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advantage take advantage of tsukauadvise shiraseruaffair state of affairs jootaiaffected become affected kandoo suruafraid feel afraid kowaiafternoon late afternoon yoruafterwards shortly afterwards suguage (n) deteriorate due to age toshi o toruage (v) toshi o toruaged become aged toshi o toruago not long ago saikin not so long ago sakkiahead area ahead maeaid (n) give as aid tetsudauaid (v) tetsudauairline ticket kippualarming abunaialert be on the alert ki o tsukeruall minna at all times itsumo
a bit sukoshia certain amount sukoshia certain number sukoshia few sukoshia little sukoshia lot kanari, yoku quite a lot kanaria moment ago sakkia short while ago sakkia small amount sukoshiabandon tomeruabsolutely kanarazuabsolutely (not) zenzenacceptable iiachievement(s) seisekiaching tsuraiacquire eru, oboeruacross cut across wataru go across wataruaction wrong action machigaiactual conditions jootaiactual situation jootaiadd tasuadd together tasuadditional chigauadhere tsuku²admirable subarashiiadmission ticket kippuadvanced become more advanced hattatsu suru
appearance jootaiapply mooshikomuapply for mooshikomuapproach (v) chikazukuarduous tsuraiarea chihoo, hoomen neighbouring area chikakuarea ahead maearea around chikakuarea behind ushiroarea below sokoarea by chikakuarea in front maearea nearby chikakuarea opposite maearea straight in front maearea underneath sokoarea very close to chikakuarise okiruarms bukiaroma nioi/niouaround area around chikaku go around mawaruaround the middle nakabaarrangement planned arrangement keikakuarrive kuru, tsuku¹artful joozu naarticle ronbunartist’s brush hakeas a matter of urgency hayakuas a rule futsuuashamed feel ashamed hazukashiiask kiku, tanomuask a question kikuaspect normally hidden ushiroaspiration kibooassassinate korosuassemble atsumaruassign ageru/kureru
in all circumstances itsumoall right iiall the time itsumoalleviate herasualleyway michialmost certainly tabunalong come along kuru go along toorualready imaalter kaeru¹alteration henkaalways itsumo, kanarazuamazed be amazed odorokuambient circumstances jootaiamend naosu²amount kazu a certain amount sukoshi a small amount sukoshiamputate kiru¹amusing okashiiangry become angry okoru feel angry okoru get angry okoruannoyed feel annoyed okoruanswer (n) kotaeanswer (v) kotaeruanticipate kitai suruanticipation kiboo await with anticipation kitai suru wait in anticipation for matsuanxious be anxious about shinpai suruany more (not) any more imaapartment ieapartment block ieapartment house ieapologize ayamaru
go back iku, kaeru² go back home kaeru² put back modosuback (n) ushiro carry on one’s back katsugubackground ushirobad at heta nabadly done heta nabar (n) nomiyabark (n) kawabarricade (n) kabebarrier kabebashful behave bashfully hazukashii feel bashful hazukashiibasic kihonteki nabastard(s) hitobe (in a place) aru/irube amazed odorokube anxious about shinpai surube brought up nobirube burned down moerube burned out moerube concerned about shinpai surube defeated makerube different chigaube found ikirube given moraube killed shinube of the opinion omou/kangaerube old furuibe on one’s guard ki o tsukerube on the alert ki o tsukerube shocked odorokube similar nirube startled odorokube sure to (do sth) kanarazube surprised odorokube taken aback odorokube taught oboerube understood wakaru²be very fond of suki na
assignment written assignment ronbunassist tetsudauassist in tetsudauassistant teacher senseiat all (not) at all zenzen (none) at all zenzenat all times itsumoat first saishoat last yattoat ordinary times futsuuat present imaat short notice kyuu niat the first opportunity suguattack (v) osouattendance gift okurimonoattention pay due attention ki o tsukeruattire fukuauthor sakkaaverse feel averse kirai naavert sakeruavoid sakeruawait matsuawait with anticipation kitai suruaward (v) ageru/kureruaway break away nigeru do away with toru get away nigeru keep away from sakeru pass away shinu run away nigeru slip away nigeruawkward feel awkward hazukashii
become more advanced hattatsu surubecome more intense fuerubecome moved kandoo surubecome narrower chijimubecome officially decided kimarubecome old-looking toshi o torubecome over owarubecome overcome kandoo surubecome ready dekirubecome relatively empty kara nobecome scorched moerubecome shorter chijimubecome singed moerubecome slightly wet nurerubecome smaller chijimubecome stranded tomarubecome stronger fuerubecome terrified kowaibecome thinner hosoi/usuibecome tired tsukarerubecome transformed kawaru become uncrowded kara nobecome unoccupied kara nobecome vacant kara nobecome very close chikazukubecome wet nurerubeginning hajimebehave bashfully hazukashiibehave self-consciously hazukashiibehave shyly hazukashiibehind area behind ushirobeing come into being dekirubelieve omou/kangaerubelow area below sokobenefit use to one’s benefit tsukaubetter ii change for the better kaeru¹ get better naoru
be very surprised odorokube victorious katsube visible mirubeat (v) katsu, utsubecome affected kandoo surubecome aged toshi o torubecome angry okorubecome burned moerubecome champion katsubecome clear wakaru¹become close chikazukubecome close to chikazukubecome cold hieru/hiyasubecome completed dekiru, owarubecome completely destroyed by fire moerubecome crisp kawakubecome cured naorubecome damp nurerubecome decided kimarubecome definitely decided kimarubecome definitely settled kimarubecome detached torerubecome dry kawakubecome empty kara nobecome excessively dry kawakubecome exhausted tsukarerubecome fatigued tsukarerubecome fatter atsui/futoibecome finished dekirubecome fond of suki nabecome formed dekirubecome furious okorubecome glad ureshiibecome greatly increased fuerubecome greatly reduced herubecome happy ureshiibecome healed naorubecome knackered tsukarerubecome known wakaru¹become made dekirubecome metamorphosed kawaru
build (v) taterubuild up taterubullet train denshabump (v) utsubump into utsu get bumped into utsubunch (n) hitoburn (v) moeru, moyasu be burned down moeru be burned out moeru become burned moeru get burned moeruburn oneself moerubury umerubuy (v) kaubuy in kaubuy up kauby area by chikaku
call off torikesucan see mirucancel torikesucarcass karadacare (n) take care ki o tsukerucarry hakobucarry on one’s back katsugucarry on/over one’s shoulder(s) katsugucarry out surucase in every case minnacause the death of korosucause to reach todokerucease tomaru, tomerucelebratory gift okurimonocentre chuushincertainly almost certainly tabunchampion become champion katsuchanges(s) henka
big ookii get bigger nobiru very big ookiibill (n) foot the bill haraubizarre hen nablanket (v) ooublock (v) fusegu, shimeru, tomerublue (n) out of the blue kyuu niboard (v) norubody karadabody heat ondoboil (v) wakasuboiled rice komeboiling water mizubone suffer a broken bone kowasubook(s) honbooked fully booked ippai noborder (n) hashi²bottom sokoboy otoko no kobranch (n) misebreak (v) kiru¹, kowareru, kowasu suffer a broken bone kowasubreak away nigerubreak free nigerubreak off kowareru, kowasubreak out nigerubreak through kowasubridge hashi¹ railway bridge hashi¹broad and shallow hirataibrother(s) ani/otooto, kyoodai elder brother ani/otooto younger brother ani/otootobrought up be brought up nobirubrush (n) hakebuckwheat noodles men
cloth nunoclothes fuku Japanese-style clothes fukuclothing fukucold (adj) samui/tsumetai become cold hieru/hiyasu go cold hieru/hiyasucold water mizucollapse (v) ochirucollect atsumerucollide with utsucome kurucome along kurucome back kaeru², kurucome down oriru, sagarucome first katsucome into being dekirucome into contact (with) sawarucome into effect dekirucome off torerucome out torerucome to a standstill tomarucome to an end owarucome to light wakaru¹come to meet aucome to visit hoomon surucome together atsumarucome undone torerucome up to chikazukucomfortable yasashiicomical okashiicommission (v) tanomucommuter pass kippucomplete (v) become completed dekiru, owarucomponent bubuncompose tsukurucomposition ronbunconcern (n) watch with concern miruconcerned be concerned about shinpai suru
change (v) kaeru¹, kawaruchange completely kawaru change for the better kaeru¹character katachi, seikakuchat (v) hanasuchatter (v) hanasucheck (v) kiku, tomeruchild kodomo¹, kodomo²chill (v) hieru/hiyasuchilly samui/tsumetaichoice make a choice erabuchoose erabucircle (v) mawarucircular make a circular tour of mawarucircumstances ambient circumstances jootai in all circumstances itsumo in normal circumstances futsuu under no circumstances zenzencity machiclear (adj) become clear wakaru¹clear (v) tomaru, toruclever joozu naclimate tenkiclimb agaruclose (adj) area very close to chikaku become close chikazuku become close to chikazuku become very close chikazuku move close to chikazukuclose (v) shimaru, shimeru regular closing day yasumiclose blood relative shinsekiclose down shimeruclose kin shinsekiclose off shimeruclosely look closely at miru
become cured naorucurious hen nacustom traditional custom shuukancut (v) herasu, kiru¹cut across watarucut down kiru¹cut off kiru¹cut up kiru¹cut-off point seigen
dad/Dad otoosandaddy/Daddy otoosandaily life inochidamp (adj) become damp nurerudangerous abunaidate (n) hi¹daughter musume eldest daughter musume second daughter musumeday hi¹ number of days hi¹ regular closing day yasumi several days hi¹ the other day sakki these days saikinday off yasumidaytime hirudeath cause the death of korosudecide become decided kimaru become definitely decided kimaru become officially decided kimarudecide not to go ahead with torikesudecide on erabu, kimerudecision make a decision kimerudecline (v) kotowaru, sagarudecrease (v) herudecrease by half heru
conclusion owaricondition katachiconditions jootai actual conditions jootai weather conditions tenkicondolence gift okurimonoconduct (v) suruconnect musubuconsider omou/kangaeruconsiderable to a considerable degree kanariconsiderably kanariconstantly itsumoconstrain musubuconstraint seigenconstricted tsuraiconstruct (v) tateru, tsukurucontact (n) come into contact (with) sawarucontinually itsumocontract (v) chijimucontribution seisekiconvenience store misecool (adj) samui/tsumetaicool (v) hieru/hiyasucool down hieru/hiyasucorpse karadacorrect (v) kaeru¹, naosu²costume fukucountry return to one’s country kaeru²course hookoocover (v) ooucover entirely ooucrash (v) ochirucrisp (adj) become crisp kawakucrispness lose crispness kawakucross (v) watarucrucial juuyoo nacure (v)
disagreeable iya nadiscontinue tomeru, torikesudish (n) noodle dishes mendishcloth nunodislike (n) show dislike of kirai nadislike (v) kirai na strongly dislike kirai nadispatch (v) okurudispatch and deliver todokerudissertation ronbundistasteful iya nadistinctive of a distinctive kind tokubetsu na/nodistrict chihoodivergence chigaido (v) suru way of doing (things) hoohoodo a U-turn mawarudo away with torudocile shizuka nadodge sakerudomicile iedonate ageru/kurerudoor doadouble (v) fuerudoubt (n) shitsumondown come down oriru, sagaru cool down hieru/hiyasu cut down kiru¹ go down oriru, sagaru put down korosu, shiku, oku tie down musubudownwards go downwards orirudraw near chikazukudraw up tsukurudream (n) kiboodress (n) fuku Japanese-style dress fuku
decrease sharply herudeep inside nakadeep-fry agerudefeat (v) katsu be defeated makerudefinitely kanarazudefinitely (not) zenzendegree to a considerable degree kanari to a fairly large degree kanari to a surprising degree kanari to some degree sukoshidelay (n) without delay hayakudeliver todokeru dispatch and deliver todokerudepart derudepartment store misedescend orirudesignate erabudestroy become compeletely destroyed by fire moerudetach toru become detached torerudeteriorate due to age toshi o torudetermine kimerudevelop (v) hattatsu suru, nobirudie shinu let die korosudiffer chigaudifference chigaidifferent chigau be different chigau of many different kinds iroiro nadifficult tsuraidifficulty mondai reach after much difficulty tsuku¹digits suujidirection hookoodirt gomi
virtually empty kara noencyclopedia pictorial encyclopedia honend (n) owari, saki come to an end owaru in the end yattoend (v) owaruend up (being/ doing) yattoengage osou, tanomuenormous ookiienter in writing kaku, mooshikomuentry put in an entry mooshikomuenvelop oouenvirons chikakuerror machigaiescalate fueruescape (v) nigeruessay ronbunestablish taterueven now madaevening yoru early evening yoruevery in every case minna on every occasion itsumoevery single person minnaevery so often tokidokieveryday in the course of everyday routine futsuueveryone minnaeverything minnaexception without exception kanarazuexceptional tokubetsu na/noexclude habukuexecute suruexhaust fan senpuukiexhausted tsukareru become exhausted tsukareruexist motte iruexit (v) deru
drinking place nomiyadrop (v) ochiru, sagarudry (adj) become dry kawaku become excessively dry kawaku extremely dry kawakudry (v) kawakudryness lose dryness kawakudwell ikiru
early evening yoruearly part hajimeearly stage hajimeearn eruearnest majime naearth sekaieasy yasashiieat taberuedge (n) hashi²effect come into effect dekiruelder brother ani/otootoelder sister ane/imootoelderly (n) toshiyorieldest daughter musumeeldest son musukoelect erabuelectric fan senpuukielectric light hikarielectric room fan senpuukielectric train denshaeliminate toruelongated hosoi/usuiembarrassed feel embarrassed hazukashiiembrace (v) motsuemotions kimochiemploy tsukauempty (adj) kara no become empty kara no become relatively empty kara no
feel embarrassed hazukashiifeel frightened kowaifeel really mad okorufeel self-conscious hazukashiifeel shy hazukashiifeel terrified kowaifeel unwilling kirai nafeeling(s) kimochi have a feeling kimochifemale onna no hito, onna no kofemale sibling(s) ane/imootofence (n) kabefever ondofield(s) hatake rice field hatakefigure (n) hito, suujifill in kakufinal part owarifinal period owarifinally yattofind (v) be found ikirufind to one’s liking suki nafine (adj) chiisai, iifine weather tenkifinish (v) become finished dekirufire (n) become completely destroyed by fire moerufirst at the first opportunity sugu come first katsu for the first time saishofirst of all saishofirst part hajimefit over the top ooufix (v) kimeru, naosu¹, naosu²fixedly look fixedly at miruflake off toreruflame
expand hattatsu suruexpect kitai suruexpeditiously hayakuexploit (v) tsukauexpress (n) densha super express denshaextent to some extent sukoshiextremely hijoo niextremely dry kawaku
facilitate tetsudaufail (n) without fail kanarazufall (v) ochiru, sagarufall in ochirufall over ochirufamily name namaefan (n) senpuuki electric fan senpuuki electric room fan senpuuki exhaust fan senpuuki folding fan senpuuki ventilating fan senpuukifast (adv) hayakufat (adj) atsui/futoi become fatter atsui/futoifather/Father otoosanfatigued become fatigued tsukarerufavourable iifear (n) show fear kowaifear (v) kowaifeed (n) tabemonofeel afraid kowaifeel angry okorufeel annoyed okorufeel ashamed hazukashiifeel averse kirai nafeel awkward hazukashiifeel bashful hazukashii
furious become furious okorufuture (n) shooraifuture potential shooraifuture prospects of success shoorai
gain (v) eru, fuyasugap chigaigather (v) atsumaru, atsumerugenerally futsuugentleman otoko no hitoget eru, morauget angry okoruget away nigeruget better naoruget bigger nobiruget bumped into utsuget burned moeruget hit utsuget hold of eruget in noruget older toshi o toruget on noru, tsuku²get out deruget out of the way of sakeruget scalded moeruget to tsuku¹get together atsumaruget worked up okorugetting ready junbigift okurimonogigantic ookiigirl onna no kogive ageru/kureru be given moraugive as aid tetsudaugive back kaesugive up tomerugive up the idea of tomerugiven name namaeglad ureshii become glad ureshii
go up in flames moeruflat (adj) hirataiflee nigerufloorcloth nunofluctuation henkafodder tabemonofold (v) orufold up orufolding fan senpuukifond be very fond of suki na become fond of suki nafood(s) tabemonofood supplies tabemonofoot the bill haraufootbridge hashi¹for the first time saishofor the most part futsuuform (n) katachiform (v) become formed dekiruformer teacher senseifounder otoosanfour seasons kisetsufracture (v) kowasufragrance nioi/nioufree (adj) break free nigerufrequently yokufrightened feel frightened kowaifront mae area in front mae area straight in front maefront section maefruits seisekifry agerufull ippai nofull name namaefully booked ippai nofully occupied ippai nofunny okashii
habit shuukanhabitually futsuuhalf decrease by half heruhalt (v) tomeruhand (n) lend a hand in tetsudauhand over ageru/kureruhandpick erabuhang kakeruhang up kakeruhappen okiruhappy ureshii become happy ureshiihard tsurai stick hard tsuku²have motte iruhave a feeling kimochihave on one’s person motte iruhave with one motte iruheal become healed naoruheat (n) body heat ondohedge kabehelp (v) tetsudauhelp with tetsudauhidden aspect normally hidden ushiro side normally hidden ushirohide (n) kawahijiki kaisoohit (v) utsu get hit utsuhit upon omou/kangaeruhold (n) get hold of eruhold (v) motsu, motte iru, suruholiday yasumi national holiday yasumihome (adv)
glare at mirugo ikugo across watarugo ahead decide not to go ahead with torikesugo along toorugo around mawarugo back iku, kaeru²go back home kaeru²go cold hieru/hiyasugo down oriru, sagarugo downwards orirugo home iku, kaeru²go off derugo out derugo through toorugo to meet augo to visit hoomon surugo up agarugo up in flames moerugo up to chikazukugo via toorugoing-away gift okurimonogood ii, joozu na outstandingly good subarashiigood at joozu nagood(-tasting) oishiigrades seisekigradually dandangrave (adj) majime nagreatly hijoo nigrime gomigroceries tabemonogrow nobiru, tsukurugrow longer nobirugrow old toshi o torugrow up nobiruguard be on one’s guard ki o tsukeruguide (n) illustrated reference guide honguy(s) otoko no hito, hito
increase twofold fueruindividual (n) hitoinform shiraseruinitially saishoinquire kikuinquiry shitsumon make inquiries kikuinsert (v) ireruinside nakainstantly suguinstructor senseiintense become more intense fueruinterest (n) watch with interest miruinterior nakainterrogative (n) shitsumoninvite yobuissue requiring attention mondaiizakaya nomiya
Japanese-style clothes fukuJapanese-style dress fukujuncture jikanjust lately saikinjust like nirujust now ima, sakki
keep away from sakerukelp kaisookey (adj) juuyoo nakill korosu be killed shinukin shinseki close kin shinsekikind (n) of a distinctive kind tokubetsu na/no of a special kind tokubetsu na/no of many different kinds tokubetsu na/nokiosk miseknackered tsukareru become knackered tsukareru
go back home kaeru² go home iku, kaeru² return home kaeru²home (n) ie parental home ie return to one’s parental home kaeru²hope (n) kiboohope for (v) kitai suruhot water mizuhouse (n) ie move house ugokuhousing iehug (v) motsuhuge ookiihuman being hitohuman race hitohumankind hitohurriedly hayakuhurting tsuraihusband otto
idea give up the idea of tomeruidiosyncracy shuukanillumination(s) hikariillustrated reference guide honimmediately suguimportant juuyoo naimpressive subarashiiimprove naoruin get in noru put in ireruin all circumstances itsumoin every case minnain normal circumstances futsuuin quick time hayakuin the course of everyday routine futsuuin the end yattoincinerate moyasuincrease (v) fueru, fuyasu, nobiru become greatly increased fueru
come to light wakaru¹ electric light hikarilight fitting hikarilighting hikarilike (adj) just like nirulike (v) suki nalike very much suki nalikelihood the likelihood is that tabunliking find to one’s liking suki na take a liking to suki nalimit(s) seigenlimitations seigenline (n) place in a line oku put in a line okulitter (n) gomilittle (adj) chiisailittle by little dandanlive (v) ikirulivelihood inochiliving (n) make a living ikiruliving place ielong (adj) grow longer nobiru not long ago saikin not so long ago sakkilong and narrow hosoi/usuilong and thin hosoi/usuilonger (no) longer imalook at mirulook closely at mirulook fixedly at mirulose makeru, nakusulose crispness nurerulose dryness nurerulose weight hosoi/usuiloss
knock on utsuknot (v) musubuknow become known wakaru¹ let know shiraseru
ladies’ onna no hitolady onna no hito old lady toshiyori young lady onna no koland (n) patch of land hatakelarge to a fairly large degree kanarilarge-scale ookiilate afternoon yorulate at night yorulately saikinlaver kaisoolay (v) okulay out okulay underground umerulearn oboeruleast (not) in the least zenzenleave (v) deru, yameruleave out habukulecturer senseilend a hand in tetsudaulesson take lessons in benkyoo surulet die korosulet know shiraserulevel (adj) hiratailife inochi daily life inochi way of life inochilife cycle inochilifespan inochilifestyle inochilifetime inochilight(s) hikari
come to meet au go to meet aumeet up with aumend naosu¹men’s otoko no hitometamorphosed become metamorphosed kawarumethod hoohoometropolis machimid-(thirties etc) nakabamiddle chuushin, nakaba around the middle nakabamiddle of the night yorumiddle ten-day period nakabamid-year gift okurimonomind (n) make up one’s mind kimerumistake (n) machigaimixed iroiro namoment a moment ago sakkimood kimochimost important juuyoo namother/Mother okaasanmove (v) ugokasu, ugokumove close to chikazukumove house ugokumoved become moved kandoo surumovement henkamow kiru¹much takusan (not) much amari (not) so much amari very much hijoo nimum/Mum okaasanmummy/Mummy okaasanmurder (v) korosumystifying hen na
name (n) namae family name namae
suffer the loss of nakusuloud urusailovely subarashiilower herasulukewarm samui/tsumetai
mad feel really mad okorumagnificent subarashiimail (n) send by mail okurumajor (adj) ookiimake (v) oru, tsukuru become made dekirumake a choice erabumake a circular tour of mawarumake a decision kimerumake a living ikirumake a stop tomarumake a turn mawarumake inquiries kikumake up one’s mind kimerumake use of tsukaumale otoko no hito, otoko no komale sibling(s) ani/otootoman otoko no hito old man otoosan, toshiyori young man otoko no komanufacture tsukurumany takusan (not) so many amarimarks seisekimarvellous subarashiimaster (n) senseimaster (v) oboerumasterly subarashiimaterial nunomature (v) nobirumeal shokujimeans hoohoomeasure (n) hoohoomeet atsumaru, au
(not) in the least zenzennot long ago saikin(not) much amari(not) possibly zenzen(not) so amarinot so long ago sakki(not) so many amari(not) so much amari(not) very amari(not) yet madanotice at short notice kyuu ninotify shiraserunow ima even now mada just now ima, sakkinumber(s) kazu, suuji a certain number sukoshi registration number suujinumber of days hi¹number of people kazunumbered ticket kippunumeral suujinumerous takusan
observe miruobstacle kabeobtain eruobverse maeoccasion on every occasion itsumooccasionally very occasionally tokidokioccupied fully occupied ippai nooccur okiruodd hen naodour nioi/niouof a distinctive kind tokubetsu na/noof a special kind tokubetsu na/noof late saikinof many different kinds iroiro na
full name namae given name namaenarrow hosoi/usui become narrower chijimu long and narrow hosoi/usuinarrow street michinasty iya nanational holiday yasuminative (adj) return to one’s native place kaeru²near draw near chikazukunearby area nearby chikakuneighbourhood chikakuneighbouring area chikakunever kanarazu, zenzenNew Year gift okurimononice very nice subarashiinight yoru late at night yoru middle of the night yorunight-time yoruno under no circumstances zenzen(no) longer imano longer young furuinoise otonoisy urusai(none) at all zenzennoodle dishes mennoodles men buckwheat noodles men wheat noodles mennormal in normal circumstances futsuu return to normal operation naorunormally futsuunot a problem ii(not) any more ima(not) at all zenzen
orbit (v) mawaruorder (n) junbanordinary at ordinary times futsuuordinarily futsuuorientation hookooother chigau the other day sakkiother people hitoother side ushiroout soto break out nigeru carry out suru come out toreru get out deru get out of the way of sakeru go out deru lay out oku leave out habuku put out oku slip out nigeru take out toru tired out tsukareru wash out toreru worn out tsukareruout of the blue kyuu nioutdoors sotooutlet miseoutset hajimeoutside sotooutstandingly good subarashiiover (adj) become over owaruover (adv) fall over ochiru fit over the top oou hand over ageru/kureru place over oou place over the top oou take over kau topple over ochiruovercome (adj)
off call off torikesu come off toreru cut off kiru¹ flake off toreru go off deru peel off toreru seal off shimeru sell off uru take off toru wear off toreruoften yoku every so often tokidokiokay (adj) anzen na, iiold furui be old furui become old-looking toshi o toru get older toshi o toru grow old toshi o toru sound old toshi o toruold lady toshiyoriold man otoosan, toshiyoriold people toshiyoriold person toshiyoriold woman toshiyoriomit habukuon get on noru, tsuku² put on kiru² touch on sawaruon every occasion itsumoopen (v) aku, akeruopen air sotoopen out akuoperation return to normal operation naoruopinion be of the opinion omou/kangaeruopportunity at the first opportunity suguopposite area opposite mae
other people hitoperform suruperiod jikan final period owari middle ten-day period nakabaperish shinuperson hito every single person minna old person toshiyori young person kodomo²personal qualities seikakupersonality seikakupick (v) erabupick up oboerupictorial encyclopedia honpicture (n) true picture jootaiplace (n) junban, mise drinking place nomiya living place ie return to one’s native place kaeru² take place okiruplace in a line okuplace in a row okuplace loosely over oouplace on top of okuplace over the top oouplacid shizuka naplan(s) keikakuplanned arrangement keikakuplatform ticket kippuplease (adv) kanarazuplentiful takusanpoint (n) cut-off point seigenpoint in time jikanpoor heta napoor at heta naposition (n) junbanpossess motte irupossibly (not) possibly zenzen
paddy rice paddy hatakepainful tsuraipan-fry agerupaper (n) ronbun term paper ronbunparched kawakuparent(s) oyaparental home ie return to one’s parental home kaeru²part (n) bubun early part hajime final part owari first part hajime for the most part futsuupass (n) commuter pass kippupass away shinupass through toorupasture hatakepat (v) utsupatch of land hatakepath michipay (v) haraupay a visit hoomon surupay due attention ki o tsukerupay for as a treat kaupeculiar hen napedestrian overpass hashi¹peek at mirupeek into mirupeel (n) kawapeel off torerupeople hito, sekai number of people kazu old people toshiyori
put down korosu, shiku, okuput in ireruput in a formal request for mooshikomuput in a line/row okuput in a request for mooshikomuput in an entry mooshikomuput into practice suruput on kiru²put on general sale uruput on top of okuput on weight atsui/futoiput out okupuzzling hen na
quality personal qualities seikakuquantity kazuquery (n) shitsumonquestion (n) shitsumon ask a question kiku put a question kikuquestioning shitsumonquick in quick time hayakuquickly hayakuquiet (adj) shizuka naquite kanariquite a lot kanari
raid (v) osourailway bridge hashi¹railway overpass hashi¹ranking junbanrapidly hayakurather kanarireach (v) cause to reach todokerureach after much time/difficulty tsuku¹ready (adj) become ready dekiru getting ready junbireally kanarazu
post (v) okuru potential future potential shooraipractice shuukan put into practice suru traditional social practice shuukanprecautions take due precautions ki o tsukeruprecious juuyoo napredict kitai surupredisposition shuukanpreparation(s) junbiprepare tsukuruprepare oneself for kitai surupresent (adj) the present time ima the present writer sakkapresent (n) okurimonopresent (v) ageru/kurerupretty (adv) kanariprevent fuseguprice(s) nedanprobably tabunproblem mondai not a problem iiproduce (v) tsukuruproficient joozu naprogressively dandanproject (n) keikakuproject (v) kitai surupromptly hayakupropensity shuukanprospects future prospects of success shooraiprovisions tabemonoprudent anzen napub nomiyapunch (v) utsupurchase (v) kauput ireruput a question kikuput back modosu
rescue (v) tasukeruresearcher senseiresemble niruresemble each other nirureside ikiruresidence ieresign yameruresolve (v) kimerurespond kotaeruresponse kotaerestaurant mise specialist restaurant miserestore naosu¹restriction seigenresults seisekiretire yameruretrace one’s steps kaeru²return (v) kaeru², kaesureturn home kaeru²return to one’s country kaeru²return to one’s native place kaeru²return to normal operation naorureturn to one’s parental home kaeru²rice kome boiled rice komerice field hatakerice paddy hatakeride (v) norurim hashi²rind (n) kawarise (v) agaruroad(s) michiroadway michirotate mawaruround (adv) turn round mawaruroutine (n) in the course of everyday routine futsuurow (n) place in a row oku put in a row okurubbish gomi
rear (n) ushirorear section ushiroreceipt take receipt of moraureceive moraurecently saikin, sakkirecord (n) seiseki track record seisekirecord in writing kakurecount (v) hanasurecover naorurectify naosu²reduce herasu become greatly reduced herurefer to sawarureference illustrated reference guide honreform (n) henkarefund (v) kaesurefuse (n) gomirefuse (v) kotowaruregion(s) chihooregistration number suujiregular closing day yasumireject (v) kotowarurejoice ureshiirelate hanasurelative (n) shinseki close blood relative shinsekirelieve tasukeruremains karadaremit (v) okururemove torurendezvous (v) aurepair (v) naosu¹repay kaesureply (n) kotaereply (v) kotaerurequest (n) put in a request for mooshikomurequest (v) tanomurescind torikesu
sever kiru¹several days hi¹several times yokushallow broad and shallow hirataishape (n) katachisharply decrease sharply heruship (v) okurushocked be shocked odorokushop (n) mise specialist shop miseshort a short while ago sakki at short notice kyuu ni become shorter chijimushortly afterwards sugushoulder (n) carry on/over one’s shoulder(s) katsugushow dislike of kirai nashow fear kowaishow unwillingness kirai nashrink chijimushy (adj) behave shyly hazukashii feel shy hazukashiisibling(s) kyoodai female sibling(s) ane/imooto male sibling(s) ani/otootoside (n) other side ushiroside normally hidden ushirosight (n) katachisignificant ookiisilent shizuka nasimilar be similar niru very similar nirusimple yasashiisinge moyasu become singed moeru
run away nigerurun into au
safe (adj) anzen na, iisale put on general sale urusave tasukerusay yuuscald (v) moyasu get scalded moeruschedule keikakuscorch moyasu become scorched moeruseal off shimeruseason (n) kisetsuseason ticket kippuseaweed kaisoosecond daughter musumesecond son musukosection front section mae rear section ushirosecure (v) erusee au, miru can see mirusee around miruselect (v) erabuself-conscious behave self-consciously hazukashii feel self-conscious hazukashiisell urusell off urusend okurusend by mail okurusend off okurusensation kimochiseparate (adj) chigausequence junbanserious majime naserious-minded majime nasettle become definitely settled kimaru
specialist shop misespeedily hayakuspend tsukausplit (v) kowareru, kowasustage (n) early stage hajimestain (n) gomistand (n) misestand by matsustandstill come to a standstill tomarustare at mirustart (n) hajimestart (v) akerustartled be startled odorokustate (n) jootai true state jootaistate (v) yuustate formally in writing kakustate of affairs jootaistatistic suujisteam train denshastep (n) retrace one’s steps kaeru²stick (v) ireru, tsuku²stick hard tsuku²stick together tsuku²still (adv) madastir-fry (v) agerustop (n) make a stop tomarustop (v) tomaru, tomerustopping train denshastore (n) mise convenience store mise department store misestraight away sugustranded become stranded tomarustrange hen nastreet michi
sister(s) ane/imooto, kyoodai elder sister ane/imooto younger sister ane/imootosituation jootai actual situation jootaiskilful joozu naskin (n) kawaskip (v) habukuslender hosoi/usuislightly sukoshislip (n) machigaislip away nigeruslip out nigeruslow (adj) yukkurislowly yukkurismack (v) utsusmall chiisai a small amount sukoshi become smaller chijimusmell (n) nioi/niou strong smell nioi/niousmell (v) nioi/niousnap (v) kowareruso (not) so amarisolution kotaesometimes tokidokison musuko eldest son musume second son musukosoon sugusore tsuraisound (n) otosound old toshi o toruspacious ookiispare (v) tasukerusparse hosoi/usuispeak hanasuspeaker senseispecial tokubetsu na/no of a special kind tokubetsu na/nospecialist restaurant mise
take a walk arukutake advantage of tsukautake care ki o tsukerutake due precautions ki o tsukerutake lessons in benkyoo surutake off torutake out torutake over kautake place okirutake receipt of morautaken aback be taken aback odorokutalk (v) hanasutalk about hanasutap (v) utsutask (n) unresolved task mondaitea towel nunoteach be taught oboeruteacher senseitechnique hoohootell shiraseru, yuutell about hanasutemperature ondo water temperature ondoten-day period middle ten-day period nakabaterm paper ronbunterminate owaruterribly hijoo niterrified become terrified kowai feel terrified kowaitether musubuthe earth sekaithe elderly toshiyorithe likelihood is that tabunthe other day sakkithe present time imathe present writer sakkathe whole minna
narrow street michistrike (v) osou, utsustroll (n) take a stroll arukustrong become stronger fuerustrong in joozu nastrong smell nioi/nioustrongly dislike kirai nastudy (v) benkyoo surusubsist ikirusuddenly kyuu nisuffer a broken bone kowasusuffer the loss of nakususun hi²sunakku nomiyasunlight hi²sunshine hi²super express denshasupermarket misesupplies food supplies tabemonosupply (n) water supply mizusupport (v) tetsudausure be sure to (do sth) kanarazusurname namaesurprised be surprised odoroku be very surprised odorokusurprising to a surprising degree kanarisuspend kakeruswell (v) fueruswitch (n) henkaswitch (v) kaeru¹, kawarusystem hoohoo
taciturn shizuka natake a liking to suki natake a stroll aruku
to some degree sukoshito some extent sukoshitoday kyootogether come together atsumaru get together atsumaru stick together tsuku²top (n) place on top of oku place over the top oou put on top of okutopple over ochirutotally zenzentouch (v) sawarutouch on sawarutour (n) make a circular tour of mawarutowel tea towel nunotown machitrack record seisekitractable shizuka natraditional custom shuukantraditional social practice shuukantrain (n) densha Bullet Train densha electric train densha steam train densha stopping train denshatransform (v) become transformed kawarutransport (v) hakobutravel across watarutreat (n) pay for as a treat kautreat (v) kautremendously hijoo nitrue picture jootaitrue state jootaitrying tsuraiturn (n) junban do a U-turn mawaru
these days saikinthesis ronbunthick atsui/futoithick wheat noodles menthin (adj) hosoi/usui become thinner hosoi/usui long and thin hosoi/usui wear thin toreruthin wheat noodles menthink omou/kangaeruthink about omou/kangaeruthink of omou/kangaeruthink up omou/kangaeruthrough go through tooru pass through tooruticket kipputie (v) musubutie down musubutie tightly musubutie up musubutightly tie tightly musubutime (n) jikan all the time itsumo at all times itsumo at ordinary times futsuu for the first time saisho in quick time hayaku point in time jikan reach after much time yoku several times tsuku¹ the present time imatime of year kisetsutip (n) sakitired become tired tsukarerutired out tsukarerutitle namaeto a considerable degree kanarito a fairly large degree kanarito a surprising degree kanari
meet up with au pick up oboeru think up omou/kangaeru tie up musubuupsetting iya naurgency as a matter of urgency hayakuuse (n) make use of tsukauuse (v) tsukauuse to one’s benefit tsukauusually futsuuU-turn do a U-turn mawaru
vacant become vacant kara novaried iroiro navarious iroiro navary chigau, kawaruvarying iroiro navast ookiiventilating fan senpuukivery hijoo ni (not) very amarivery big ookiivery much hijoo nivery nice subarashiivery occasionally tokidokivery similar niruveto (v) kotowaruvia go via tooruvicinity chikakuvictorious be victorious katsuvirtually empty kara novisible be visible miruvisit (n) pay a visit hoomon suruvisit (v) hoomon suru
make a turn mawaruturn (v) mawaruturn round mawarutwofold increase twofold fueru
uncomfortable tsuraiuncrowded become uncrowded kara nounder no circumstances zenzenunderground lay underground umeruunderneath area underneath sokounderstand wakaru² be understood wakaru²undone come undone toreruunfold hattatsu suruunharmed anzen naunhurriedly yukkuriunhurt iiunoccupied become unoccupied kara nounpleasant iya naunresolved task mondaiunskilful heta naunusual hen naunwilling feel unwilling kirai naunwillingness show unwillingness kirai naup come up to chikazuku cut up kiru¹ draw up tsukuru end up (being/doing) yatto fold up oru give up tomeru give up the idea of tomeru go up agaru go up to chikazuku
lose weight hosoi/usui put on weight atsui/futoiwet (adj) become slightly wet nureru become wet nureruwheat wheat noodles menwhile a short while ago sakkiwhole the whole minnawife tsumawin (v) eru, katsuwish (n) kiboowither shinuwithout delay hayakuwithout exception kanarazuwithout fail kanarazuwoman onna no hito old woman toshiyori young woman onna no kowomen’s onna no hitoworked up get worked up okoruworld sekaiworn out tsukareruworry (v) shinpai suruworry about shinpai suruwrite kakuwrite down kakuwriter sakka the present writer sakkawriting enter in writing kaku, mooshikomu record in writing kaku state formally in writing kakuwriting-brush hakewritten assignment ronbunwrong action machigai
year time of year kisetsu
come to visit hoomon suru go to visit hoomon suruvisiting gift okurimonovital juuyoo na
wait (v) matsuwait for matsuwait in anticipation for matsuwakame kaisoowalk (n) take a walk arukuwalk (v) arukuwall kabewarm (adj) atatakaiwarm water mizuwarm-hearted atatakaiwash out toreruwatch (v) miruwatch over miruwatch with concern miruwatch with interest miruwater (n) mizu boiling water mizu cold water mizu hot water mizu warm water mizuwater supply mizuwater temperature ondoway hoohoo, michi get out of the way of sakeruway of doing (things) hoohooway of life inochiweak in heta naweapon bukiweaponry bukiwear (v) wear off toreruwear thin toreruweather (n) tenki fine weather tenkiweather conditions tenkiweight