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557
Index
Abbas, Mahmoud, 205, 206, 211Abkhazia, Russia and, 42Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), 404, 406Abubakar, Abdulsalami, 549ACC (Arab Cooperation Council), 177–78Acevedo, Carlos, 516Acharya, Amitav, 62, 63Adjei, Nii Okai, 153Advance Cargo Information System
constitution on Islam, 390n22CSTO and, 332–33drugs into Russia from, 315Durand Line, 548instability in, 323jihadists in, 230NATO and, 253, 254, 260public support level in NATO
countries, 273n26radical Islam at border, 361Russia and, 318security challenges, 216Taliban in, Central Asia as base for
overthrow, 321troop cargo supply route, 322, 339–40U.S. support for sending troops, 273n27views of NATO in, 258
Africaarmed conflict in, 117collective conflict management, 539tcyber crime in, 158–61follow-up on commitments, 163
improved conditions, 119intrastate conflicts, 52migration of professionals, 123organized crime in, 121regional arrangements, 51tregional character of conflicts, 119–20regional organizations, role of, 115security culture origins, 81security issues, 149
complexity, 116–25national and regional, 115new threats, 121–23
societal disjointedness and frailties in postcolonial, 152
African Charter on Democracy, Election, and Governance, 125–26
African criminal networks (ACNs), 154African Peace and Security Architecture
(APSA), 116architecture, 127–32assessment, 132–42
capacity to act, 134–35institutional capacity, 135–36operational capacity, 139–40peacekeeping capacity, 136–38political will to act, 132–34
need for strengthening, 143policy agenda, 125–26as work in progress, 135–36
Algeria, 185counterterrorist measures, 230elections, 119wealth use to support groups, 236
Alianza Republica Nacionalista (ARENA), 490
All Parties Hurriyat Conference (APHC), 371
All Parties National Alliance, 392n45Allison, Roy, 63Americas. See also Central America;
Mexico; South America; United States
conflict management in, 493–94conflict resolution in, 484–86regional arrangements, 51tsecurity threats, 488–491
organized crime, 483, 488–90, 496Amity and Cooperation, Treaty of (1976),
54, 56, 428China signing, 410
Amnesty International, 520Amoateng, Eric, 153Amsterdam Treaty (1997), 274n35ancestral worship, in West Africa, 156Andean Charter for Peace and Security,
Arab League, 175, 182, 222, 231–32, 241and Arab-Israeli dispute, 192budget, 66failure to act on Darfur, 247
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU), 176Arab states
authoritarian rule in, 226calming conflicts in, 103–04change in 2011, 250conflict mediation, 235–38disempowerment of, 247external military protection, 225fragile nature, 228government distrust in, 249and joint military capacity, 251n8national identity, 171, 172negotiation, 111n30peace efforts with Israel, 201refusal to endorse humanitarian
Arabsabsent strategic community, 225–26distrust of international order, 225as Israeli citizens, 207religious minorities, 222
Arafat, Yasser, 210, 211arbitration of disputes, 58“arc of communication,” 389n3“arc of energy,” 389n3“arc of instability,” 389n3“arc of prosperity,” 389n3ARENA (Alianza Republica Nacionalista),
490Argentina, 440, 458n14
and Falklands/Malvinas, 95Arias, Oscar, 484Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 485Aristotle, 27, 28armed conflict. See also war
in Africa, 117in Central America, 511–12increase in, 13types, 51–52
victims of, 34–36armed forces. See military forcesArmed Forces Special Powers Act (India),
371, 391n32Armenia, 297
CSTO membership, 329arms control, 5, 41
absence of agreement in Middle East, 227
in South America, 448Arms Control and Regional Security
Working Group, 209ASEAN. See Association of Southeast
Asian Nations (ASEAN)ASEAN Plus Three, 102, 430ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 54, 55,
407–08, 536development influences, 65in East Asia, 429India in, 376limitations, 411
Ashton, Catherine, 276n54Asia. See also Central Asia; East Asia;
South Asia; Southeast AsiaEuropean Union and, 342India’s role, 353regional arrangements, 51t
Asia Foundation, 550Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
(APEC), 23n32Asia-Pacific region, lack of formal
multilateral institutions, 14Asian Development Bank (ADB), 336al-Assad, Bashar, 213al-Assad, Hafez, 213Association of Southeast Asian Nations
arrest warrant, 466battle-group coordination conference, 275n43Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi Sector
Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMST-EC), 382
behavior, characteristic patterns in negotiating, 80
Belarus, 297, 331CSTO membership, 329
Belgium, measure of military effort, 291tBen-Gurion, David, 208Bengal, partition, 356Berlin-plus agreement, 268Betts, Richard, 261Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), 361Bhutto, Benazir, assassination, 184Biden, Joe, 264Biological and Toxin Weapons
Convention, South America and, 438bipolar international system, 5Bishop, Maurice, 470Bishop, Morris, 485Bitzinger, Richard A., 551Black Sea Cooperation Forum, 301n2Boeing, 270n5Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas
(ALBA), 442, 486, 498n7confrontation with OAS, 487and Cuba readmission to OAS, 487–88
Bolivia, 95left-wing government, 440
border control for Mexico, 519border disputes
in India and Pakistan, 357SCO and, 335Durand Line between Afghanistan and
vs. escalation, 25focus, 54–55institutions dedicated to, ixnew wealth of, 30–34nonmilitary means during Cold War, 5opportunities, 46regional capability, 538regional mechanisms of prevention and
Conflict Prevention Framework, 55conflict resolution, in Americas, 484–86confrontation, vs. deference, 110n21Congo, 4consensus decision making, 56
by Arab League, 232vulnerability to paralysis, 110n25
Consortium of Non-Traditional Security Studies in Asia (NTS-Asia), 408–09
constitutionalism, African Union and, 125
Constitutive Agreement for the Central American Commission for the Eradication of Production, Traffic, Consumption and Illicit Use of Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances, 520
Constitutive Treaty of the Union, 445Contadora, 484Contadora Group, 512containment, overreliance on, 365Continental Early Warning System
(CEWS), 128–29Convention for the Elimination of
Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 386
Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) treaty, 41, 298
cooperationin conflict management, 542interest in, 538
cooperative security, 348, 450in South America, 442
Côte d’Ivoire, 133Council for Security Cooperation in the
Asia-Pacific (CSCAP), 408Council of Baltic Sea States, 301n2Council of Europe, 298, 535Council of Indigenous People, 446Council on Foreign Relations, 9, 10counterterrorism, 9countries in South, 9criminal activity
cyber crime, in Africa, 158–61gangs in Caribbean, 467–68as vocation in Caribbean, 491West African reaction, 156white collar crime, 160–61
in European Union, 276n59Czech Republic, U.S. agreement with, 294
DarfurAfrican Union and, 116, 130, 133, 549regionalization of conflict, 120responsibility to protect (R2P), 246–47roots of conflict in, 118Western attitude toward, 36
unanimity vs. consensus, 56Declaration of San Salvador, 449Declaration on Security in the Americas,
441–42defense industry, U.S. vs. Europe, 270n5defense spending
by EU members, 263increase by European countries, 283in Southeast Asia, 401
deference, vs. confrontation, 110n21Delhi Policy Group, 548democracy
in Africa, failure from corruption, 153after conflicts, 124in Asia, 352–53in Caribbean, 465deficit in South Asia, 385in India, 353internal contradictions, 42–44OAS defense of, 451progress in post–Cold War period, 29relationship with regional conflict
management, 69in South Asia, and religious extremism,
361in Western Hemisphere, 493–94
Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) in Taiwan, 420
Democratic Security Framework Treaty (1995), 520
dengue fever, risk in Southeast Asia, 403Denmark, shift in military profile, 290Department for International
Development (DfID), 122Desker, Barry, 551developing countries
Economic and Monetary Community of Central African States, 135
peace operations, 59tEconomic Commission for Latin
American and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 449
Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS), 140
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 53, 55, 104, 130
Drug Control and Crime Prevention Mechanism, 166
and Liberian peace talks, 549Mediation and Security Council, 56,
70n27members’ suspension, 60peace operations, 59tProtocol on Democracy on Good
Governance (2001), 69response to organized crime, 162–63
Economic Community of West African States Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), 7
Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 178
economic disparity, 9in India, 359–60
economic globalization, 8–9economic interdependence, in East Asia,
420economic sanctions, 60ECOWAS. See Economic Community of
West African States (ECOWAS)
Ecuador, 439dispute with Brazil, 440left-wing government, 440tensions with Colombia, 447
education levels, and domestic violence, 491Egypt, 182, 185
counterterrorist measures, 230diplomatic style, 103elections, 119and Israel, 5, 207as mediator, 237military forces, 225resentment of U.S. involvement, 239and responsibility to protect (R2P),
244–45view of security threats, 228views of al-Qaeda, 10and the West, 173Western colonialism of, 91
Einaudi, Luigi R., 78, 106on Caribbean nations, 97, 98on elites in Latin America, 90on European Union, 94on multilateral trades unionism, 99on OAS, 85, 100
El Salvador, 490armed conflict, 511–12gang membership, 498n14guerrilla movements, 502military forces in, 514military stalemate, 513murder rates in, 490security-sector reforms, 514–15
elections, in African countries, 119elite culture, 86, 89–90elites
of Arab world, 228political survival, 120
Ellis, Stephen, 154Emmers, Ralf, 412energy security, for European Union, 342environmental pressures
on income growth, 21n14from prosperity, 427
equality, and extremism, 44Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 212Eritrea, armed conflict, 149escalation of conflict
absence as leader in global issues, 38active power vs. passive model, 300armed forces deployment, 303n36cocaine demand, 151collective conflict management, 540tintegration, and interaction with
neighbors, 296–300internal divisions, 256military forces, 255, 270n5national attitudes, 287–92native terrorism, 284opinion polls on concerns, 289readiness to intervene, 290regional arrangements, 51tand Russia, 346security convergence and common
ground, 292strategic objectives, 255threats and risks to security, 280–87U.S. support for defense efforts, 275n41and world, 300–01
“European concert,” 25–26European Council on Foreign Relations,
256European countries, role in global conflict
management, 30European Defence Agency, 271n9European External Action Service
Failed States Index, 222Falklands islands, 440FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias
de Colombia), 447, 488Fatah movement, 205Fawcett, Louise, 49Fayyad, Salam, 205Fergana Valley, 319Fernandez, Leonel, 494finances, in Middle East mediation,
236–37financial crisis in 2008, 20
and European military limitations, 261and Russian perception of U.S., 312
firearms. See weaponsfishing
competition for, 118–19illegal, 122
5+1 group, 190Flanagan, Stephen, 474, 475–76flexible engagement, debate on, 65food security, 122force. See also military forces
practices concerning use, 64unequal regulation of use, 40–42
Four Common Spaces approach, 341419 crime, 158Fox, Vicente, 506France, 288
measure of military effort, 291tmilitary forces, 290view of NATO, 258views on terrorism, 10
Franco, Itamar, 443fraternity of Sant’ Egidio, 31Free Aceh Movement, 31Freeman, Charles W., 88, 91, 97, 104, 106
on cultural tradition of statecraft, 92Frente Democrático Revolucionario-Frente
Farabundo Martí para la Liberación Nacional (FDR-FMLN), 513
Frente Farabundo Martí para la Liberacion Nacional (FMLN), 490
Frente Sandinista de Lieración Nacional (FSLN), 512
Friedman, Thomas, 20Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of
Cabinda (FLEC), 477Frum, David, 180
Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC), 447, 488
funding, for conflict management operations, 139
G7, 40G8, 40G20 countries, 40
demands for rights to farmers, 359Gallup interviews, 256Gates, Robert, 497Gause, Gregory, 172Gaza Strip, 192, 204–05, 211
and responsibility to protect (R2P), 244–45
geographic scope, and regional variation, 60–61
geonarcotics, 465geopolitics, retreat in Central Asia, 347Georgia
closure of OSCE and UN missions, 307
war in, 274n33, 294, 315–16Bush administration support, 311and Russian limitations, 317
Germanymeasure of military effort, 291tview of NATO, 258–59
Ghana, 157cyber crime, 158
drug trafficking, 150–51, 168n5security services weakness, 160, 161smuggling gang arrest and release,
152–53Gilgit-Baltistan Thinkers Forum, 392n45Glenny, Misha, 158global developments, impact on Caribbean
security, 464global economy, China’s importance in, 426global financial crisis (2008). See financial
crisis in 2008global governance, East Asia and, 429–30global initiative, vs. regional initiative, 4global markets, 8global power, regions’ demands on, 533–34global security, 6, 530–32global threats, European Union view on
Iraqi Kurds and, 245–46and responsibility to protect (R2P),
242–43Hussein (King of Jordan), 177Hussein, Saddam, 38, 177
and Kurds, 245removal from power, 182, 215
Hutu refugee camps, 123
Ibekwe, Maurice, 153Ibero-American summits, 494identity shifts, by diplomats, 105IMF (International Monetary Fund), 354Imia-Kardak affair, 32IMPACT (International Multilateral
Partnership Against Cyber-Terrorism), 167
imperial peace, 28Implementation Agency for Crime and
Security (IMPACS), 470IMU. See Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
(IMU)income gaps, 9India, 100, 351–52
Armed Forces Special Powers Act, 365borders and boundaries, 355, 357challenges, 387China and, 380, 382–83civilization description, 384democracy, 353empire experience, 93–94foreign policy, 377, 378–79free-trade agreement, 390n14in global order, 380“grand strategy,” 375–84Look East Policy, 379, 380, 381,
382–84multilateralism for, 388Muslim community, Sachar Committee
report on, 385national security, 354nonalignment policy, 382and Pakistan. See Kashmirpolitical movements in, 357–59relations with U.S., 33role in Asia, 353, 416and SCO, 335, 376suicide by farmers, 390n20
threats to, 380views of al-Qaeda, 10views on terrorism, 10working population daily earnings, 378
Indian Coast Guard, 372Indian Ocean
threats, 381tsunami in 2004, 427
Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP), 339
Indonesia, 400military purchases, 401views of al-Qaeda, 10
infectious diseasein Caribbean, 492in East Asia, 427poll on concern, 11risk in Southeast Asia, 403–04
information technology infrastructure, criminal activity, 159
injustice, perception in Arab states, 227Institute for Security Studies, 141institutional architecture for conflict
in Arab-Israeli conflict, 191as major regional player, 181national identity, and clash with Arabs,
172nuclear program, 186, 188–89, 248–49GCC and, 233opposition to Western military
presence, 174prospects for Iraq alliance, 187Russian aid for nuclear program, 216and SCO, 335and Shia-Sunni divide, 229–30support for nongovernmental groups,
230threat to Israel, 201–02
of missile attacks, 203Iraq, 9, 176
destabilization, 229future role, 194Kurds and humanitarian intervention,
245–46links with West, 173as major regional player, 179–81prospects for Iran alliance, 187
regime change, 187and Shia-Sunni divide, 229–30U.S. troop withdrawal, 249U.S. war in, 215wealth use to support groups, 236weapons of mass destruction
production, 6, 38and the West, 173
Iraq War (2003), 37and international views of U.S., 33
Ireland, measure of military effort, 291tIslam
in Central Asia, 324–25extremists
in Central Asia, 324–25threat in Russia, 313–14
political, 42as religion vs. nationalism, 363
Islamic Framework, for collective security, 234–35
Islamic Jihad, Iran support of, 230Islamic Jihad Union (IJU), 323Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU),
319, 323violent actions, 325–26
Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan (IPRT), 326
Islamist groupsdissociation from terrorists, 230militants in Bangladesh, 363violence related to suppression, 326–27
Israel. See also Arab-Israeli conflictal-Qaeda in, 208Arab citizens, 207and Arab neighbors, 5current perceptions of security threats,
201–08asymmetrical warfare, 205–07conventional war threat, 202–03Iran, 201–02rockets and missiles, 203–05
and Egypt, 5impact on Middle East, 222Iran nuclear program as threat, 188June War of 1967, 199–200, 210and Lebanon, 214–15as major regional player, 182–83national identity, and clash with Arabs,
172
past perceptions of national security threats, 200–01
present choices, 217–18radical policy changes in Egypt, Jordan,
and Palestinian Authority, 207and regional arrangements, 208–09self-reliance, 172–73and Syria, 5, 212–13terror in, 208
Israel-Palestine issue, 210–12. See also Arab-Israeli conflict
ad hoc structure for reviving peace process, 241
failure to address, 44U.S. and, 37–38
Italymeasure of military effort, 291tviews on terrorism, 10
judicial/legal system in West Africa, vs. traditional/cultural system, 156
June War of 1967, 199–200, 210justice
vs. peace, 117war necessity for, 290
Kagame, Paul, on Rwandan genocide (1994), 115
Kagan, Robert, 286Kai Ka’us ibn Iskandar, The Qabus Nama (A
Mirror for Princes), 92Kashmir, 354, 363
autonomy for, 373–75cultural discontinuity impact, 368–69domestic crisis in 2010, 375impasse in, 366–75Musharraf ’s proposed settlement,
368–70Pakistan’s call for plebiscite, 370requisites for pragmatic solution, 374Singh initiative on human security
concerns, 370–73soft borders, 369state, vs. Kashmir Valley, 392n41Taliban in, 364transport and communication links, 372working group report on status, 371
Kashmir Study Group, 548Kashmiri American Council, 548Kasuri, Khurshid, 367–68Kayani, Ashfaq Parvez, 370Kazakhstan, 318, 327
CSTO membership, 329in NATO Partnership for Peace
program, 339in OSCE, 343–44
Kelly, Robert, 15Kenya, 116, 133Khan, Roger, 479n11Khartoum Arab summit, 210Khatami, Mohammad, 189Kim Dae-Jung, 420Kim Jong-Il, 421, 422Kluckholn, Clyde, on culture, 79Koizumi, Junichiro, 421Konaré, Alpha, 57Korea. See also North Korea; South Korea
view of outside powers, 95
Kosovo, 42, 282distrust against UN personnel, 43
Kouchner, Bernard, 251n14Kuala Lumpur Declaration (2005), 419Kumar, Radha, 368Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), 238Kuwait, 186, 240
in Gulf Cooperation Council, 233Iraq invasion, 177links with West, 173military forces, 225U.S. forcing Iraq of, 225view of security threats, 228wealth use to support groups, 236
Kyrgyzstan, 315, 318crisis in 2010, 345–46CSTO membership, 329ethnic violence, 327–28in NATO Partnership for Peace
migration of refugees, 289MILF (Moro Islamic Liberation Front),
404, 405–06, 550militant jihadists, 9militarism, in South Asia, 364–66military forces, 41
in Central America, mission redefinition, 515
changes in Europe after Cold War end, 281–82
of China. See People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
in El Salvador, 514European deployment, 285, 303n36external protection for Arab countries,
225in Guatemala, 514increase in expenditures, 302n16joint exercises by SCO member states,
334–35in Mexico, social function, 505NATO-EU doctrines, 268in Nicaragua, 514response to coups, 60
Military Staff Committee, 130Miller, Benjamin, “theory of regional war
and peace,” 62–63minimalists, view of NATO, 258, 259minorities, in India, 385MINUSTAH (United Nations
Stabilization Mission in Haiti), 507mixed international system, 27–28money-laundering, in South America, 454money-offer scams, 158Mongolia, and SCO, 335Mora, Frank, 475Morales, Evo, election, 460n45Morgan, Patrick, 15, 473
on material constraints, 66Morgenthau, Hans, Politics among
Nations, 4Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF),
404, 405–06, 550Morocco
counterterrorist measures, 230views on terrorism, 10
in Southeast Asia, 411–12nonintervention, political meaning to, 32nonstate armed conflicts, 52norms and practices, 64North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA), 475, 504North and South, different perspectives, 12North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO), 30, 31–32, 53, 61, 294–95, 535
Afghanistan operations, 340bureaucracies, 57and Central Asia, 339collective self-defense and deterrence
enlargement, 296enlargement as Russian concern, 309Euro-Atlantic Partnership (EAP),
296European Union and, 295functions, 273n24imperatives for future, 272n19membership, 261, 266t, 272n16missions and future, 257–58North Atlantic Council and Military
Committee, 70n25“out-of-area” missions, 260peace operations, 59tsupport for global orientation, 258and transatlantic relationship, 253, 254Turkey in, 172, 174
North Caucasus, instability in, 314North Korea, 91, 420–24
government siege mentality, 422and Japan, 421role in East Asia, 418and Six-Party Talks, 433–34trade with China, 436n7
nuclear weaponsattitudes on proliferation threat, 10concern about spread, 11, 22n22Iran development, 201Mexico and, 505North Korea development program,
420–22in Pakistan, 184in Russia, 310–11, 318Southeast Asia treaty banning, 408
Nunn, Sam, 486Nye, Joseph, 381
OAS. See Organization of American States (OAS)
Obama, Barack, 264and CSTO, 333and Cuba, 488and East Asia as priority, 417election, and U.S.-Russian relations,
312initiatives in Middle East, 216–17and international peacebuilding efforts
in Middle East, 194on nuclear weapons, 423Russia relations as priority, 310–11
Oderbrecht, 440OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development), Information Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP) committee, 167
oilChina agreements on exploration
with Vietnam and Philippines, 410
impact on Middle East, 222and U.S. strategy, 181wealth used to impact opinion, 236
Olmert, Ehud, 211, 212, 214Oman
in Gulf Cooperation Council, 233links with West, 173military forces, 225view of security threats, 228
OPANAL (Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean), 444, 551
operational assumptions, vs. central tenets, 64
opinion polls, on Europe security, 292Orange Revolution in Ukraine, Bush
administration support, 311Organization for Economic
Co-operation and Development (OECD), Information Computer and Communication Policy (ICCP) committee, 167
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 30, 298, 310, 343–44, 533
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 126AMU and, 176Commission for Mediation,
Conciliation and Arbitration, 56impact, 65Plan of Action on Drug Control, 164
Organization of American States (OAS)budget, 66competition for, 494–96consensus decision making by, 100condemnation of Honduran coup,
486–87damage control by, 495Guyana membership, 469intrastate conflict resolution, 53, 451Mission of Support of the Peace
Process in Colombia, 452and political culture change, 493renewal of, 439role of, 444–45, 457Rules of Procedures, 472–73secretary-general, 57and security threat, 446–47structure, 535–36subregional management, 99, 551Treaty on Pacific Settlement of
Disputes, 56Unit for the Promotion of Democracy
(UPD), 451–52Organization of the Eastern Caribbean
States (OECS), 470Organization of the Islamic Conference
(OIC), 235, 534organized crime
in Africa, 121, 150–51dynamics, and narcotics trade,
151–58in Americas, 483, 488–90, 496
Mexico, 509assassinations in Mexico, 510fin Caribbean, 463, 490–91development in West Africa, 154–55in Russia, 314transnational (TOC), 149
Ortega, Daniel, 484OSCE. See Organization for Security and
Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)Oslo Accords (1993), 210
Ouro Preto, Treaty of, 445outside powers, Arab states’ reliance on,
231–32
Pacific Islands Forum, peace operations, 59t
Pacific Settlement of Disputes, Treaty on, 56
Pakistan, 174, 356call for plebiscite in Kashmir, 370Durand Line, 548and India, 357. See also Kashmiras major regional player, 183–84militant groups, 363Northern Areas, 392n45political leadership, 370radical Islam at border, 361reprisals against Hindu minorities, 360and SCO, 335security challenges, 216threats, 391n25views of al-Qaeda, 10views on terrorism, 10
rising sea levels, from climate change, 404Roberson, Barbara Allen, 172Roh Moo-Hyun, 424Rose Revolution in Georgia, Bush
administration support, 311, 321Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP),
489–90Russia, 100
Afghanistan and, 318as challenge for Europe, 282–83and conflict resolution, 39CSTO membership, 329domestic security concerns, 313drivers and limitations of key security
actor, 307–18Eurasia and, 348Europe and, 346European Union and, 297, 341–42future of supported institutions, 337–38impact on SCO, 336military allies, 302n13military changes required, 317–18as NATO members’ concern, 258nuclear weapons in, 318oil-export-generated wealth, 308regional security threats, 314–16relations with U.S., 33resentment of perceived failure in Cold
War, 310resources needed for security agenda,
316–318
resurgence, 308return of, 216role in East Asia, 418–19role in Kyrgyzstan, 328and SCO, 334security concerns, 308–16
Cold War legacies, 308–13and Serbia, 36test of power and influence, 315view by regional states, 346vision of multilateral organization,
297–98Rwanda, 7
1994 genocide, 115civil war, 120
Saakashvili, Mikheil, 312SAARC (South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation), 356, 364Sachar Committee report, on Muslim
community in India, 385Sahni, Ajai, 363Said, Mohamed Kadry, 252n17Salacuse, Jeswald, 80Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 505SALW (small arms and light weapons),
149. See also weaponsSalwa Judum, 358Sambi, Ahmed Abdallah, 133sanctions, African Union lack of, 135Sant’ Egidio, fraternity of, 31Santiago Declaration, 449, 451, 536, 542Sapoá Agreements (1988), 512Sarkozy, Nicolas, 299SARS epidemic, 404Saudi Arabia, 91, 181–82
customs union from GCC, 176exposure to Arab tradition of
diplomacy, 92in Gulf Cooperation Council, 233links with West, 173military forces, 225religious influence in, 237view of security threats, 228–29wealth use to support groups, 236
Savenije, Wim, 517Scandinavia, military forces, 290scarcity, politics and, 117school dropouts, in Caribbean, 491
military purchases, 401Singer, Max, 180Singh, Manmohan, 355, 369, 388
initiative on human security concerns, 370–73
SIPRI Yearbook, 34Sir Creek, 392n38Six-Day War of 1967, 199–200, 210Six-Party Talks, 421, 422, 430–31
and North Korea, 433–34slave trade, 31Slovenia, 282smart power, 381social Darwinism, and violent conflict, 42Solana, Javier, 259, 262Solingen, Etel, 63Solomon, Richard H., 91, 93, 95, 96, 107solutions, imposing, 26Somalia, 7, 116, 130, 133, 547
NATO mission to combat piracy, 274n31
Saudi Arabia and, 237Union of Islamic Courts in, 68
South Africa, 121South America
arms control in, 448boundary disputes in, 440collective conflict management, 540tconflict resolution, U.S. and, 456institutions managing security, 443–46intrastate conflict resolution, 451–52multilateralism in, 438–39
1990s challenges, 439–41security definition, 441–43transnational crimes, 453–56violence in, 437, 446–51
South American Regional Integration Initiative, 459n22
South American Security Council, 442South Asia, 351
collective conflict management, 539tcomplexity of society, 355democracy, and religious extremism,
361democratic deficit in, 385militarism cultures, 364–66poverty, inequity and extremism, 357–60refugees, women and children as, 356religion, politics and extremism, 360–64security challenges, 354–64
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 356, 364
South Caucasus, interethnic conflicts, 319–20
South China Sea, 395–96South Korea, 11–12
view of North Korea, 422–23South Ossetia, Russia and, 42South Timor, distrust against UN
personnel, 43Southeast Asia
arms race, 401–03challenges to peace and stability, 396–406
China’s growing military potential, 396–99
intra-ASEAN regional insecurities, 399–403
China and, 398, 409–11collective conflict management, 539tnontraditional threats, 403–06potential conflict, 395security architecture, 406–11, 407fASEAN, 406–09suspicions among countries, 396, 400United States in, 400
Southeast Asian Nuclear-Weapons-Free Zone Treaty, 408
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 57, 130–31
peace operations, 59tsovereign independence, 56sovereignty of states, 6, 29
African Union and, 117, 126in Caribbean, 467–68in South America, 442
preservation, 438Soviet Union
Cold War confrontation, 4in interwar period, 25Muslim countries of former, 178
Spainmeasure of military effort, 291tterrorist attacks, 284views on terrorism, 10
Special Security Conference in Mexico (2003), 441–42
Spratly Islands, 400, 410Sri Lanka, 30, 359
Indian Peace Keeping Force in, 379Islamist militant groups, 364state religion, 390n22
St. Vincent, CARICOM intervention, 469staffing, for African Union, 139–40standby force, of African Union, 138Standing, André, 118–19state-building, vs. regionalism, 306state capacity of Arab countries, 222state sovereignty, 6“state-to-nation balance,” 62–63state weakness in Africa, 116, 119stateless, designation of, 356states in Africa
development, organized crime impact, 157–58
reconstruction vs. development, 123–24states in South Asia, 355Steinmeier, Frank-Walter, 341Stephens, Philip, 190Stockholm International Peace Research
Institute, 401Strategic Defense Initiative (“Star Wars”), 6subnational identities in India, anxieties
about consolidating, 384subregion level, cooperation level, 98–101subregionalism
in Central Asia, 347in Middle East, 178
sub-Saharan African countries, income inequality, 21n15
Sudan, 116, 120, 130, 133, 426armed conflict, 149Darfur as internal issue, 246–47destabilization, 229and the West, 174
suicide bombings, in Israel, 205Suleiman, Omar, 237–38Summit Meetings of Hemispheric
Summit of the Americas, 495–96, 497Sunni militants, in Iraq, 179Susser, Asher, 181Sweden, measure of military effort, 291tSwitzerland, 30synthetic drugs, Canada production, 499n22Syria, 185
isolation of, 191and Israel, 5, 212–13and Israel-Lebanon relations, 214–15as mediator, 238nuclear weapons, 202opposition to Western military
presence, 174Syrian-Lebanese area, threat of Arab-
Israeli conventional war, 202
Tagore, Rabindranath, 384Taiwan, 398Taiwan Strait, diplomacy across, 420Tajikistan, 318, 320. See also Central Asia
conflict resolution, 326CSTO membership, 329in NATO Partnership for Peace
Taliban, 216, 404in Afghanistan, Central Asia as base for
overthrow, 321in Kashmir, 364Pakistan assistance in Afghani
overthrow, 183–84Saudi Arabia and, 237
Tamils of Jaffna, 356Tanzania, 133Tashkent Treaty, 329Taylor, Charles, 549Technical Assistance to the
Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS), 341
terrorism, 230–31, 531Arab League efforts to fight, 232Caribbean vulnerability, 474“center of gravity” of international, 353in Colombia, 483in Europe, 284in India, 384in Israel, 208in Middle East, 226
vs. political Islam, 230–31responses in South Asia, 364–66South America and, 454–55in South Asia, 357in Southeast Asia, 400, 404threat in Russia, 313–14world views on threat, 10
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities Act (TADA), 365
“third-border” concept, 473–77third parties, role of, 7Tiberias, Lake, Israel vs. Syria claims, 213Tlatelolco Treaty (1967), 438, 469, 505Torrijos-Carter Treaties, 110n25torture, 31trades unionism, multilateral, 99training of ASF personnel, 138transatlantic relations, 253. See also United
Turkmenistan, 318. See also Central Asiain NATO Partnership for Peace
program, 339
UkraineOrange Revolution, Bush
administration support, 311Russia and, 316
Ul Haq, Mahboob, 385umma, 97UN/AU Mission in Darfur (UNAMID),
247, 550unanimity in decision making, vs.
consensus, 56Unidad Revolucionaria Nacional
Guatemalteca (URNG), 513Union for the Mediterranean, 234
efforts to create, 299Union of Islamic Courts, authorities in
Somalia, 68Union of South American Nations
(UNASUR), 442, 445, 450, 452, 494, 551
Union of the Comoros, 133United Arab Emirates
in Gulf Cooperation Council, 233links with West, 173wealth use to support groups, 236
United Kingdomand European integration, 94measure of military effort, 291t
United Nations2005 World Summit Outcome
document, 52vs. African Standby Force (ASF),
support, 137African Union-United Nations Hybrid
Operation in Darfur (UNAMID), 247
and ASPA, 131–32charter, 73n35, 535–36Commissioner for Refugees, 325in conflict management in Americas, 493culture, 88and Eurasia, 307international mandate, 33Office on Drugs and Crime
(UNODC), 150, 152, 490peacekeeping activities, 33
vs. ASF, 130
regionalization as competition, 16role in global conflict management,
31–34role of, 5Stabilization Mission in Haiti
(MINUSTAH), 507standby team of mediation, 68and state power in Caribbean, 466U.S. view of, 30
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 510
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 516
United Nations General Assembly, 8United Nations Security Council, 6
African Union and, 131–32and CSTO peacekeeping deployment,
332and humanitarian intervention, 243increased effectiveness, 33interpretation of threat, 49need for reform, 430post–Cold War period, 28–29reform, 39–40Resolution 687, 6Resolution 1701, 203Resolution 1718, on North Korea
nuclear testing, 421resolutions on North Korea, 433
United Statesagreements with Bulgaria and Poland,
294attitudes toward European integration,
254–55China and, 410in conflict management in Americas,
493and EU-NATO cooperation, 267–68Europe as natural ally, 269European attitudes toward, 265European expectation of leadership by,
299European opinions and siding with,
288–89fuel supply for military in Afghanistan,
322future security for East Asia, 432GCC cooperation with, 233–34high-level relations with European
Waajihatul Islaamiyyah, 467Waever, Ole, 15, 532Wajed, Sheikh Hasina, 391n23Waltz, Kenneth, 43Wane, El Ghassim, 129war. See also armed conflict
for dispute settlement, 1815 to 1914, 25–26
fatalities, 34, 35necessity for justice, 290risk of, 45
War of the Pacific, 437War of the Triple Alliance, 437war on terror, Libya’s role in, 183Washington Post, 496weapons. See also nuclear weapons
in Africa, 119arms race in Southeast Asia, 401–03availability of small arms, 149in Caribbean, 492–93in Central America, 517of Russian armed forces, 349n3in South America, 437–38trafficking in Africa, 121from U.S. into Mexico, 489
weapons of mass destructionIndia fears, 380Iraq production, 6
Weiss, Thomas G., 544, 555n11Wendt, Alexander, 64West