linebaugh, David, 102

MBFR, 39, 58, 349Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104,

114Linkage between CSCE and MBFR:

Allied support for, 133British position, 69French position, 127German Federal Republic position,

68, 69, 77, 87Italian position, 138JCS position, 87NATO position, 120, 248Nixon decision on, 87Romanian position, 165SALT included in, 349Soviet position, 85, 106, 248Soviet-U.S. talks, 96, 106, 107U.S. position, 46, 69, 72, 75, 76, 85, 88,

89, 92, 111, 127, 165, 291

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Lipatti, Valentin, 311Lithuanian-Americans, 321Lobdell, Brig. Gen. Harrison, 48, 78Lodal, Jan M., 190, 191

CSCE, 194, 196, 284, 313, 314German Federal Republic force

reductions, 346Helsinki Summit, 330MBFR, 192, 264, 351, 355, 357, 358,

363Nuclear option, 349, 353, 356Option III, 359

Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,198, 226, 228

Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974, 264Lord, Winston:

Basket III, 257, 262CSCE, 112, 177, 283, 304, 311

Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr. 1972,

91MBFR, 345, 368Moscow Summit, 95, 97

Loridan, Walter, 175Lowenstein, James G., 213, 236, 366Lucet, Charles, 67Luers, William H., 204, 213Luns, Joseph:

CES possibility, 86CSCE, 310MBFR, 77, 117, 129

European mistrust of U.S.-Sovietarrangements for, 158, 166

Ford talks, 274, 310Non-circumvention clause, 136, 140

Ostpolitik, 136Luxembourg (see also Luxembourg and

Benelux subheadings under othersubjects), 92, 95

Helsinki Summit, 328, 334MBFR role of, 65, 119, 355

MacGregor, Clark, 50, 57Macovescu, George, 180, 259, 299, 317,

335, 336Maitland, Donald, 234, 269Makarios III, Archbishop, 280, 294,

331Makarov, Vasiliy G., 183, 203, 361

CSCE, 271, 284, 313, 314, 316Makins, Christopher, 358Malraux, André, 115Malta, 87, 168, 280, 294

Apology by, 334

Malta—ContinuedCSCE proposals, 313, 314, 315, 316,

317, 318Manescu, Corneliu, 83Manescu, Manea, 335, 336Mansfield, Michael:

Bahr conversations with, 62Mansfield Amendment, 1971, 48, 49,

54, 57, 59, 70Reintroduction of, 191, 192

MBFR, 101, 129U.S. policy as affected by, 52, 63,

77, 90, 131, 332, 355Military budget cuts as desired by,

135Unilateral force cuts as desired by, 6,

72Margerie, Emanuel de, 214Marianas Islands, 270Marriage and family reunification (see

also Basket III; Human contacts):Canadian position, 141, 204, 227, 262Danish position, 141Early registration of texts for, 216, 217German Federal Republic position,

141, 204, 234Multilateral preliminary conference

approach to, 141NATO caucus text on, 236Norwegian draft, 236, 237U.S. position, 237

Mars, 95Marseca, John J., 333Marsh, Jack, 319Marshall Islands, 270Massion, Georg, 264Mateescu, Nicolae, 255Matejko, Jan, 326Mathias Amendment, 50Matlock, Jack F., Jr., 61, 117Maw, Carlyle E.:

CSCE, 262, 265, 283, 304, 311Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196

MBFR, 345Mazewski, Aloysius, 322McCaffrey, T.D., 269McClellan, John L., 348, 349McCloskey, Robert J.:

Basket III, 203CSCE, 177, 201, 265, 283, 304MBFR, 192

McGinnis, John J., 78, 99McGovern, George, 101, 115McGuire, Joseph, 87

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McGuire, Ralph J., 11, 70, 78, 92, 104McMannaway, Clayton E., 70, 102, 104,

114McNally, Thomas, 234, 269Meany, George, 319, 329Media, 279, 286Mendelevich, Lev, 133, 141, 144, 183,

205Basket III, 178, 216, 218

Menzies, Arthur R., 166, 310Merritt, Col. Jack, 87, 99Michael, Col. Louis G., 348, 349, 358,

363Middle East, 14, 262Middleton, Drew, 366Miki, Takeo, 315, 338Mikoyan, Anastas, 297Miller, Dudley W., 204Miller, Robert M., 146Mintoff, Dominic, 87, 168, 284, 294, 334

Maltese amendments in CSCE, 313,314, 315, 316, 317

Mitchell, John N., 73, 81MBFR, 65, 70, 80, 81


NSC discussions on, 37, 63Miyazawa, Kichi, 338Mladenov, Petr, 336Molander, Roger, 368Moldavia, 311Molotov, Vyacheslav M., 336Monaco, 147, 201Moorer, Adm. Thomas H., 53, 73

CES possibility, 74, 78MBFR, 65, 70, 80


NSC discussions on, 37, 61, 135NATO ministerial meetings, 45Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104,

114Security issues in Europe, 19

Morgan, Thomas E., 322Moro, Aldo, 57, 318Morocco, 173Moroz, Valentyn, 322Morse, John H., 32, 39, 87Moscow Summit, May 1972:

Areas to avoid at, 92Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 94, 95CES discussions during, 92, 93Communiqué from:

Belgian position, 100

Moscow Summit, May 1972—ContinuedCommuniqué from—Continued

British position, 100Content of, 98Dutch position, 100U.S. position, 92, 96, 102U.S.-Soviet discussion on, 96, 97

German Democratic Republicposition, 90

Heath-Nixon discussions on, 84Soviet-U.S. exchange on discussion

topics for, 86Talking points for, 93

Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226,228

Mugar, Stephen P., 322Mulcahy, Edward W., 265, 283, 304Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions

(MBFR) (see also Linkage betweenCSCE and MBFR; North AtlanticTreaty Organization (NATO);Possibilities for opening Mutualand Balanced Force Reductions(MBFR) negotiations; Preparationsfor Mutual and Balanced ForceReductions (MBFR) negotiations):

AD–70 study, 77, 80, 81Allied and Soviet military capabilities

in Europe, 355Austrian-U.S. talks, 260Balance within Western forces, 62Basic framework of, 32, 60, 63Belgian role in, 60, 65, 119, 355As brake to U.S. unilateral

reductions, 80British papers on, 341Bulgarian role in, 125Canadian role in, 119, 355Common ceiling, 363As Conference on European Security

agenda item, 38, 46, 51, 52, 54Current asymmetry in forces, 102Danish position, 342EEC approach to, 363European concern over U.S. support

for, 363European mistrust of U.S.-Soviet

arrangements for, 130, 158, 166French opposition to, 67, 77, 78, 80,

83Gaming the options for, 70, 80, 99Geographical areas considered for, 20

Belgian position, 70, 72British position, 72

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Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions(MBFR)—Continued

Geographical areas considered for—Continued

Canadian position, 72Danish position, 60Dutch position, 72Flank regions, 60, 113, 114, 116German Federal Republic position,

62Greek position, 60Hungary, 70, 72, 73, 116, 124, 166Initial guidelines for, 60Italian position, 60, 72Italy, 72, 119, 125, 128, 131Luxembourg position, 72NATO Guidelines Area, 60, 70, 72,

73, 116Norwegian position, 60Portuguese position, 60, 72Rapacki Plan Area, 60, 70, 72, 73Soviet Western Military Districts,

58, 70, 72Turkish position, 60U.S. position, 65, 70, 73, 193

German Federal Republic oppositionto, 363

German Federal Republic phasedapproach to, 73

German Federal Republic-U.S. talks,264, 289, 324

Indigenous vs. foreign forces, 41, 60French position, 63, 154German Federal Republic

reductions, 346Italian position, 170Soviet position, 228, 346U.S. position, 73, 154

Japanese-U.S. talks on, 338Lack of progress in talks on, 215,

360NATO as affected by, 80, 118, 135NATO statements on, 293NATO-U.S. talks, 274Non-circumvention clause:

On Allied and Soviet Blocequipment, 363

As applied to Hungary, 136, 140,149, 159, 164

And German Federal Republicforce reductions, 350

Norwegian position, 342NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63, 135Nuclear issues, 63, 70, 93


Nuclear option, 345, 346, 348, 349,350, 353, 354, 355, 356, 357, 358,366

Objectives for, 102Option III:

Allied talks on, 355, 362, 365British position, 358, 362, 364, 365Cutting of nuclear option from, 349European denuclearization

through, 363, 366French position, 363German Federal Republic position,

358, 365German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 259, 289Introduction into talks of, 353, 367NATO consultations on, 359Soviet rejection of, 368, 369, 370U.S. position, 356, 357

Post-CSCE timing for, 327In post-Helsinki Summit period, 362As primary U.S. European security

focus, 20Reciprocity, 363, 364, 365Report to Ford on talks for, 350Results from talks on, 260Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180,

336SALT linkages with, 4, 26, 32, 344,

349Second stage of talks:

Instructions for U.S. delegation,346, 347, 351

Nuclear reductions in, 345Verification Panel paper’s

alternatives for, 349Size and nature of:

Air manpower reductions:German Federal Republic

position, 264U.S. position, 349, 353

Asymmetrical reductions:In ground forces, 349U.S. position, 37, 39, 72

British proposal, 264British reductions, 349Canadian reductions, 349Commitments for reductions in

Phase II, 365Estimates of current forces in

reductions area, 371Fighter aircraft, 345

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Size and nature of—ContinuedFrench forces as excluded, 371German Federal Republic force

reductions, 191, 350, 355German Federal Republic position,

187Gromyko-Kissinger discussions on,

181Ground vs. air forces, numbers for,

371Missiles, 348NATO’s position as affected by, 60Non-U.S. equipment limitations, 365Nuclear weapons-tanks tradeoffs,

190, 364Options in, 60, 164Soviet and U.S. positions

compared, 348Soviet proposals on, 191, 193, 196,

347Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368, 369,

370Soviet-U.S. talks, 358, 361Tanks, 190, 196U.S. position, 206U.S. proposals, 190, 191, 196, 272,

343, 357Soviet position, 199

Soviet and East European attitudestoward, 344

Soviet freeze proposal, 264As Soviet tool to split Allies, 136, 174Soviet-U.S. joint communiqué on,

229Stages of, 248Stalemate in negotiations for, 365Tabling of proposals for, 345Trilateral discussions on, 192, 346,

349, 358Troop movements:

German Federal Republic proposal,183

Notification for, 155, 226Soviet position, 141, 147, 155U.S. position, 147, 155

Unilateral cuts vs., 6, 72, 192, 345U.S. alternates for, 137, 348U.S. force level reductions:

French position, 64German Federal Republic, effect

on, 37U.S. objectives, 348


As U.S-Soviet bilateral talks:German Federal Republic position,


U.S. willingness to negotiate, 192Verification of, 32, 60, 72, 114

Nairne, Patrick, 140National Intelligence Estimates:

NIE 11/12–73, 344NIE 11/20–73, 344

National Security Agency (NSA), 344National Security Council (NSC):

Meetings:Jan. 28, 1970, 14, 19May 1970, 20, 22Nov. 19, 1970, 37, 39June 17, 1971, 60, 62, 63Dec. 1, 1971, 80, 81Apr. 12, 1973, 135Jan. 23, 1975, 355, 356

National Security Decision Memoranda(NSDM):

No. 95, 40, 45No. 116, 61, 65No. 133, 81 No. 142, 81, 89No. 211, 137, 351No. 241, 346, 351No. 269, 351, 357No. 284, 356, 357Proposed, 52, 53

National Security Study Memoranda(NSSM):

No. 60, 19No. 65, 19No. 79, 19No. 83, 12, 18, 19, 20, 33No. 84, 19, 32, 33, 39No. 92, 21, 22, 32, 33, 38, 52No. 108, 52, 53, 55No. 121, 45, 46No. 134, 72, 73, 75No. 138, 76

Nedzi, Lucien N., 322Negroponte, John, 91, 112Neo-isolationism, 166Netherlands (see also Dutch and

Benelux subheadings under othersubjects):

As MBFR delegate, 119, 355As part of MBFR area, 60, 65Unilateral force reductions by, 349

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Newson, David D., 177Newsweek, 322New York Times, 101, 109, 131, 195, 286,

291, 322, 327, 355, 366Nixon, Richard M. (see also Moscow

Summit, May 1972):On captive peoples, 226CES possibility:

Berlin agreement as prerequisitefor, 42, 43

British-U.S. talks, 103Development of agenda for, 12, 15Distaste for, 108German Federal Republic position,

68Interagency study for NATO

meeting of Dec. 1971, 74Presidential guidance on, 81Soviet initiatives for, 2, 3Soviet-U.S. talks, 36, 42, 71, 72, 80,

84U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 3, 6,

9, 10, 34, 35CSCE:

Ministerial meeting on, 165, 167,169

Multilateral preliminaryconference, 105, 120, 121, 122,127, 134

Scheduling for, 147Soviet-U.S. talks, 174, 184, 199Summit-level gathering, 184, 194

Human contacts, 147Inviolability of frontiers, 147, 240Kissinger visit to Moscow, Apr., 1972,

instructions for, 90Letters:

From Brandt, 68From Brezhnev, 86, 105, 152, 182,

211To Brezhnev, 86, 121, 190, l96To Brosio, 77

Maintenance of current troop levelsin Europe, 34, 41

MBFR:Basic framework for, 60, 63Bilateral Soviet-U.S. talks, 103Brezhnev statement on, 49, 50Brosio talks, 34Defense Department paper on, 53German Federal Republic position,

68Gromyko-Beam conversation on,

52, 54

Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedMBFR—Continued

NATO discussions on, planningfor, 40, 51

NATO interests and, 80NSC discussions on, 21, 37, 63, 135NSDMs on, 53Pompidou talks, 83, 84Presidential guidance on, 81Rogers-Dobrynin talks, 61Romanian-U.S. discussions on, 180Size and nature of, 207Soviet proposals on, 341As Soviet tool to split Allies, 136State-DOD differences on, 18U.S. policy on, 65U.S. proposals, 59, 343

MBFR-Security conference linkage,75, 86, 88, 92

Meetings:Andreotti, 138Brandt:

Apr. 1970, 13, 14, 21June 1971, 56, 59, 63Key Biscayne Summit, Dec. 1971,

85May 1973, 145

Brezhnev:May 1972, 94, 95June 1973, 142, 159, 160, 161, 162,

163, 247Gromyko, 71, 72, 80, 84, 174, 199Heath:

Bermuda Summit, Dec. 1971, 84Camp David, Feb. 1973, 126

Pompidou, 83, 84, 154, 160Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226,

228NATO meetings, 22, 41, 55, 57, 166,

224Nuclear war, 37Oral messages:

From Ceausescu, 142From Soviets, 31

Polish military forces, 63Preparations for MBFR talks, 108, 159As preserver of NATO, 131Reelection of, 115Resignation of, 242Rogers’s visit to Europe, Dec. 1969,

13, 14SALT, 51Security issues in Europe, 19, 55Sino-Soviet split, 126

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Nixon, Richard M.—ContinuedU.S.-Chinese People’s Republic

relations, 338U.S.-Soviet trade issues, 95Visits:

Austria, May 1972, 93Azores, Dec. 1971, 83Bermuda, Dec. 1971, 84Europe, Feb.–Mar. 1969, 19Ireland, Oct. 1971, 80Naples, Italy, Sept. 1971, 80Soviet Union, June 1974, 196, 215,

224, 225, 226, 228Yugoslavia, Sept.–Oct. 1970, 35

Warsaw Pact response to NATOcommuniqué, 30

Nogueira, Albano, 166Non-interference in domestic affairs,

177, 183, 196Norbury, Brian, 103North Africa, 147North Atlantic Treaty Organization

(NATO):CES as substitute for, 85Committee meetings:

Defense Planning Committee, May1970, 51, 52

Nuclear Planning Group:May 1971, 51Nov. 1971, 75

Council meetings: Brussels, Nov–Dec. 1969, 5, 10, 13,

14, 16Brussels, Dec. 1970, 24, 34, 39, 40,

41, 63Brussels, Dec. 1971, 73, 79, 82Brussels, Dec. 1972, 120Brussels, May 1975, with heads of

state, 290, 293Copenhagen, June 1973, 157Deputies meeting, Oct. 1971, 58, 70Deputies meeting, Oct. 1972,

cancellation of, 114Lisbon, June 1971, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52,

55, 57, 76Ottawa, June 1974, 208, 212, 214,

216Permanent representatives

meeting, June 1975, 310Reykjavik, June 1968, 5, 6, 41Rome, May 1970, 16, 20, 23, 24, 38,

41, 55, 120Washington, Apr. 1969, 1, 2, 5,

10

North Atlantic Treaty Organization(NATO)—Continued

CSCE, 237, 317Evolving framework for, 131French role in, 25Heads of governments meetings,

Brussels, June 1974, 224Joint Declaration on European

Security, proposal, 10Kissinger briefing on MBFR/CSCE,

July 1974, 232MBFR:

Analysis for Lisbon meeting, 52, 55Decisionmaking for Dec. 1970

NATO meeting, 39, 40Development of NATO common

approach to, 102Discussions on, 23, 24, 25, 28Exploratory talks in Europe, 38,

125Force improvements as linked to,

135NATO communiqué, Dec. 1970, 39NATO’s exploring of Soviet views

on, 70, 72Planning for meetings on, 5, 16, 51,

70Portuguese included in discussion

of, 359Proposals for, 22, 38Scheduling for, 150Soviet troop numbers in reductions

area, 340U.S. proposals before NATO

meetings, 59Military stockpiling, 101Moscow Summit briefing to, 109Presidential decisions for NATO, 87Soviet battle planning against, 355Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia,

effect on, 19Soviet-NATO meeting, June 1974,

227U.S.-European relations, 166Warsaw Pact military strength

comparisons, 37Warsaw Pact response to

communiqués of, 30, 41Norway, 80, 119Noterdaeme, Paul, 175Nuclear-free zones, 60Nuclear proliferation, 336Nuclear test bans, 192Nuclear war, 37, 83, 131, 147

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Nuclear weapons, 345, 355MBFR tradeoff with Soviet tanks, 190,

364Tactical, 37, 99, 140, 152, 327

Numata, Sadaaki, 338Nunn, Samuel, 348, 349, 366Nutter, G. Warren:

MBFR, 18, 26, 29, 70Developing strategies for talks, 39,

58, 72MBFR-Security Conference linkage,

87Preparations for MBFR talks, 99

Obst, Harry, 331O’Connor, Lt. Col. Edward, 48Odeen, Philip A.:

MBFR, 39, 58, 80, 324, 340MBFR-Security conference linkage,

87Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 103,

104, 114Oder-Neisse line, 2, 20Oil spills, 41Okun, Herbert S., 11Olszowski, Stefan, 256, 325, 326, 328Olympic Games, Munich, 1972, 85O’Neill, Thomas P., 355“Open Skies” proposal (1955), 114Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development (OECD), 20Ortona, Egidio, 170Osajda, Joseph L., 322Ostpolitik:

British position, 41, 84European position, 39French position, 41German Federal Republic position,

23, 25, 41, 77, 136MBFR as resulting from, 32Multilateralizing of, 145U.S. position, 20, 33, 42, 80

Packard, David, 32, 37, 39, 63, 70, 80Pastore, John, 366Pauls, Rolf, 4, 8, 9, 56Paul VI, Pope, 233, 334Peaceful coexistence, 100Peck, Edward, 140, 246, 310Percy, Charles, 256Permanent machinery for CSCE:

Danish proposal, 294Defense Department position, 78Follow-up meetings, 284, 312, 318

Permanent machinery for CSCE—Continued

French position, 151, 232German Federal Republic position,

131, 170NATO position, 123Preliminary conference discussion on,

133Romanian position, 244, 264, 291, 299,

305Soviet position, 80, 123, 147, 149, 255,

291, 304Treasury Department position, 78U.S. position, 76, 110, 165, 304Yugoslavian position, 264, 291, 318

Peterson, Pete, 50Pickering, Thomas R., 177, 345Plechko, Vladimir Ya., 314Podgorniy, Nikolai V., 95, 226, 228Poff, Richard, 50Pogany, Andras, 322Poher, Alain, 199Poland (see also Poland and Polish

subheadings under other subjects):Economic situation, 326German Federal Republic relations

with, 325MBFR role of, 16, 60, 65, 119Oder-Neisse line, 20Rapacki proposal for nuclear-free

zone in, 60Soviet bloc integration, 336Soviet bloc role of, 17Soviet forces’ effect on, 63Soviet troop numbers in, 340Soviet war plans role for, 355United States, relations with, 264,

325, 326Polish National Alliance, 322Pompidou, Georges:

CES possibility, 38, 80, 86CSCE, 132, 201, 244, 259Death of, 199MBFR, 101, 114, 115Nixon, conversations with, 83, 84,

154, 160U.S. force level reductions, 64, 154U.S.-French relations, 13, 14Visits:

Soviet Union, Jan. 1973, 123Soviet Union, Mar. 1974, 187, 191,

192, 194, 195, 196, 226, 258Porter, William J., 177, 345Portugal, 280, 322, 334, 336

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Possibilities for opening Mutual andBalanced Force Reductions (MBFR)negotiations:

Belgian position, 23, 24, 39, 57Berlin agreement as prerequisite for,

56, 63Bilateral vs. multilateral talks, 64, 87Brezhnev statement for, 48, 49, 50, 51,

52, 57, 60British position, 23, 24, 39, 64, 77, 87British-U.S. talks, 84Canadian position, 39, 57, 64Canadian proposal to NATO

conference, 23Conference on European Security as

prerequisite to, 40Confidence-building measures for, 20Danish position, 39Developing strategies for, 32, 38, 39,

58Dutch position, 39, 64French position, 23, 39, 57, 83French role in, 52, 53French-U.S. talks:

Lucet-Kissinger conversations, 67Pompidou-Nixon conversations,

83, 84German Democratic Republic

participation, 52German Federal Republic position,

23, 38, 39, 56, 77, 83German Federal Republic-Soviet

talks, 68, 69, 85German Federal Republic-U.S. talks:

Bahr-Kissinger conversation, 62Brandt-Nixon meetings, 21, 56, 59,

63, 85Pauls-Kissinger conversation, 56

Greek position, 39Military vs. political approach to, 47NSC discussions on, 37, 63Portuguese position, 39Scandinavian position, 23, 24, 57, 86Size of team for, 59Soviet position, 40, 61, 85Soviet proposals on, 60Soviet-U.S. discussions:

Dobrynin-Kissinger discussions, 84Dobrynin-Richardson talks, 26, 27,

28, 29Gromyko-Beam conversations, 50,

51, 52, 54, 66, 69Rogers-Dobrynin talks, 61, 63, 64, 66

Spanish position, 86

Possibilities for opening Mutual andBalanced Force Reductions (MBFR)negotiations—Continued

State-DOD differences on, 18, 20, 29Turkish position, 39U.S. discussion on strategies for, 32,

38U.S.-European differences on, 7U.S. position:

On consultation with Allies, 53Guidelines given to Dobrynin, 28Policy guidance for, 73Presidential guidance on, 81Problems in development of, 52

U.S. talks with Brosio on, 34As Western disadvantage, 87Yugoslavian position, 86

Powell, Charles, 140, 156Power, Lt. Michael, 87, 99, 104, 114Pranger, Robert, 58Pravda, 190Preparations for Mutual and Balanced

Force Reductions (MBFR)negotiations:

Agenda for talks, 124, 125Allied invitations to Warsaw Pact

states, 119, 120, 125Belgian position, 113Brezhnev-Nixon talks, 159British-U.S. talks, 103, 126, 131Defense Department concerns on,

118Force reduction numbers, 140French role in, 99, 114, 124French-U.S. talks, 101, 151German Federal Republic-U.S. talks,

125, 145Issues for discussion at preliminary

talks, 121Italian position, 113Italian-U.S. talks, 138Location of conference, 99, 124Luxembourg-U.S. talks, 129NATO discussions on, 120, 124, 136,

137, 164, 166Romanian-U.S. discussions, 142Scheduling for negotiations:

Agreement on, 116, 163NATO discussion on, 150Soviet position, 149, 156, 159Soviet-U.S. talks, 107, 108, 112, 147,

160, 161, 162Allied response to, 113

U.S. position, 149, 157, 159, 161

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Preparations for Mutual and BalancedForce Reductions (MBFR)negotiations—Continued

Selection of participants for:Allied position, 119Belgian position, 128Benelux position, 131British position, 128, 131Flank rotating delegates, 119German Democratic Republic

position, 128German Federal Republic position,

131Greek position, 99Hungarian position, 128Italian position, 99Polish position, 128Soviet position, 124Soviet-U.S. talks, 125U.S. position, 99, 124

Soviet-U.S. talks, 168SRG discussions on, 99SRG/Verification Panel joint

meetings on, 104, 114Turkish position, 113, 114, 116U.S. alternative approaches, 137

Price, Charles Melvin, 355Principles of relations between states,

173Puaux, Francois, 214, 251Public opinion, 84Pungan, Vasile, 142, 244, 299

Quarles van Ufford, Bryan Edward, 130

Radio Free Europe (RFE), 204, 322Radio jamming, 204, 227, 284Radio Liberty (RL), 204, 322Rainer, Prince of Monaco, 191Ramsbotham, Peter, 205, 234, 269Rapacki, Adam, 60RCA, 326Reading rooms, 246REFORGER, 349Resor, Stanley:

CSCE, 247MBFR:

Air manpower reductions, 353Estimates of current forces in

reductions area, 371Instructions for negotiations on,

346, 351Nuclear option, 349Option III, 356, 359, 367

Resor, Stanley—ContinuedMBFR—Continued:

Pre-second stage briefing, 355Reciprocity, 364Report to Ford on, 350Schlesinger meeting, 348Stalemate in negotiations on, 365U.S. position, 260, 357

Rhodes, John, 50Ribicoff, Abraham, 329Richardson, Elliot:

CES possibility, 1, 2, 6, 7, 9CSCE, 269MBFR, 18, 23, 26, 27, 28, 135NATO meetings, 5, 13Security issues in Europe, 9, 19

Rivers, L. Mendel, 37Roberts, Chalmers, 50Roberts, Brig. Gen. Francis J., 78Robinson, Charles W., 269, 283, 304, 311Rockefeller, David, 326Rodman, Peter W.:

Basket III, 203, 233, 259British-U.S. talks, 103Confidence-building measures, 272CSCE, 151, 212, 234, 284, 310

Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316

Pace of Stage II, 201, 271Scheduling for, 147, 156Soviet-U.S. talks, 194, 195, 196, 270

Ford-Brezhnev meeting at HelsinkiSummit, 329

Helsinki Summit, 329, 330, 332Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr., 1972,

91MBFR, 193, 310, 361, 362, 368, 369Moscow Summit, 97Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974,

226, 228Preparations for MBFR talks, 131

Rogers, William P.:Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973,

162, 164CES possibility:

Allied differences over, 92Berlin agreement as prerequisite

for, 42Development of U.S. agenda for, 12Dobrynin talks, 80Gromyko-Nixon talks, 71Interagency study for NATO

meeting of Dec. 1971, 74MBFR as part of, 46

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Rogers, William P.—ContinuedCES possibility—Continued

Presidential guidance on, 81, 88Promotion of, 108Soviet initiatives for, 3Soviet-U.S. bilateral talks, 36, 86Territorial integrity, 96Timetable for, 84U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 10

CSCE, 165, 167, 168Multilateral preliminary

conference, 117, 120, 122, 127,146

Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit,85

Kissinger visit to Moscow, Sept. 1972,109

Maintenance of troop levels inEurope, 34

MBFR:Brandt-Bahr-Rogers conversation,

62Brezhnev statement on, 50, 57Defense Department paper on, 53Dobrynin conversation on, 61, 63,

64, 66Dobrynin-Richardson discussions

on, 26, 29Inclusion as CES agenda item, 54NATO’s exploring of Soviet views

on, 86NATO interests and, 80NSC discussions on, 37, 63, 135Presidential guidance on, 81, 88State-DOD differences on, 18U.S. policy, 65, 73

MBFR-Security conference linkage,75, 89, 96, 126

Moscow Summit, 95, 96, 97NATO meetings, 20, 41, 45, 57NSC study for, 21Preparations for MBFR talks, 117,

120, 137, 140Security issues in Europe, 19, 55Visits:

Europe, Dec. 1969, 13, 14Europe, May 1972, 92Helsinki, Prague, July 1973, 168

Warsaw Pact response to NATOcommuniqué, 30

Romania (see also Romania andRomanian subheadings under othersubjects):

CES possibility, 2

Romania—ContinuedChinese People’s Republic-U.S.

relations, 142CSCE, 120MBFR talks role of, 125Soviet bloc role of, 17Soviet relations with, 110, 336

Rostenkowski, Dan, 322, 326Roth, Helmut, 64, 149, 170, 264Ruhfus, Juergen, 306Rumor, Marianno, 2, 224Rumsfeld, Donald:

Confidence-building measures, 236CSCE, 310MBFR, 135, 340, 355

NATO discussion on, 150, 166, 274,310, 366

Preparations for MBFR talks, 136, 137

Rush, Kenneth, 68CSCE, 130, 153, 157, 172, 177, 265MBFR, 87, 130, 135, 345, 357

Instructions for negotiations on,346, 351

Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 114,128

Russell, Harold, 146Ruth, Fred, 358Rutherford, Benjamin, 355Ryan, Kathleen Anne, 136, 140, 149, 341

Safire, William, 332Sahm, Ulrich, 85Saint-Mleux, André Leon, 334Salmon, John W., 365San Marino, 142, 147, 328, 334Saunders, Harold H., 187, 228, 314Sauvagnargues, Jacques:

Communism’s future, 339Confidence-building measures, 293,

298CSCE, 214, 231, 233, 313, 316Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec.

1974, 267Helsinki Summit, 331Inviolability of frontiers, 251, 253MBFR, 362Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304, 306Scali, John A., 51Scheel, Walter:

Appointment as Foreign Minister, 10CES possibility, Berlin settlement as

prerequisite for, 57

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Scheel, Walter—ContinuedCSCE, 146, 147, 152, 170, 192, 206Human contacts, 146, 147, 168, 170,

171Inviolability of frontiers, 146, 147,

191Key Biscayne Brandt-Nixon Summit,

85Kissinger talks with, 111MBFR, 63, 85, 187, 193MBFR-Security conference linkage,

87Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304U.S. force level reductions, 64

Scheib, Henry J., 322Schlesinger, James R.:

CSCE, 310First use of tactical nuclear weapons,

327Helsinki Summit, 319Keeping the Soviets happy, 190MBFR:

Developing strategies for talks, 58European concern over U.S.

support for, 363Instructions for negotiations on,

351NATO discussions, 310NSC discussion on, 135Nuclear option, 353, 356, 358Option III, 363Resor meeting, 348Second stage of talks, 346, 355Size and nature of, 347Soviet proposals, 345U.S. alternates for, 137U.S. position, 357

Troop replacement, 264U.S. arms sales to Yugoslavia, 332

Schlieffen, Alfred von, 355Schmidt, Helmut:

Basket III, 212, 258, 259Confidence-building measures, 272CSCE, 263, 265, 270, 283, 316, 317

Summit-level gathering, 203, 206,251, 259, 278, 286, 313

Defense burden-sharing, 37Ford visit to Gdansk, proposed, 319German Federal Republic force

reductions, 355Helsinki Summit, 323, 330, 331, 339Inviolability of frontiers, 240MBFR, 51, 64, 72, 289

Schmidt, Helmut—ContinuedMBFR—Continued

German Federal Republic position,22, 59, 77

Option III, 324, 359Ostpolitik, 136U.S. force level reductions, 64

Schultz, George P., 37, 50Schumann, Maurice, 10, 25, 48, 64, 115Scientific/technological cooperation, 165Scowcroft, Lt. Gen. Brent, 128, 152, 297,

370Basket III, 187, 202, 260, 294Confidence-building measures, 307CSCE:

East European-Americans meetingwith Ford, 322

EEC-Nine declarations for, 212Final document, 320Multilateral preliminary

conference, 132, 148NATO talks on, 310Romanian-U.S. talks, 299Soviet negotiating style at, 285Summit-level gathering, 245, 276,

278U.S.-Allied consultations on, 231U.S. attitude at ministerial meeting,

167Ford-Giscard talks, Martinique, Dec.

1974, 267Ford-Solzhenitsyn meeting proposal,

319Helsinki Summit, 319, 329, 330Human contacts, 148Inviolability of frontiers, 148, 253MBFR:

Austrian-U.S. talks, 260British-U.S. talks, 324NATO discussion on, 284, 310, 366NSC discussion on, 135Nuclear option, 349, 353, 354Pre-second stage briefing, 355Reciprocity, 363Resor report to Ford on, 350Size and nature of, 190, 192, 207,

361, 370Soviet position, 202Soviet troop numbers in reductions

area, 340Soviet-U.S. talks, 289, 358, 361U.S. proposals, 191, 243

Moscow Summit, June 1974, 198, 226,228

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Scowcroft, Lt. Gen. Brent—ContinuedPolish-U.S. talks, 325, 326Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 304SALT, 287, 337

Secomski, Kazimierz, 326Security issues in Europe (see also

Conference on European Security(CES), possibility of; Conference onSecurity and Cooperation inEurope (CSCE); Mutual andBalanced Force Reductions(MBFR)):

Alternate models on, 19East-West Code of Good Conduct

proposal, 10Fora for discussions on, 55NATO communiqués on, 23, 25, 30NSC planning for, 20Standing Committee on East-West

Relations (SCEWR) proposal, 20State Department activism on, 5, 9State-DOD differences on, 55Warsaw Pact position, 30

Selden, Armistead I., 48, 78, 104, 114Self-determination, 141, 264Senate, U.S.:

Delegation to Moscow, June–July1975, 329

Foreign Relations Committee, 247Mansfield Amendment, 1971, 48, 49,

54, 57, 59, 70Reintroduction of Mansfield

Amendment, possible, 191, 192

Senior Review Group (SRG):MBFR analysis, 80Meetings:

Aug. 31, 1970, 33Nov. 23, 1970, 39May 13, 1971, 46Nov. 23, 1971, 78Mar. 29, 1972, 87, 88June 29, 1972, 99

Senior Review Group/Verification Panelmeetings:

Aug. 31, 1970, 32Oct. 28, 1970, 37Aug. 3, 1972, 104Sept. 20, 1972, 114

Shaw, John P., 104, 114Shelepin, Aleksandr, 336Sherer, Albert William, Jr., 192

Basket III, 221, 227, 236, 246

Sherer, Albert William, Jr.—ContinuedBasket III—Continued

Laws and customs issue, 208, 209,210

Confidence-building measures, 205,292, 298, 306

CSCE, 213, 222, 282Allied study of minimum desired

results, 237, 238Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316,

317Summit-level gathering, target date

for, 296, 310Inviolability of frontiers, 254, 273Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 306Shevchenko, Leonid M., 97Shinn, William, 363, 364Shirley, Katherine, 241Simon, William, 267Sino-Soviet dispute:

Cold War and, 362MBFR talks as affected by, 56PRC claims of superpower

domination, 95Soviet European policy and, 115Soviet military force levels, 37Soviet troop movements due to,


Sisco, Joseph J., 183Basket III, 187, 203, 262CSCE, 271, 283, 304, 311, 316MBFR, 349, 361

Sloss, Leon, 32, 39Smith, Gerard C., 53, 73

CES possibility, 81MBFR, 21, 58, 63, 65, 81Preparations for MBFR talks, 104, 114

Smith, H. Allen, 50Smith, K. Wayne, 60

CES possibility, 47MBFR, 47, 52, 65, 69, 70

Developing strategies for talks, 32,39, 58

NSC discussions on, 37, 63Smith, Peter, 78Sober, Sidney, 262Sohm, Earl, 234Sokolov, Oleg M., 186

Basket III, 257, 258CSCE, 194, 195, 196, 284, 313, 314,

316MBFR, 369

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Solzhenitsyn, Alexandr, 195Ford meeting with, proposed, 319Kissinger on, 286, 332Soviet view of, 327, 329

Somalia, 327Sonnenfeldt, Helmut, 22, 25, 49, 61, 188,

220, 308Basket III, 204, 227, 246, 294

German Federal Republic-U.S.talks, 230, 233, 249, 258, 259,262

Laws and customs issue, 185, 203,208, 209

Preamble for, 187, 190, 200Soviet charges of U.S. passivity on,

257, 258Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June 1973, 162CES possibility, 4, 8, 23, 43, 68, 101

Development of U.S. agenda for,12, 47, 48

U.S. cooling of enthusiasm for, 6,10

Confidence-building measures, 205,248, 293, 298, 300

CSCE:Allied study of minimum desired

results, 236Belgian-U.S. discussions, 175Bilateral arrangements with Soviets

on, 265British-U.S. talks, 234, 269European mistrust of Soviet-U.S.

arrangements for, 164Finnish invitation to Stage III, 222French-Soviet talks, 265French-U.S. talks, 151, 232German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 170Key issues in movement on Stage

II, 284Kissinger briefing papers on, 254Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316,

317Mediterranean Declaration, 213Multilateral preliminary

conference, 112, 124, 129, 142,151

German Federal Republic-U.S.talks, 125, 145

Round II results, 127, 133Soviet draft declaration, 148, 153U.S. position, 110, 121, 123

Nixon-Gromyko talks, 199Pace of Stage II, 201, 271

Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—ContinuedCSCE—Continued

Polish-U.S. talks, 256Romanian-U.S. talks, 244, 255Scheduling for, 147, 149, 156, 159Soviet toughening of negotiation

strategy, 304Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 184, 194, 195,

196, 197Ford visit to Romania, 336Helsinki Summit, 328, 329, 333Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 239,

251, 252Kissinger’s Moscow visits, 91, 113,

194, 195, 196, 197MBFR:

Allied quadripartite talks on, 362British-U.S. talks, 341Data uncertainty in U.S. position,

340Developing strategies for talks, 32,

38, 39, 58, 72French-U.S. talks, 151German Federal Republic force

reductions, 346German Federal Republic position,

68, 363German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 62, 264Gromyko-Beam conversation on,

54Instructions for negotiations on,

351Lack of progress in talks on, 360NATO discussions on, 70, 164NATO interests and, 80, 118NSC discussions on, 37, 63Nuclear option, 349, 353, 356, 366Option III, 355, 356, 359, 364Problems in development of U.S.

position on, 52Size and nature of, 190, 192, 193,

361, 371Soviet 2–3% cut proposal, 368,

369Soviet-U.S. talks, 289, 358, 361Stalemate in negotiations for, 365State-DOD differences on, 20U.S. proposals, 191Verification Panel meetings on, 46

MBFR-Security conference linkage,69, 75, 87

Moscow Summit, 95, 97, 100NATO ambassadors meeting, 166

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Sonnenfeldt, Helmut—ContinuedNixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974,

198, 215, 226, 228Ostpolitik, 136Polish-U.S. talks, 325, 326Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 114,

128, 142Allied agreement on scheduling

for, 116British-U.S. talks, 131Force reduction numbers, 140French-U.S. talks, 115German Federal Republic-U.S.

talks, 145Hungarian non-circumvention

clause, 136, 140, 149Soviet-U.S. exchange of papers on,

119, 124Quadripartite Rights and

Responsibilities, 306Romanian-U.S. relations, 142Security issues in Europe, 5, 9, 17, 19,

55Vladivostok Summit, Nov., 1974, 264

Sorokos, Ioannis, 166Soviet Union (see also Sino-Soviet

dispute; Soviet subheadings underother entries):

Campaign against dissidents, 173,322

As Eastern Europe hegemon, 20European policy of, 94, 95Jewish emigration, 184, 291, 322, 329MBFR role of, 60, 119Military capabilities and strategies in

Europe, 355Romanian relations with, 336United States, relations with:

European views of, 129, 130Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June

1974, 196, 215, 224, 225, 226,228

Signing of “Basic Principles ofRelations,” 98

Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974,243, 258, 259, 261, 264, 268,310, 326

U.S. intelligence capabilities in, 39U.S. long-range strategy toward, 187

Soviet Union (magazine), 196Spain, 168, 336Spasowski, Romuald, 256, 325, 326Spierenburg, Dirk P., 113, 150Spiers, Ronald L., 48, 70, 87

Spiro, Herbert, 78, 87Springsteen, George S., 11, 102, 117

Basket III, 262CES possibility, 48, 78CSCE, 130, 265, 304, 311

Stage II, 173, 177, 283MBFR, 37, 39, 72, 130, 345MBFR-Security conference linkage,

69Preparations for MBFR talks, 99, 104

Stabler, Wells, 156, 208, 210, 213, 251,265

Staden, Berndt von, 205, 240, 267, 304Basket III, 233, 249CSCE, 149, 153, 170, 213MBFR, 131, 148, 149

Staercke, André de, 100, 136, 166, 310Stafford, Robert, 50Steiner, Steven E., 264Steinhoff, Gen. Johannes, 166Stewart, Michael, 19, 24Stoessel, Walter J., 146

Basket III, 185, 191, 198, 200, 257, 258

Confidence-building measures, 144,205, 248

CSCE, 130, 170, 175Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316Multilateral preliminary

conference, 134, 139, 141Soviet-U.S. talks, 183, 184, 194, 195,

196, 247Stage II, 271, 284

Ford-Brezhnev meetings at HelsinkiSummit, 329

Helsinki Summit, 319, 329, 330MBFR, 130, 155, 343, 360

Size and nature of, 361, 368, 369NATO ambassadors meeting, 166Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974,

226, 228Preparations for MBFR talks, 114, 125

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT):Bilateral nature of, 39CES linkage to, 76Chinese People’s Republic position,

369Failure of, possible, 337Forward-based systems (FBS):

British position, 345Soviet position, 37U.S. position, 349


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Strategic Arms Limitation Talks(SALT)—Continued

Japanese-U.S. talks on, 338MBFR linkages with, 4, 32, 344, 349MIRVs and ABMs, 131NATO concerns with, 126Pressure for fast movement on, 166Security Conference as European

equivalent to, 10Signing of Principles, 162Soviet position, 19, 192, 287, 293Soviet-U.S. talks, 315Soviet-U.S. understanding on year’s-

end deadline for, 51Trends in strategic weapons, 101U.S. position, 326, 327

Strausz-Hupe, Robert, 128, 175Streator, Edward, 30, 99, 114, 185, 188,

205, 210, 213, 220, 236Sukhodrev, Viktor M.:

Basket III, 203, 257, 258Brezhnev-Nixon talks, June, 1973,

162CES possibility, 36, 71Confidence-building measures, 248CSCE, 112, 199, 247

Brezhnev-Kissinger talks, 194, 195,196

Maltese amendments, 313, 314, 316Stage II, 201, 284U.S.-Soviet discussion of Allied

proposals for, 183, 184Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki

Summit, 329Kissinger’s Moscow visit, Apr. 1972,

91MBFR, 360, 361, 368, 369Moscow Summit, 94, 95Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June 1974,

226, 228Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974,

261Sulimma, Hans Guenter, 264Sutterlin, James S., 62, 146Svart, Ankar, 310Sweden, 70, 260Switzerland, 168Sykes, Richard A.:

CSCE, 153, 156, 269MBFR, 131, 140, 341, 342

Symington, Stuart, 50Syria, 173, 316, 318Sytenko, Mikhail D., 194, 195, 196, 203,

271, 314, 316

Tanassi, Mario, 77Tarr, Curtis W., 177, 345TASS, 10Terfloth, Klaus, 306Territorial integrity, 96Thatcher, Margaret, 328Theis, Paul, 321, 323Theodoropoulos, Byron, 310Thomson, John, 234, 269, 355, 363, 364Thorn, Gaston, 113, 129, 130, 172, 333,

334Thurmond, Strom, 319Tickell, Crispin, 100, 130, 269, 330, 341,

358Time, 328Tito, Josip Broz, 329, 332, 337, 339Tomasson, Tomas A., 166, 310Toumayan, Alec, 154Trade barrier reduction reciprocity, 312Trampczynski, Witold, 256, 326Treasury, U.S. Department of, 78, 344Trend, Burke, 84, 103, 126, 140, 156, 342Trewhitt, Henry, 332Trudeau, Pierre Eliot, 51, 262, 330Tsukanov, G.M., 162Tunisia, 168, 173Turkey (see also Turkish subheadings

under other subjects), 41, 70, 119, 142

Ukraine, 142Ulbricht, Walter, 19Ulrich, Maurice, 232United Kingdom (UK) (see also British

subheadings under other subjects):Economic situation in, 135As MBFR delegate, 119, 355Military budget of, 80As NSC meeting topic, 14U.S. nuclear deterrent, 37U.S.-Soviet relations, 15

United Nations (UN), 95, 325Charter Article 102, 320

U.S.-Allied consultations, 53, 89, 91USATECH ‘75 exhibition, 322U.S. News and World Report, 322

Van der Stoel, Max, 172, 241Van Lynden, Rijnhard, 240Van Voors, Bruce, 332Van Well, Guenther:

Basket III, 233, 249CSCE, 212Inviolability of frontiers, 214, 240,

254, 273

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Van Well, Guenther—ContinuedMBFR, 62, 193, 264, 362, 363Vladivostok Summit, Nov. 1974,

264Vatican City, 87, 147, 236, 334Vavilov, Andrei:

Confidence-building measures, 272

CSCE, 194, 195, 270, 271Ford-Brezhnev meetings at Helsinki

Summit, 329, 330Nixon-Brezhnev Summit, June, 1974,

226, 228Verheugen, Guenther, 249, 264Verification Panel:

MBFR data uncertainty in U.S.position, 340

MBFR paper, June, 1971, 53Meetings:

Nov. 23, 1970, 47Apr 23, 1971, 46, 47June 11, 1971, 58Sept. 21, 1971, 69, 70Sept. 30, 1971, 72, 73Nov. 19, 1971, 80Mar. 29, 1973, 135Jan. 7, 1974, 346Mar. 14, 1974, 190, 191, 347Aug. 1, 1974, 349Sept. 7, 1974, 351

Senior Review Group joint meetingswith, 32, 37, 104, 114

Vest, George S.:CSCE, 130, 144, 172, 173, 283, 311MBFR, 130, 345, 349, 365

Vietnam War:Ceasefire talks, 157European reaction to U.S. bombing

during, 129French-U.S. differences on, 14Soviet-U.S. talks, 109U.S. desire for Soviet concessions on,


Vine, Richard D., 175, 251Vinogradov, Sergei, 271Vinson, Carl, 37Vodrazka, Frank J., 322Voice of America (VOA), 204, 227, 322Von Der Gablentz, Otto, 249Vorontsov, Yuli M., 87

Basket III, 185, 188Confidence-building measures, 144,

300

Vorontsov, Yuli M.—ContinuedCSCE:

Multilateral preliminaryconference, 134, 139, 141

Summit-level gathering target date,276, 277, 278

U.S.-Soviet discussion of Alliedproposals for, 183

Inviolability of frontiers, 252, 275MBFR, 128, 155, 343, 361, 366

Vredeling, Henk, 353

Wade, James P., 319, 364, 368Wagner, Jean, 129, 166Waldheim, Kurt, 325Wallach, John, 332Walters, Lt. Gen. Vernon A., 83, 99, 104,

346, 349Wandler, Mark, 58, 78, 87Warnke, Paul C., 349Warsaw Pact (see also Warsaw Pact

subheadings under other subjects):Force levels claimed by, 371Meetings:

March 1969, 1, 3Oct. 1969, 9, 11, 31

Military capabilities of, 366NATO communiqués, response to, 30,

41NATO military strength comparisons,

37Polish role in, 326

Washington Post, 50, 279, 286, 327, 349Waszczuk, Jerzy, 256, 326Watergate, 140Watts, William, 19Weber, Heinz Henry, 170, 233, 240, 304,

362Weinel, Vice Adm. John P., 48, 99, 104,

114Weir, Michael, 269Weiss, Seymour, 39, 72, 99, 104, 345Welander, Rear Adm. Robert O., 70,

78Westmoreland, Gen. William, 72Wheeler, Gen. Earle G., 12Wickel, James J., 338Wickham, Col. John, 32, 348, 366Wiggin, Charles, 214Wilberforce, John, 358Wilgis, Herbert E., 264Wilson, Bob, 50Wilson, Harold:

Basket III, 294

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Wilson, Harold—ContinuedCES possibility, 136CSCE, 199, 265, 270, 278, 294German Federal Republic force

reductions, 366Helsinki Summit, 323, 328, 330, 331MBFR-Security conference linkage,

69Security issues in Europe, 19Washington visit, Jan. 1970, 13, 14

Wright, Marshall, 32, 345

Yasukawa, Takeshi, 338Year of Europe, 154Young, David R., 23

Yugoslavia (see also Yugoslavia andYugoslavian subheadings under othersubjects):

Mediterranean representation atCSCE, 280

Preparations for MBFR talks, 140Romania on MBFR role of, 142Soviet invasion of, possible, 129U.S. arms sales to, 332U.S. troops in Europe, effect on, 336

Zablocki, Clement J., 256, 322Zamyatin, Leonid M., 95, 226, 228Ziegler, Ronald L., 50, 61, 109, 226, 228Zorin, Valerin, 133, 141

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