Index [s3.amazonaws.com]€¦ · 295 Index Abbasid period, 48 Abduh, Muhammad, 134 Abdulhamid II, 97 Abdullah, Ash Shifa bint, 188 abode of Islam (dar al-Islam), 49abode of peace

295

Index

Abbasid period, 48Abduh, Muhammad, 134Abdulhamid II, 97Abdullah, Ash Shifa bint, 188abode of Islam (dar al-Islam), 49abode of peace (dar al-salam), 190, 238abode of reconciliation (dar al-sulh), 49abode of treaty (dar al-ahd), 49abode of war (dar al-harb), 49abrogation (naskh)

of scriptural text, 136theory of, 48

absolute justice of Islam, 99Abu Bakr (first caliph), 41, 80–81, 84Abu-Nimer, Mohammed, 159, 206

Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam, xvii

accountability, evil and, 12Aceh, 151

conflict, 166martial law impact on peace educa-tion work, 154–55proverbs (hadih maja) in Peace Education Manuals, 160

Aceh Government Law (Undan-Undang Pemerintahan Aceh), 166

Aceh Peace Agreement, 164–65Acholi Religious Leaders’ Peace Initia-

tive (Uganda), 232action, defining right, 109ACTION for Conflict Transformation,

197actuality, 13ad-Durr, Shajar, 188

adl (justice), 8, 45, 77, 89n15, 190, 191–92, 237

absolute justice of Islam, 99peacemaking and, 213

afdal, 237Afghan Institute for Learning, 193–95Afghanistan, education for girls, 193–95afranj (the French), 21Afsaruddin, Asma, 227afu (forgiveness), 83–84, 190, 192, 237

Qur’an on, 189aggression, 19–20, 45, 85aggressive war, as obligatory, 48aggressor’s fear of retaliation, Qur’an

on, 64ahkam (legal injunctions) on peace and

war, 6, 237ahsan, 237ahsan al-nizam (best of all possible

worlds) argument, 11–13, 237ahsan taqwim, 237Ahtisaari, Martti, 175n37Akbar, 23akhbar (reports), attributable to Com-

panion of Muhammad, 54akhlaq, 237al-Andalusi, Sai’id b. Ahmad, 26al-Ansariya, Nusaibah bint Ka’b, 188al Asadiyya, Samra bint Nuhayk, 188al Ashar, Abu Misa, 187al-Ash‘ari, Abu’l-Hasan ‘Ali b. Isma’l, 14al-Ashmawi, Muhammed S., 140n1Al-Ashmawy, 134al-Awza‘i, ‘Abd al-Rahman b. ‘Amr, 17,

48, 227

© Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace

296 Index

al-Baghdadi, Ahmad b. ‘Ali al-Khatib, 27al-Barr, Ibn ‘Abd, 56, 57al-Basri, al-Hasan, 53al-Biruni, Abu al-Rayhan, 27al-Dunya, Ibn Abi, 51, 52, 53, 56al-Fayyumi, Saadiah Gaon, 27al-Haqqi, 67al-Hintati, 188Al-Hudaybiya Treaty, 188al-Jabarti, ‘Abd al-Rahman, 21al-Jahiz, Abu ‘Uthman ‘Amr b. Bahr,

26–27al-Jawzi, 208al-Jawziyyah, Ibn Qayyim, 20, 22, 23al-Jazai’ri, Shaykh ‘Abd al-Qadir, 20al-jihad fi sabil Allah, 40, 237al-Juni, Abu ‘Imran, 52al-kikmat al-khalidah (perennial philoso-

phy), 27al-Kindi, Ya’qub b. Ishaq, 26al-Magdashiyya, Ghazal Ahmad ‘Alwan,

189al-Qasim, Muhammad b., 21al-Qaysari, Dawud b. Mahmud, 10al-Qurtubi, 67al-Rashid, Harun, 23al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, 32n28al-Razzaq, ‘Abd, Musannaf, 48, 58al-Sabr wa-’l-thawab ‘alayhi (Patience

and the Rewards for It), 51Al-Sahwa, Yemeni Congregation for

Reform’s weekly newspaper, 189al-Saksaki, Yazid b. Bishr, 47al-San’ani, ‘Abd al-Razzaq, 52al-Sarakhsi, Muhammad b. Ahmad b.

Sahl, 15al-Sayyid, Ridwan, 47al-Shafi‘i (jurist), 46, 49, 228al-Shafi’i, Imam Muhammad b. Idris,

15, 227al-Shahrastani, Muhammad b. ‘Abd al-

Karim, 27al-Shawkani, 67al-Shaybani, Muhammad b. al-Hasan,

17al-Sijistani, al-Mubashshir ibn Fatik

Abu Sulayman, 26al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya, 27

al-Tabari, Muhammad Jarir, 41, 46, 48, 65, 227

al-Thawri, Sufyan, 47, 227al-Tirmidhi, 54, 57al-Wahab, Muhammed ibn Abd, 128al-Zahiri, Ibn Hazm, 27al-Zalam al-Qattal (Unjust Slaughterer),

68Ali (fourth caliph), 81, 188‘Ali ibn Abi Talib, 68Allah. See also God

Qur’an on belief in, 90n23almsgiving (zakat), 78, 242amal, 237aman, 237amanah, 237aml-e-salih (good deeds), 237Amman message, 245–46An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed, 128, 133,

135–40, 206, 228annual tribute, to Islamic state, 49anthropocosmic vision, 10anthropos, link with cosmos, 10antiintellectualism, 26aqidah aklaq, 161

combining with peace education, 160

aqidah (creeds and doctrines), 238aql, 238al-‘aql (human reason), 14Ar-Raniry State Institute for Islamic

Studies, 152Arab Group for Christian-Muslim

Dialogue, 232Arabic, classical vs. contemporary, 185arbitration (tahkim), 74Aristotle, Nicomachea Ethics, 114ArmeniansNursi on relationship with Turks, 102Nursi protection of children, 97artistic beauty, vs. material strength, 118Asad, Muhammad, 65asbab al-nuzul (“occasions of revelation”),

42, 238Asha‘rism, 14Ashton, Carolyne, 173n10Asian Muslim Action Network

(AMAN), xxv, 232atwah (compensation of losses), xix


Index 297

Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID), 153

ausul-ad-din, 238authoritarianism, Muslim challenge to,

24authority, gender-selected approach, 183Awad, Mubarak, 159, 172n7ayat al-sayf (sword verses), 45–46, 48ayat Allah, or vestigia Dei (signs of God),

13Ayesha (wife of Prophet), 187, 188Aziza, Lala, of Seksawa, 188–89

badala (change), 215. See also changeBangura, Abdul Karim, Islamic Peace

Paradigms, xviiBaralvi family (India), 20Battle of Algiers, 182Battle of Badr, 45, 108Battle of the Camel, 188Battle of Uhud, 45, 188bayyinah (dispute), xixbeautiful soul, Qur’anic ideal of creat-

ing, 8beauty (jamal), as name belonging to

God, 9Beer, Jennifer, 159Beer, Michael, 172n7Begum, Radiyah, 188believers, Qur’an on characteristics, 102Benedict XVI, comments on Islam, xvBerdan, H.M. Ibrahim, 173n16berfikir untuk penyegaran (thinking for

reviving), 164best of all possible worlds (ahsan al-

nizam) argument, 11–13, 237Bhagavat Gita, 28Bielefeldt, Heiner, 134bin Laden, Osama, 21, 63, 68, 70n14

on terrorism (irhab), 65al-birr, 237Bitlis, event of, 97Bouali, Hassiba Ben, 182Boulding, Elise, 180brigandage (hirabah), 59, 64, 66, 68, 239legal argument on, 66brotherhood, Nursi on, 100–01Buddhists, violence between Muslims

and, 195

Bukhari, Sahih, 187Burton, John, 209Buwayhid era (Persia), 19Byzantines, skirmishes with, 50

Cain and Abel, 100Cairo Declaration on Human Rights

(1990), 147n61calling (da’awa), 91n37Canadian International Development

Agency (CIDA), 158capacity building, 242capitalism, vs. Islamic economy, 116cara anak muda, 163Caxton, William, The Dicts and Sayings of

the Philosophers, 27Central Treaty Organization (CENTO),

101centralism, Muslim challenge to, 24Centre for Religious Dialogue (Bosnia),

xxvchange

and concept of the eternal, 128–29confronting, 214–17constructive, 217–19vs. immutability, 130–31power to make, 213

change (badala), 215change onself (tabdil), 215character, Nursi on, 99–100charity (sadaqah), 78, 241Chinkin, Christine, 181Christian scriptures, vs. Qur’an, 255–72Christians. See also People of the Book

Common Word between Muslims and, 255–72inner struggle, 108–09need for peace, 266–67peacemaking activities, 213–14Prophet and, 17Prophet’s treaty with those of Najran, 18

citizenship skills, 185civil liberties, 135civil society, 242civilizations

interconnection with religion and economics, 108–11power asymmetries between, 112


298 Index

cleanliness, 167Coalition for Peace in Africa, 197coexistence, Muslims’ inclusive attitude

and, 25cold war, 49collaboration, 85Collingwood, R.G., 8colonialism, 117–18

calls to fight against, 20and Western/Muslim relationship, 75commentary on Qur’an (tafsir), 5, 241commentators (mufassirin), 15, 240Common Word, between Muslims and

Christians, 255–72communication, 83community peace councils (CPCs), 219Companions of the Prophet, 187compassion (rahmah), 77, 190, 191, 241compensation of losses (atwah), xixcompulsion in religion, Qur’an on, 20,

41conciliation, 242conflict, 30, 242

changing participants’ perception, 211interconnection with religion and peace, 112–15prevention, 243training in root causes, 221

conflict analysis, 242conflict management, 243conflict resolution, xiii, 243. See also

Islamic conflict resolution modelgeneric models applicability across cultures, 73Islamic approaches, 206mechanisms in Muslim world, 192–93Western processes vs. Muslim model, 74–75

conflict transformation, 243conservative responses, to human rights,

132–35Constitutional Revolution in Iran

(1906–11), 129constitutionalism, 137constructive change, 217–19Consultative Council of the Ulama of

Aceh (MPU), 152

contingency (imkan), world as, 13conversion by force, 18Coomaraswamy, Ananda, 120n13Coomaraswamy, Rama, 114cooperation, 121n17corruption law (qanun), 176n46cosmos, link with anthropos, 10creation

Islamic version, 213Sufi explanation of, 9–10

criminal law, shari’ah (Islamic law), 137critical thinking, 185“Crusader-Zionist” foreign policy, 65cultural coexistence, Hindu-Musllim

mode of, 21–22cultural habits, 209cultural identity of Islam, 23cultural modernity, 134cultural pluralism, 27cultural reform, 138cultural relativity, and human rights,

132–33culture of peace, 219–20fostering, 230–31

da’awa (calling), 91n37da’irat al-wujud (great chain of being),

10, 238Damascus Sermon (Nursi), 102Danner, Victor, The Islamic Tradition, 118dar al-‘ahd (abode of treaty), 49, 238dar al-harb (abode of war), 49, 238dar al-Islam (abode of Islam), 49, 238

bringing world under reign, 18dar al-salam (abode of peace), 190, 238dar al-sulh (abode of reconciliation), 18,

49, 238da’wah, 238Day of Judgment, 67dayah or pesantren (Islamic boarding

schools), 156, 173n21, 238peace education, 167

deeds, Islam emphasis on, 84democracy

advocacy of, 135Islam and, 86, 165political reforms, 137

Denizli Prizon, Nursi in, 104Deuteronomy, 261


Index 299

development, Islamic theory of, 119devshirme system of the Ottomans, 19Dharr, Abu, 57dhimmis (non-Muslim citizens), 6, 16,

18, 238Prophet on protection, 23treatment of, 21–23

dialogue, 243The Dicts and Sayings of the Philosophers

(Caxton), 27A Difference Voice (Gilligan), 180The Differences of the Jurists (Ikhtilaf

al-fuqaha’), 48dignity (yawm al-mithaq), 79–80, 242absence from industrial society work,

123n35Dinas Pendidikan (Provincial Office of

National Education), 152Dinas Syariat Islam, 167direct elections, 165discrimination against women, 182dispute (bayyinah), xixdiversity, Qur’an support for, 87divine law (al-shari’ah), 14divine name (al-salam), for peace, 9divine providence (al-‘inayah), 12Doha Debates in Qatar, xxivdoing good (khayr and ihsan), 8, 25,

30n7, 77, 78–79, 84, 239

economic cooperation, 112economic developmentrelationship to armed conflict, 229–30strategy implications, 115–18economics, interconnection with religion

and civilization, 108–11Edhi Foundation, xxv, 232education, 116–17

for girls in Afghanistan, 193–95Islamic boarding schools (pesantren or dayah), 156, 173n21, 238Islamic systems, 76of leaders in peacebuilding, 217–19for religious leadership, 151, 232of women, 182, 184

Egypt, 211El-Ansary, Waleed, 227enemy, conduct of, 44Engineer, Ali Asghar, 206

equality, 80Esack, Farid, 85, 92n48Eslami-Somea, Reza, 228

“Human Rights and Islamic Re-form”, 127–50

Esposito, John, 91n36ethics of peace, need for development, 29Europe, Muslim minorities, xxivEuropean colonial powers, fight against,

20European Council for Fatwa and Re-

search, xxivevaluation, 243evil, 11–15

as ontological necessity, 13as rationally discernible phenom-enon, 13response to, 102

excellences of patience (fada’il al-sabr), 50–52, 238

exchange and development, Islamic theory of, 116

existence (al-wujud), 14exploitation, 75extremism, 207–208

counteracting, xiiiand language use, 63legitimacy of interpretations of Islamic law, 20marginalizing, 225n36religion as cause, xv

fada’il al-jihad (Excellences of Jihad), 49, 50, 228, 238

fada’il al-sabr (excellences of patience), 50–52, 238

fadilah (virtue), 25, 238faith-based peacemaking, xvifaith (yakeen), 242family law, 137faqr, 121n18, 238Faraj, ‘Abd al-Salam, 21al-faraj wa l-batin, 237fard ‘ayni, 238fard kifa’i, 110, 238al-Faridah al-Ghai’bah: The Neglected

Duty, 237al-fasad, 237Fatihah, 258


300 Index

Fatik, Abu’l-Wafa’ al-Mubashshir ibn, Mukhtar al-hikam wa mahasin al-kilam, 27

Fatima (daughter of Prophet), 187fatwa, 238fear of God (rahiba), 241

Qur’an on, 64fellowship, as Nursi’s goal, 101fi sabil Allah (way of God), 55, 238fighting (qital), 40

Qur’an permission, 16, 44financial crisis of 2008–09, 229Findiriski, Mir Abu’l-Qasim, 28fiqh, 238Fiqh Council of North America,

xxiv–xxvFirestone, Reuven, 51fitna, 238fitrah (man’s essential nature), 190, 191,

238deviations from, 11force, Qur’an on use of, 19–20forgiveness (afu), 83–84, 190, 192, 237

Qur’an on, 189Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh

Merdeka; GAM), 152freedom for individual, Islamic restric-

tions, 134freedom of association, 212freedom of speech, 212Friends of Victimized Families, 195–97fujur, 238Fukuyama, Francis, 107, 112–13fundamentalism, 114

Islamic, 30n2rise of, 185

Funk, Nathan, 192Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam, xvii

fuqaha (jurists), 15, 238

GAM (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka; Free Aceh Movement), 152

Gandhi, Mohandas, 95gender (al-jandar), 237

equality issues as Western/Islamic core clash, 115and Qur’an interpretation, 183stereotypes of Muslim women, 181

ulama manual on equality, 162values associated with, 180

Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh Movement; GAM), 152

Gersonides, 27al-ghayah al-khayriyyah (ultimate good),

237Ghazali, 31n19Gilliatt, Sara, Islam and Nonviolence, xviiGilligan, Carol, A Difference Voice, 180Girard, Rene, 3God

and aggressors, 20as al-Salam (peace), 9–11, 190beautiful names belonging to, 9just, and evil, 11and love, 10

Qur’anic concept of, 9God-consciousness (taqwa), 25, 241God’s omnipotence (qudrah), 12, 241God’s transcendence (tanzih), 9Goma’a, Shaykh ‘Ali, 64, 66–67, 69n1good and evil (husn/khayr and sharr), 11Goodman, Aaron, 195goodness, pure (khayr mahd), 240goods and services, 109grace and mercy, Qur’an on, 31n10great chain of being (da’irat al-wujud),

10Great Mystery (Sirr-i Akbar), 28Greco-Roman heritage, and Muslims,

25Guénon, René, 112, 122n28Gülen, Fethullah, 104

habl min al-nas (human-to-human connections), 151, 239

habl min allah (vertical God-human relations), 151, 239

hadd, 239hadith, 52, 58, 185, 239

of Gabriel, 109on group solidarity, 85and Islamic conflict resolution, 74on justice, 90n18on means of carrying out jihad, 53on peace, 82Prophet quoted on jihad, 54


Index 301

on tolerance of non-Muslim believ-ers, 87transmission, 187women importance in, 187

hadith maja (Acehnese proverb), 160Hafsa (wife of Prophet), 187Halevi, Judah, 27Hanafi school of law, 49Hanifa, Abu, 49Hanifah, Iman Abu, 17harb (war), 40, 239Hashmi, Sohail, 208Hassan, Riffat, 183, 185hatred, Nursi on, 99hawa, 239health care, 230hell, 32n24Hijaz, jurists from, 47hikmah (wisdom), 77, 239Hindu culture, 27Hindu-Muslim mode of cultural coexis-

tence, 21–22hirabah (brigandage), 59, 64, 66, 68, 239legal argument on, 66Hitti, 18holy war as misrepresentation of jihad,

41hope and despair, Qur’an on, 32n25Howeidy, Fahmi, 79hubb (pure love), 239Huda, Qamar-ul

“Enhancing Skills and Capacity Building in Islamic Peacemaking”, 205–25“The Peacemaking and Con-flict Resolution field and Islam”, xiii–xxvii

Hudaybiyyah Agreement, 161hudna (truce), 239hudud punishments, 137Hukayma, ‘Isma Abi, 51human beings

creation story, 213sacredness of life, 80–81weaknesses, 12wholeness of experience, 151

human development, 230

human freedom, 14human reason (al-’aql), 14human rights, 243

conservative and reformist re-sponses, 132–35international standards, 137mechanisms of reform, 139religion as cause of violations, xvshari’ah (Islamic law) conflict with modern standards, 127–28

human-to-human connections (habl min al-nas), 151

humility and peace, Qur’an on, 91n33Huntington, Samuel, 107, 112–115Hurayra, Abu, 54, 56–57Husin, Asna, 172n7“Islamic Peace Education; Changing

hearts and minds”, 151–77husn/khayr and sharr (good and evil), 11

Ibish, Yusuf, 110Ibn al-‘Arabi, 10Ibn Al Khattab, Umar (second caliph),

188Ibn al-Nadim, Muhammad b. Ishaq, 26Ibn al-Qifti, 26ibn Anas, Malik, 17, 208

Muwatta, 55Ibn Gabirol, Solomon, 27ibn Hanbal, Ahmad, 54ibn Harun, Nasr, 19Ibn Hazm, 56Ibn Kammunah, Sa’d b. Mansur, 27Ibn Kathir, 48Ibn Khaldun, 118, 124n57Ibn Khattab, Umar, 77Ibn Maja, 52Ibn Mansur, 19Ibn Paquda, Bahya, 27Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyyah, 17Ibn Qunfudh, 188–89Ibn Rushd, 17ibn Sahl, Hasan, 27Ibn Taymiyyah, 17, 20, 80, 128, 208ibn ‘Umar, ‘Abdallah, 47Ibrahim Abdi, Dekha, 197–98Ibrahim, Abu Yusuf Ya‘qub b., 17


302 Index

Ibrahim, H. Muslim, 173n16Ibrahim Pasha of Parga, 19ihsan (doing good), 8, 25, 30n7, 77,

78–79, 239ijtihad, 134ikhtilaf, 239Ikhtilaf al-fuqaha’ (The Differences of

the Jurists), 48illiteracy, of women, 185ilm (knowledge), 25, 239

excellences of, 56–57iman, 239imkan (contingency), world as, 13immutability, vs. change, 130–31imperial policies, and Western/Muslim

relationship, 75al-‘inayah (divine providence), 12individual freedom, Islamic restrictions

on, 134individualism, Western values of, 74individuality of crime, 98–99Indonesia

Peace Education Program (Program Pendidikan Damai), 151–72peace treaty, 175n37shari‘ah (Islamic law) in, 166–67

industrial civilization, 112industrialization

and absence of dignity in work, 123n35and gaps in national strength, 115

infidels (kufar), 87Inglehart, Ronald, 115injustice, Prophet’s call to oppose, 77inner life, xixinner meanings of Qur’an (ta’wil), 5, 241Institute for Inter-Faith Dialogue (Indo-

nesia), xxvintellectual heritage of Islam, recovering,

116intellectual institutions, women’s access

to, 180intellectual worldview, impact on reli-

gious text interpretations, 131intention, defining right, 109Inter-Faith Mediation Centre (Nigeria),

xxv, 232Inter-Religious Council (Sierra Leone),

232

interfaith dialogue workshops, 214International Conference of the Assem-

bly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, 247–54

International Monetary Fund (IMF), 229–30

intolerance, responding to, 103–04invisibility, of Muslim women peace-

builders, 186Iran, CENTO adoption, 101Iraq, CENTO adoption, 101irhab (terrorism), 64irhabi (terrorist), 64, 65, 66irjaf, 68, 239irjafi (terrorist), 64, 67–68ishraq (school of Illumination), 27islah (reform), 239Islam

change and, 131conversion of various communities, 18immutability of traditional religious thought, 127as religion of peace, 157as religion vs. as civilization, 129spiritual individualism, 8

Islam and Conflict Resolution (Salmi, Majul, Tanham), xvii

Islam and Nonviolence (Paige, Satha-Anand, Gilliatt), xvii

Islamic boarding schools (pesantren or dayah), 156

Islamic calendar, 44Islamic civilization, xvIslamic conflict resolution model, 73–88

challenges in applying, 75–76Islamic conservatives, and human rights,

133–34Islamic fundamentalism, 30n2Islamic law. See shari’ah (Islamic law)Islamic metaphysics, 110–11Islamic Peace Paradigms (Bangura), xviiIslamic state, annual tribute to, 49Islamic thought, promoting reforming,

xvThe Islamic Tradition (Danner), 118Islamic world

cultural zones, 35n73political ethics, 29


Index 303

religions encountered by, 35n72Islamicate, 36n76Istanbul

British occupation, 98Nursi in, 97

istihsan, 239

Jackson, Sherman, 66jahada, 239Jahan, Shah, 23Jahangir, 23jalal (majesty), 239

as name belonging to God, 9Jama‘at ‘Ulana Islami ( JUI), 217jamal, 239Jamil, Salmiah, 175n43Jamjuree, Soraya, 195–97al-jandar (gender), 162, 237

equality issues as Western/Islamic core clash, 115and Qur’an interpretation, 183stereotypes of Muslim women, 181ulama manual on equality, 162values associated with, 180

Japanese Embassy, envoy visit to school in Banda Aceh, 170

Javanese farmers, Indonesia relocation, 176n46

Jeffrey, Arthur, 52jenis kelamin (gender in Indonesian), 162Jewish philosophy, interaction with

Islam philosophy, 27Jews. See also People of the Book

Prophet and, 17jihad, 63–69, 91n36, 120n9, 239

as armed conflict, 17, 39–40, 51belligerent view of, 34n49changing meanings, 82ethical-legal implications, 39–59hadith on means of carrying out, 53hierarchical ordering of actions, 56holy war as misrepresentation, 41as just war vs. as holy war, 19military aspect, 43–44, 48mosque establishment as act of, 57multiple implications, 47–50Muslim extremists’ impact on meaning, 58–59Nursi’s understanding, 103

as offensive vs. defensive war, 15as offensive war, 49participants (mujahidun), 63patience (sabr) as aspect, 50–51Prophet quoted on, 54Qur’anic discourse, 40–42as religious duty, 47work objectives as form of, 108

jihad al-‘aql, 239jihad al-‘ilm, 162jins (gender), 162jizya (religious tax), 22–23, 239Job (Ayoub), 84Jordan (Royal Hashemite Kingdom),

xxivJordanian Interfaith Coexistence Re-

search Center, 232Juergensmeyer, Mark, 4jurists (fuqaha), 15, 238jus ad bellum, 15, 44, 243jihad as, 20jus in bello, 17, 243just God, and evil, 11just social order, struggle to achieve, 58just war theory, 17, 19–20, 243bin Laden attempts to bypass, 70n14Islamic, xviiijustice (adl), 8, 45, 77, 89n15, 190,

191–92, 237absolute justice of Islam, 99peacemaking and, 213

justice, transitional, 234–35

Kadayifci, Ayse, Peace and Conflict Reso-lution in Islam, xvii

Kadayifci-Orellana, Ayse, 228kalam, 239kalam al-awa’il, 240kamal (perfection), 240

as name belonging to God, 9striving for, 119n4

Kandyoti, Deniz, 182Kantor Wilayah Departemen Agama

(Provincial Office for Religious Af-fairs; Kanwil Depag), 152

Keeble, Brian, 108Kenya, Wajir district, 197–98Khadduri, 20Khadijah (wife of Prophet), 187


304 Index

Khaled, Amr, 228khalifat Allah fi’l-ard (khilafah), 240Khan, Abdul Ghaffar, xix, 77, 194Khandaq, 45Khawarij, 68khayr (doing good), 78–79, 240khayr mahd (pure goodness), 14, 240khilafah (stewardship), 190, 192Khusraw, Amir, 27–28khutbah, 240killing innocent beings, xviiKing, Martn Luther Jr., 95knowledge (ilm), 25, 239

excellences of, 56–57kufar (infidels), 87kufr, 240Kuran, Timur, 116Kurikulum Aqidah Akhlaq dalam Konteks

Penddikan Damai (Islamic Faith and Ethics Curriculum in the Context of Peace Education), 159, 160

Kurikulum Pendidikan Damai (Peace Education Curriculum), 153, 159

Perspektif Ulama Aceh, 161–62

la dhanb lahu, 240labor. See also work

division by gender, 184language, authority’s use of, 63law. See also shari’ah (Islamic law)

historicity as dimension of, 150n114law of nations (siyar), 50Lee, Steven, 7legal scholars (fuqaha), violence sanc-

tioned by, 208legitimacy of reforms, 138liberation, Islamic theology of, 92n48love (muhabat), 240

Nursi on, 99love of God, 255love of neighbor, 263–64love, pure (hubb), 239Lutz, Mark, 114Lux, Kenneth, 114

ma siwa’ Allah, 240madhab, 240madrasa (seminaries), 206

Nursi’s complaints about, 97

mahabbah, 240Mahdi family, 20Mahmasani, 134Maimonides, Moses, 27Maja, Muslim, 52majesty (jalal), as name belonging to

God, 9Majma‘al-Bahrayn (Shikuh), 28Majul, Cesar Adib, Islam and Conflict

Resolution, xviimaking things, and spiritual practices,

110maklumats, 240man-versus-nature dichotomy, error of,

10Mandela, Nelson, 95man’s essential nature (fitrah), 190, 191,

238deviations from, 11

Manuel II Paleologus, xvmaob, 155Maqbul, 19marginalizing extremism, 225n36ma’rifah, 240martial law in Aceh, impact on peace

education work, 154–55martyr (shahid), 51, 241

competing definitions, 54–55Prophet identification of types, 55

martyrdom (shahada), 39, 40, 49, 51, 241martyr-witness (sahedo), 52ma‘ruf (what is good and praised), 24maslaha (common good), 240masqasid al-shari’ah (teachings and aims

of Islamic law), 5, 240material objectives, vs. spiritual, 116material strength, vs. artistic beauty, 118maternal thinking, 180Mawdudi, Maulana, 128, 133Maymuna (wife of Prophet), 187Mecca

hostilities between Muslims and, 45pacifism of, 15, 16–21

Mecca Al-Mukarramah Declaration, xxiv

Meccan period, 42–44message of, 136

mediation, xix, 74, 221, 242-243medieval imperial world order, 18


Index 305

Medina, activism of, 15, 16–21Medinan Constitution (wathiqat al-

madinah), 22Medinan period, 43, 44–47message of, 136mercy (rahim), 190, 191Mernissi, Fatima, 185metaphysical-spiritual context of peace,

7, 9–11Michon, Jean-Louis, 117micromotives, and macrolevel shifts, 118middle community (ummah wasatah), 24mihnah, 240Mijlaz, Abu, 52military activity, efforts to counter exces-

sive glorification, 53Mill, James, 111Miller, Flagg, 189Mjuhammad, Ghazi bin, 114Moderation Assembly for Thought and

Culture, 247modernism, 129modernization, and women’s rights, 183money-making motive, hirabah and, 66monks (rubban), 64monotheism (tawhid), 241Montagu, Mary Wortley, 181moral action, 190moral excellence, hierarchies of, 53mosque, establishment as act of jihad, 57Mottahedeh, Roy, 47MPU (Consultative Council of the

Ulama of Aceh), 152Mu’awiyah, 19mudarat, 240muezzin, 240mufassirin (commentators), 15, 240muhabat (love), 240muhaddithin (traditionalists), 15al-muhaddithun, 237Muhammad. See also Prophet

Meccan period, 42–44Medinan period, 44–47

muharib, 66muhsin, 8, 240al-muhsinneen, 216mujahid, 240mujahidun (participants in jihad), 63, 66

munkar (what is morally evil and dis-liked), 24, 240

murjifun, 68, 240muruwwat, 240Musannaf of ‘Abd al-Razzaq, 48, 58musbet hareket (positive action), 102–03Muslim communities

cultural ecumenism of, 25–26internal problems, 76need for peace, 266–67religious leaders in, 209right to self-defense, 15social, political and economic reali-ties, 212

Muslim nonviolent leaders, 95–96Muslims

characteristics, 99violence between Buddhists and, 195

Muslims of Europe Conference, xxivmusta’min, 240mutaqlidun (traditionalists), 201n18mutatis mutandi, 6Mu‘tazilite theologians, 14mutual consultation (shura), 86–87

nafs, 240Najran, treatise with People of the Book

of, 18Napoleon, 21naskh (abrogation), 240

of scriptural text, 136theory of, 48

Nasr, Seyyed Hossein, 119, 119n5Nasr, Vali-Reza, 129National Human Rights Commission of

Thailand, 196national strength, industrialization and

gaps in, 115natural world, 10necessary being (wajib al-wujud), God

as, 14negative peace, 7–8negotiation, 243

skills in, 221teaching skills to women, 195

Nobel Peace Price (2005), 194Noble, Cameron, 170Noda, Maki, 170


306 Index

nonindustrial civilization, 112nonviolence, 55–57

in Islamic tradition, xviii–xix, 95Nursi as advocate, 96

Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam (Abu-Nimer), xvii

Nonviolence International (NI), 153nonviolent action, 243nonviolent army, 194Norris, Pippa, 115Novak, Michael, The Spirit of Democratic

Capitalism, 114Nursi, Bediüzzaman Said, 95–104, 228

biography, 96–97Damascus Sermon, 102in Denizli Prizon, 104effect of WWI on, 98impact of teachings, 104jihad understanding by, 103on respect of others, 100response to intolerance, 103–04Risale-i Nur, 102Treatise on Brotherhood, 100“The Voice of Truth”, 101

“occasions of revelation” (asbab al-nuzul), 42

offering peace to the heart (ta’lif al-qulub), xix

oppressed, defense of, 45oppression, from World Wars, 98organization management, 221Organization of Islamic Conference

(OIC), xxivorthodox etiquettes, process of establish-

ing, 24Ottomans, devshirme system of, 19

pacifists, 228Pagano, Ugo, 113Paige, Glenn D., Islam and Nonviolence,

xviiPakistan

CENTO adoption, 101women in, 185

paradise, 32n24partners, cultivating, 221party in dispute (wasta), intermediary

for, xixPasha, Rustem, 19

Pasha, Sokullu Mehmet, 19Patience and the Rewards for It (al-Sabr

wa-’l-thawab ‘alayhi), 51patience (sabr), 43, 53, 84–85, 241

as aspect of jihad, 50–51patriarchy

state involvement in religious af-fairs, 212and women’s status, 183

Pattani Central Mosque demonstrations, 196

peaceinterconnection with religion and conflict, 112–15Islamic concept of, 29in Islamic sources, 189–93positive concept vs. absence of war and conflict, 6as substantive value, 7–9

Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam (Said, Funk, Kadayifici), xvii

peace contexts, 7peace education, 234

impact, 164–72Peace Education Curriculum (Kurikulum

Pendidikan Damai), 153, 273–75Peace Education Program (Program

Pendidikan Damai; PPD), xxv, 151–72

financial support, 156high school program, 168–69impact on teachers, 171manuals, 159–64students response to program, 170

peace flash, 158–59peace (salam), 241peace (sulh), 241peace verse, 46peacebuilding, 243–44

multiple approaches to activities, 218synchronizing multidimensional, 231–32

peaceful communities, mechanisms to build, xx

peacemaking, xiii, 85, 244contemporary efforts, xxiii–xxvcontent and context of skills, 211–214faith-based, xvi


Index 307

uniqueness of Islamic efforts, xixpeacemaking values in Islam, 76–85

collaborative actions and solidarity, 85deeds, actions, individual responsi-bility and choice, 84doing good (khayr and ihsan), 78–79equality, 80forgiveness (afu), 83–84, 190, 192, 237inclusivity and participatory process, 86–87open communication and discus-sion, 83patience (sabr), 43, 53, 84–85, 241quest for peace, 81–82sacredness of human life, 80–81social justice, 77–78ummah, 85–86universality and dignity of humans, 79–80

pencerahan akal, 240People of the Book, 33n35, 46, 48, 87,

265–66as part of ummah, 86Prophet and, 22restrictive rulings on, 35n69

people of the sword, 91n36perennial philosophy (al-kikmat al-

khalidah), 27perfect example (uswah hasanah),

Prophet as, 24perfection (kamal)

as name belonging to God, 9striving for, 119n4

persuasion, Nursi on, 99pesantren or dayah (Islamic boarding

schools), 156, 173n21, 241language of, 158

philosopher of the Arabs, 26philosophical-theological context of

peace, 7, 11–15piety, contest of, 52–54poetry, 189political institutions, women’s access to,

180political-legal context of peace, 7, 15–23positive action (musbet hareket), 102–03potentiality, 13

PPD. See Program Pendidikan Damai (Peace Education Program; PPD)

problem-solving skills, 233problem-solving workshop, 244production processes, 111Program Pendidikan Damai (Peace

Education Program; PPD), xxv, 151–72

financial support, 156high school program, 168–69impact on teachers, 171manuals, 159–64students response to program, 170

Prophet. See also Muhammadon anger and forgiveness, 83–84call to oppose injustice, 77Companions, 187on defending the faith, 109emigration to Medina, 44identification of martyr types, 55life events, 42in Mecca, 16peacemaking as quality of, 83and People of the Book, 22on protection of dhimmi, 23quest for peace, 82sayings as commentaries on Qur’an, 119n6signing of treatises, 17treaty with Christians of Najran, 18on universal equality, 80on use of force, 19–20on wisdom, 26

Provincial Office for Religious Af-fairs (Kantor Wilayah Departemen Agama; Kanwil Depag), 152

Provincial Office of National Education (Dinas Pendidikan), 152

public life, inseparability of Islam from, 207

public policy, women historical role, 187punishments for brigandage, Qur’an on

hierarchy of, 66pure goodness (khayr mahd, summun

bonum), 14

qadi (religious judge), xixal-Qaeda leadership, 63qanun (corruption law), 176n46, 241qat’ al-tariq, 241


308 Index

qital (fighting), 40qudrah (God’s omnipotence), 12, 241quietists, preservation of nonmilitant

views, 50Qur’an, 4–5, 127

on aggression, 20on aggressor’s fear of retaliation, 64ahkam (legal injunctions) on peace and war, 6on belief in Allah, 90n23on burden of others, 98–99call to what is good and praised, 24on caring for others, 78change and, 215–217on characteristics of believers, 102vs. Christian scriptures, 255–272on communities that disobey, 216on compulsion in religion, 20, 41on conduct during war, 45in context, 42on creation, 90n26, 90n28on deeds of righteousness, 92n45on diversity of cultures, 28on doing good, 78on fear of God, 64fighting permitted, 16, 44on first human being, ixon forgiveness, 189on gender, 183–184, 189on God’s qualities, 9on God’s requirements, 89n14and goodness, 90n20on grace and mercy, 31n10on helping, 91n39on hierarchy of punishments for brigandage, 66on hope and despair, 32n25on human dignity and pride, 79on humility and peace, 91n33illiteracy and access to, 185interpretation by men, 183and Islamic conflict resolution, 74and jihad, 40–42on martyrdom, 51and patience, 43on peace, 81–82, 104, 190peace verse, 46on peacemaking, 83on persuasion, 99

on pursuit of justice, 77on sacredness of human life, 80secularist and apologetic readings, 5as source for Nursi’s nonviolence, 98and strugglling against wrongdoing, 42–44on submission to God, 91n32support for diversity and tolerance, 87sword verses (ayat al-sayf ), 45–46teaching women to study, 194on tolerance of non-Muslim believ-ers, 87on trust and justice, 90n17on ummah, 86on veracity of religions prior to Islam, 119

radicalism, reducing ideological support for, 233–34

radicalization, xiiirahiba (“fear of God”), 241rahim (mercy), 190, 191rahmah (compassion), 77, 190, 191, 241Rahman, Fazlur, 135, 228rajafa (quake), 67, 239rajafat al-ard (shaking of the earth), 67,

239Ramadan, 45Rawwad, ‘Abd al-‘Aziz b. Abi, 56reconciliation process (sulha), 241reconciliation (sulh), xix, 74, 244reconstruction after conflict, training in

root causes, 222reform (islah), 239reformists, 129–30

and change, 142n14response to human rights, 132–35

reforms, shari’ah (Islamic law) and, 135–40

reframing, 244relationships

human-to-human (habl min al-nas), 151vertical God-human (habl mn allah), 151

religioncriticism of, xiv–xvidefinition, 4


Index 309

immutability of traditional thought in Islam, 127interconnection with conflict and peace, 112–15interconnection with economics and civilization, 108–11as source of violence, 3–4

religious freedom, as reason for defense, 16–17

religious institutions, role in Muslim societies, 76

religious judge (qadi), xixreligious knowledge, expansion and

contractions, 130–32religious leaders in Muslim communi-

ties, 209change as threat, 215peacebuilding training for, 232required skills in conflict zones, 220–22trends in thought, 212–13

religious minorities, treatment of, 21–23religious peacebuilding, 205

in Islam, 206–11religious tax (jizya), 22–23, 239religious texts. See also sacred scripturesinterpreting, 131Reşad (Ottoman sultan), 97responsibility

to counteract evil, 13–14of individual, 84

retaliation, Qur’an on aggressor’s fear of, 64

revenge, avoiding, 196right action, defining, 109right intention, defining, 109Right Livelihood Award, 197right path (sirat el mustaqim), 241right, small vs. big, 99right thought, defining, 109righteousness, Qur’an on, 92n45Risale-i Nur (Nursi), 102ritual sacrifices, 3rubban (monks), 64Ruddick, Sarah, 180

Sa’ad, Rufaidah bint, 188Sabeans, 33n35sabr (patience), 55, 84–85, 241

as aspect of jihad, 50–51Saby, Yusny, 173n16sacred scriptures, comparing to historic

realities, 4sacredness, 131sacredness of human life, 80–81sadaqah (charity), 78, 241Sadat, Anwar, 21, 211Sadra, Mulla, 12, 13, 14–15sahedo (martyr-witness), 52Said, Abdul Aziz, 192, 206

Peace and Conflict Resolution in Islam, xvii

Said, Hakim Mohammed, xixSa‘id, Jawdat, xix, 82St. John the Damascene (Yuhanna ed-

Dimashqui), 19Saiyidain, K.G., 82Salaah, Al Udar al-Karimah Shihaab

ad-Din, 188salah, 241al-salam (divine name for peace), 9, 190salam (peace), 202n41, 241Salmi, Ralph, Islam and Conflict Resolu-

tion, xviiSanusiyyah order (Libya), 20Sarakhsi, on jihad, 17Saritoprak, Zeki, 228

“Bediüzzaman Said Nursi’s Paradigm of Islamic Nonviolence”, 95–106

Satha-Anand, Chaiwat, xvii–xviii, xix, 206

Islam and Nonviolence, xviiSato, Seizaburo, 115Schact, Joseph, 137Schelling, Thomas, 118Scheuer, Michael, 65scholarship, ranking, 56school of Illumination (ishraq), 27schools. See also educationschools of Islamic jurisprudence, basic

principles of Islam, 245Schumacher, E.F., 114, 116, 118, 119n4

objectives of work, 107–08Schuon, Frithjof, 114, 117–18sciences, 110

Islamic society and, 128


310 Index

Second International Conference of the Assembly for Moderate Islamic Thought and Culture, xxiv

secularism, 114, 138and women’s rights, 183

secularist criticism of religion, 4Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA), 153Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK),

153self-defense, 44, 45self-determination, women and, 184seminaries (madrasas), 206

Nursi’s complaints about, 97Shafi’i, on jihad, 17Shagab (ruler of Abbasid Empire), 188shahada (martyrdom), 39, 40, 49, 51, 241Shahadahs (testimonies of faith), 256shahid (martyr), 51, 241

competing definitions, 54–55shahwa, 241shaking of the earth (rajafat al-ard), 67,

239“shaking of the hearts (tahrik al-qulub)”,

67Shamil, Shaykh, 20al-shari’ah (divine law), 14shari’ah (Islamic law), xix, 15, 241

conflict with modern human rights standards, 127–28criminal law, 137criticism of implementation, 176n46and human rights, 132–35in Indonesia, 166–67movement for reconstruction, 128police (wilayatul hisbah), 167reforms and, 135–40and tolerance of religious minori-ties, 17

Sharify-Funk, Meena, 228“Muslim Women Peacemakers as Agents of Change”, 179–203

sharr, 241Shema, 261Shi’ite school of Islam, 140n3Shikuh, Dara, 28Shinawatra, Thaksin, 195Shirazi, Hafiz, 100shura (mutual consultation), 86–87, 241Siberia, Nursi in, 97–98

signs of God (ayat Allah, or vestigia Dei), 13

sirat el mustaqim (right path), 241Sirr-i Akbar (Great Mystery), 28siyar (law of nations), 50skills transmission, 219–22slavery, 78Smith, Adam, 111So, Perseveranda, 172n7social justice, as Islam goals, 77–78socialism, vs. Islamic economy, 116sociocultural context of peace, 7, 23–29solidarity, 85Soroush, Abdolkarim, 130–31, 132, 135,

144n28, 145n36, 228The Spirit of Democratic Capitalism (No-

vak), 114spiritual equality, of men and women,

184spiritual individualism of Islam, 8spiritual jihad, 103spiritual life, helping people with, 103spiritual-metaphysical context of peace,

7, 9–11spiritual struggle, superiority of, 54stereotyping of Islam, 91n36stewardship (khilafah), 190, 192strategic planning, for conflict interven-

tion, 221Streusand, Douglas, 64, 66, 68struggle against wrongdoing, Qur’an

and, 42–44struggle for living, 109struggle, militant vs. nonmilitant, 52–54Student Network for People’s Protec-

tion, 196submission to God, Qur’an on, 91n32Sudan, 135sufficiency of reforms, 138Sufis, explanation of creation, 9–10Sufism, 50, 110Suleiman the Magnificent, grand viziers,

19sulh (peace), 241sulh (reconciliation), 74sulha (reconciliation process), 241Sumeyya (first Muslim martyr), 187sun’, 241sunnah, 4–5, 24, 127, 241Sunni Maliki school of law, 55


Index 311

sword verses (ayat al-sayf), 45–46Qur’an verses superceded by, 48

Syiah Kuala University, 153Syrian jurists, 48

tabdil (change onself ), 215tafsir (commentary on Qur’an), 5, 241Taha, Mahmoud Mohammed, 135tahkim (arbitration), 74, 241“tahrik al-qulub (shaking of the hearts)”,

67tajdid, 241takfir, 241Talbi, Mohammed, 135Talib, ‘Ali b. Abi, 53ta’lif al-qulub (offering peace to the

heart), xixTanham, George K., Islam and Conflict

Resolution, xviitanzih (God’s transcendence), 9, 241taqwa (God-consciousness), 25, 241tarjufu (violent commotion), 67tashbih, 241taslim, 241tawhid (monotheism), 241tawhid (unity), 190–91ta’wil (inner meanings of Qur’an), 5, 241teachings and aims of Islamic law (mas-

qasid al-shari’ah), 5technology

ideological neutrality of, 116integrating traditional and contem-porary, 124n52Islamic society and, 128

territorial expansion, vs. conversion, 18terrorism, 59, 233–34

competing definitions in Arabic, 65Islam opposition to, xxv

terrorism (irhab), 64terrorist (irhabi), 64, 65, 66terrorist (irjafi), 64, 67–68Thailand, 195Thanksgiving Fatwa of Peace, xxvthawab, 241theologians, and personal transforma-

tion, xviiithinking for reviving (berfikir untuk

penyegaran), 164third party in negotiation, Muslim vs.

Western view, 74

Thomas, Aquinas (Saint), Commentary, 114

thought, defining right, 109Three Guineas (Woolf ), 180Tibi, Bassam, 134, 146n47Tickner, J. Ann, 180tit-for-tat, 70n12tolerance

of differences, Qur’an support for, 87of religious minorities, 17, 19

Topkapi Declaration, xxivtradition of transmitted religious sci-

ences (al-‘ulum al-naqliyyah), 4–5traditionalists (muhaddithin), 15traditionalists (mutaqlidun), 201n18training, 244. See also educationtranquility, 9transitional justice, 234–35Treatise on Brotherhood (Nursi), 100tribal solidarity (assabiyyah), 85truce (hudna), 239truth, universality of, 26–27tsunami, damage to PPD office, 158turhibuna, 64–65Turkey

CENTO adoption, 101Kemalist secularists, 96

Turks, Nursi on relationship with Arme-nians, 102

Tusi, Nasir al-Din, 121n17

Uhud, Battle of, 45, 188ulama, xiii–xiv, 129, 241

on Islamic peacemaking teachings, xviii–xixlack of female in Acehnese com-munity, 162manual development, 174n23manual exercise activities, 164manual on gender equality, 162mistrust of Western powers, 157PPD manual for, 161

Ulama Peace Conference, 159Ulama Program, 156–57

creating manual, 158impact, 165

ultimate good (al-ghayah al-khayriyyah), 237

ulum al-awa’il, 242


312 Index

al-‘ulum al-naqliyyah (tradition of trans-mitted religious sciences), 4–5, 237

ulum ‘aqliyyah, 242ulum naqliyyah, 242Umayyad period, 50Umm Habiba (wife of Prophet), 187Umm Salama (wife of Prophet), 187,

188ummah, 85–86, 242ummah wasatah (middle community),

24, 242Undan-Undang Pemerintahan Aceh

(Aceh Government Law), 166uniformity, vs. unity, 122n28United Kingdom, CENTO adoption,

101United Nations

Millenium Summit of World Reli-gious Leaders, 205role in world concerns, 206

United Nations Children’s Fund (UNI-CEF), 153, 156, 170

United Statesfederal agencies, 64foreign policy, 65

United States Institute of Peace, 158unity

among Muslims, 101vs. uniformity, 122n28

unity of God, 264–65unity (tawhid), 190–91, 255–56universality and dignity of humans,

79–80university, Nursi’s efforts to establish, 97University of Sanaa, Empirical Research

and Women’s Studies Center, 189Unjust Slaughterer (al-Zalam al-Qattal),

68‘Urabi, Ahmad, 20Usaybi’ah, Ibn Abi, 27uswah hasanah (perfect example), 242

Prophet as, 24‘Uyayna, Sufyan b., 52

values, in conflict resolution, 74vertical God-human relations (habl mn

allah), 151vestigia Dei or ayat Allah (signs of God),

13

violenceand conditions permitting use of force, 82illegitimate, 59in Islam, ethics of, xvi–xviiiMuslim scholars debate on use, 208between Muslims and Buddhists, 195root causes, 209search for legitimate basis for use, 83

violent commotion (tarjufu), 67virtue (fadilah), 25

Wadud, Amina, 184–85Wahhabis, 24Wahid, Abdurrahman, 166Wahid Institute, 232wa hum al-saghirun, 22wajib al-wujud (necessary being), God

as, 14Wajir Peace and Development Commit-

tee (Kenya), xxv, 197Wali Allah (Shah in India), 128waqi, 242war (harb), 40

non-Muslims as targets, 47warfare, 64wasatah (mediation), 74, 242wasta (party in dispute), intermediary

for, xixwathiqat al-madinah (Medinan Consti-

tution), 22way of God (fi sabil Allah), 55, 238Western conflict resolution processes

impact in Muslim country context, 207vs. Muslim model, 74–75

Western powersimpact on Muslim communities, 213mistrust by ulama, 157society changes, 215

wilayatul hisbah (shari‘ah police), 167wisdom (hikmah), 77, 239

Prophet on, 26women

in armed conflict, 182, 188education of, 182


Index 313

gender stereotypes, 181in Pakistan, 185values associated with, 180

women as peacemakers, 162, 179–200contemporary illustrations, 193–98historical precedents, 186–89shared challenges, 180–82strengths and limitations of initia-tives, 198–200

Women for Peace nonviolent movement, in Kenya, 197

women’s rights, 135in Islamic contexts, 182–85

Woolf, Virginia, Three Guineas, 180work

division of, 110Schumacher on objectives of, 107–08traditional objectives, 108–11

World Values Survey, 1995–2001, 115World War I, 97

effect on Nursi, 98al-wujud (existence), 14

Yacoobi, Sakena, 193–95yakeen (faith), 242yawm al-mithaq (dignity), 79–80, 242Yazdi, Ayatollah Mohammad, 146n48Yoga-Vasishtha, 28Yudenich, Nikolai Nikolaevich, 97Yugoslavia, 104Yuhanna ed-Dimashqui (St. John the

Damascene), 19Yusuf, Abu, 22, 23

zakat (almsgiving), 78, 242zamil, 189, 242Zamzami, H.M. Daud, 173n16Zartman, William, 73–74Zayd, Usama b., 41Zoroastrians, 33n35

Prophet and, 17zulm (oppression and injustice), 242


Index [s3.amazonaws.com]€¦ · 295 Index Abbasid period, 48 Abduh, Muhammad, 134 Abdulhamid II, 97 Abdullah, Ash Shifa bint, 188 abode of Islam (dar al-Islam), 49abode of peace

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