abietic acid 69 abrasion resistance 174, 423 of epoxy resins 179 of urethane systems 159 of zinc oxide 464 accelerated corrosion testing see corrosion testing accelerators in gelcoats 130 acetylene blacks 465-6 acid copolymers 233 acid value in alkyd processing 87, 94, 97 in water soluble resins 113 of polyester resins 113 of vegetable oils 55, 57 testing varnishes for 74 acidolysis 79-80, 86 acryIamide 273 effect on latex properties 308 in acrylic resins 231-2, 257, 259 acrylates 268, 303 acrylic acid effect on latex properties 309, 311 in acrylic resins 233 acrylic copolymers in additives 551 acrylic esters effect on latex properties 316 solution polymerization 229-30 acrylic monomers 223-4 polymerization of 248-9 properties of 230-1 reactivity ratios 249-50 synthesis of 223-4 types of 247-8 acrylic polymers see acrylic resins acrylic resins aqueous solution 236 comparison of solution and dispersion 236-7 INDEX crosslinking mechanisms 251-3 fumed silica in 536 in water-reducible resins 269-70 initators in 250-1 non-aqueous dispersion 236-7 reactive solution 237 solvents for 371, 372 types of 253 acrylic resins, hermoplastic 222, 228-30 effect of monomers 228, 229 glass transition temperature of 228-9 properties of 228-9, 230 solvents for 371, 372 uses of 230 water-reducible 269 acrylic resins, thermosetting 222, 230-6, 247-62 additives 260 catalysts 258-9 comparison with thermoplastic 231 copolymers in 231-4 crosslinkers in 254-8 crosslinking of 231, 232, 234-6 curing reactions 234-6 effect of monomers on 230-1 pigmentation of 259 properties of 231 solvents for 371, 372 ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers in 260 uses of 254, 261 water-reducible 269-70 active inorganic inhibitive pigmentation 410 addition polymerization see polymerization additives see paint additives adhesion aids 180, 219 agitation effect in latex manufacture 336 611 air trapment 186 in water-reducible coatings 292 alcohols 364, 367 algae 561, 565 aliphatic amine adducts 183-4 alkali blues 482 alkali swellable acrylics (ASA) 585-6, 587 alkali resistance of iron blue 461 of lead chromates 461 of ultramarine blue 462 alkyd characteristics 97-9 alkyd paints corrective measures 74 alkyd resin manufacture 77-94 acidolysis 79-80, 86 alcohol/ether interaction 84-5 alcoholysis 79, 81, 85-6 autoxidation reactions 83-4 azeotrope process 86-7 chemical processes 77-85 conjugation 82-3 cracking 81 dehydrated castor oil in 82 double bond reactions 82-3 esterification 77-9, 86-7 etherification 80-1 fatty acid process 85 functionality formula in 78-9, 85-6 fusion process 86, 87 hydrolysis 80 instructions for 93-4 quality control in 88 reproducibility in 88 transesterification 80 viscosity in 97 alkyd resin manufacturing equipment 88-92 azeotropic distillation 90-1 cleaning of 92 condensing systems 90
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INDEX [link.springer.com]978-94-011-1220...acrylic acid effect on latex properties 309, 311 in acrylic resins 233 acrylic copolymers in additives 551 acrylic esters effect on latex
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abietic acid 69 abrasion resistance 174, 423
of epoxy resins 179 of urethane systems 159 of zinc oxide 464
accelerated corrosion testing see corrosion testing
accelerators in gelcoats 130
acetylene blacks 465-6 acid copolymers 233 acid value
in alkyd processing 87, 94, 97 in water soluble resins 113 of polyester resins 113 of vegetable oils 55, 57 testing varnishes for 74
acidolysis 79-80, 86 acryIamide 273
effect on latex properties 308 in acrylic resins 231-2, 257,
259 acrylates 268, 303 acrylic acid
effect on latex properties 309, 311
in acrylic resins 233 acrylic copolymers
in additives 551 acrylic esters
effect on latex properties 316 solution polymerization 229-30
acrylic monomers 223-4 polymerization of 248-9 properties of 230-1 reactivity ratios 249-50 synthesis of 223-4 types of 247-8
acrylic polymers see acrylic resins acrylic resins
aqueous solution 236 comparison of solution and
dispersion 236-7
INDEX
crosslinking mechanisms 251-3 fumed silica in 536 in water-reducible resins 269-70 initators in 250-1 non-aqueous dispersion 236-7 reactive solution 237 solvents for 371, 372 types of 253
acrylic resins, hermoplastic 222, 228-30
effect of monomers 228, 229 glass transition temperature of
228-9 properties of 228-9, 230 solvents for 371, 372 uses of 230 water-reducible 269
acrylic resins, thermosetting 222, 230-6, 247-62
additives 260 catalysts 258-9 comparison with thermoplastic
231 copolymers in 231-4 crosslinkers in 254-8 crosslinking of 231, 232, 234-6 curing reactions 234-6 effect of monomers on 230-1 pigmentation of 259 properties of 231 solvents for 371, 372 ultraviolet (UV) light absorbers
in 260 uses of 254, 261 water-reducible 269-70
active inorganic inhibitive pigmentation 410
addition polymerization see polymerization
additives see paint additives adhesion aids 180, 219 agitation
alkyd resins 76-109, 110 acids in 95 comparison with OFSP 11 0 fatty acids in 94-5 formulations of 99-109 fumed silica in 536 molecular weight of 106 oil-free 76, 110-33 oil length of 77 oil-modified 76 raw materials in 94-6 vegetable oils in 95
of water-reducible coatings 293 resistance to 406, 407
blocking of isocyanates 118, 159-62,
257 blown oils 64 blue-off
of chrome greens 460 Blue Wool Scale 495, 496, 509 boiled oils 64-5 BON arylamide reds see naphthol
reds bond energy 569 bond strength
effect of latex particle size 324 bone black 466 borates 413-14 break content
of vegetable oils 58 bromine index 378, 380 bronze blue see iron blue bronze powders 468-9 bronzing 461 Brookfield viscometer 59 Brunswick green 460 buffers 320, 322-3, 334-5 butadiene
effect on latex properties 308 p-tert. butyl phenol 147, 151
direct metal reaction (DMR) 597 dirt retention 182, 316 disazo condensation pigments 478 dispersing additives 540-4 dispersion
of extenders 518 of inorganic pigments 451 of organic pigments 489-90,
493-5, 506 of polyurethanes 178 of titanium dioxide 443-4
dispersion resins 152 double salt complexes 482 drainage 133 dried oil films 51 drier accelerators 50, 284, 286 drier metals 599-602 drier systems
lead free 604 driers 592-606
active 599-600 auxiliary 601-2 combinations of 602-3 composition of 594-6 development of 592-3 drying mechanism of 597-9 for varnishes 71 for water-reducible resins
284-5, 286 in epoxy resins 189 in high solids coatings 606 in water based systems 604-6 loss of dry 603-4 manufacture of 596-7 testing 597
drop black 466 drum and tank linings see tank
and drum linings dry film protection 563-6
against algae 565-6 against bacteria 564 against fungi 564-5
dry paint film 439 drying
effect of amine on 275-6, 277, 279, 280
effect of cosolvent on 282-4 hydroperoxide theory of 50-1 mechanism of 50, 51 testing of varnishes 74
drying oils 45, 67 drying time
of vegetable oils 55 durability
of acrylic coatings 230 of titanium dioxide 440-3 testing of S-9
dyestuffs 449, 487-9 basic 482, 488-9 fat soluble 489 fluorescent 489 metal complex 489 solubility of 509
chemical modification of 193-5 curing agents for 182-5, 191 emulsification of 195-7 fumed silica in 536 in acrylics 257, 258 in powder coatings 191-2 in varnishes 70-1 manufacture of 1S0-1 properties of 179, 182 uses of 179-80 viscosity of 181
epoxy resins, water-borne 193-7 formulations for 195-6 uses for 197
application of 131-2 composition of 127-30 defects in 132-3 fumed silica in 538 grades of 13 1
geometric isomerism of fatty acids 44
glass transition temperature (Tg) 303, 342
effect of monomers on 309-314 effect on film formation
314-315, 328 of polymers 17, 33-4 of solvents 375
gloss causes of deficencies in 500-1 effect of amine on 277, 280 effect on latex particle size 323 in organic pigments 495 of thermosetting acrylics 260 of polyester resins 121 of titanium dioxide pigments
in gelcoats 130 initiation 21-3, 297 initiators 295-6, 320, 321-2,
334-5 cationic 297 for acrylic resins 250-1, 401 for polyester resins 130 in emulsion polymerization
295-6, 334-5 thermal 322
intercoat adhesion 549, 551, 552 International Standard Colour
Depth 498 International Union of Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 15, 16
interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) 17
inversion method 175 iodine values
of vegetable oils 55, 57, 67 ionomers 176 iron blue 461 iron driers 600 iron oxides
in primers 422 micaceous 457 natural, types of 453 properties of 453 synthetic 457-8, 459 transparent 458
isanic acid 45 ISO Grey Scale 495, 496, 497 ISO 3262 (1975) 514 ISO 9000380 isocyanates
abrasion resistance of 159 blocked 118, 159-62, 257 commercially available 153 in polyester resins 120 preparation of 154 reactions of 153, 155-6 solvent equivalent 158
coatings 238 definition of 238 future outlook for 245-6 nitrocellulose 239-40 saturated polyester 245 shellac 244-5 vinyl 242-3
lake red C 479, 480 Lambert-Beer's Law 575 laminating resins
fumed silica in, 538 lamp blacks 465, 466 latex
coalescents for 315 effect of monomer composition
309-15 film formation in 330-1 manufacturing plant 336, 338-9 opacifiers for 343-55 processing variables 332-6 properties of 303-9 rheological additives for 581-91 solids content of 340 solvents in 385, 386 testing 340-2 types of 315-16 water-borne 386
latex polymers 294 effect on film formation 326-8
lead chromates low dusting 460
lead driers 600 leads 415-17 lecithins 41-2 levelling
agent 219-20 of water-reducible coatings 292
levelling of latex paints effect of cellulose ethers on 585
licanic acid 44 lightfastness
effect of particle size 450, 451 in wood finishes 509 of azo pigments 475 of pigments 495-6, 504, 506 of ultramarine blue 462
for epoxy resins 185-6 for water-reducible coatings
287 in gelcoats 129-30 optical properties of 450-1 properties of 450-2
pigments, extender anti-corrosive function 427 dispersion of 518 hazards of 518-19 in gelcoats 130 in polyurethane coatings 168 properties of 515-18, 527, 528 selection criteria of 526-9 types of 519-26
pigments, inorganic 449-72 comparison with organic
pigments 452-3 functions of 449-50 oil absorption of 451 properties of 453-72
pigments, inorganic inhibitive 413-23
coating performance factors 428-30
developments of 433 formulation of 424-8 hazards of 424 testing of 430-3
pigments, organic 473-513 characteristics of 474-5 chemical resistance of 499, 504,
506, 509 classical 475-82 classification of 473-4 colour strength of 495, 498-9 comparison with inorganic
452-3 dispersion of 489-90, 493-5 effects of solar energy on
569-71 flocculation behaviour of 500 gloss behaviour of 500-1 heat stability of 496-7, 504 high-performance 482-9 lightfastness of 495-6, 504 molecular weight of 475 optical properties of 497-8,
500-1, 504 particle size of 494, 495 properties of 489-501 rheology behaviour of 500 solvent resistance of 499-500,
507 uses of 490-3, 501-13 weather fastness of 496, 504,
507 pinholing
of water-reducible coatings 293 Pittment R 343 plasticizers 34, 240, 329
additives 121-22 amino resins in 115, 118 catalysts for 118-19 chain growth of 111-13 coatings 114-15 comparison with alkyds 110 co-reactants 115-18 epoxy resins in 118 formulating 119-20 future developments in 122-3 in gelcoats 128-9 solvents for 120 unsaturated 128 uses of 122 water soluble 113-4 see also gelcoats
polyester resins, powder coatings advantages of 123 application of 125 production growth of 126 rheology of 125-6 types of 123-5
polyesters, water-reducible see alkyd resins, water reducible, polyether polyurethane (PEPU) 586, 587-91
polymers 15-39 amorphous 31-2 branched 16, 17, 36 characterization of 36-9 classification of 16 crosslinked 16, 1 7 crystalline 31-2 definition of 15 glass transition temperature of
33-4 linear 16-17, 32-3, 36
living 25-6 mimimum film forming
temperature of 33 miscibility 36 molecular weights of 17-18,
250 network 29-30 properties of 31-6 research in 6-7 semicrystalline 31-2 solubility of 35-6 solubilization of 287-91 see also under polymer types
polyols 164-5 polyoxyenthylene esters and ethers
321 polyurethanes 153-78
alkyds in 157 blocked systems 159-62 catalysts for 165-7 cationic 176 developments in 168-70 dispersions of 178 effect of NCOjOH ratio on
163-4 effect of polyols on 164-5 extenders in 168 formulations of 163-4 in aqueous systems 175-8 linear 175 moisture cured 157-9 reactivity of 165-7, 174 solvents for 158 toxicity of 172 two-pack systems 164-8 uses for 158-9, 170-2
polyvinyl alcohol 320 porosity 132 pot life 131, 162, 165 potassium 60 I powder coatings 5, 120, 123-6,
191-2 advantages of 123 application of 125 fumed silica in 537 organic pigments in 505-6 sales growth of 126 types of polyester 123-5
prerelease 133 preservatives 561-6 pressure
effect in latex manufacture 336 pressure splitting 65 precipitation process 596 primary alcohols
viscosity of 367 primers
phenolic resins in 152 silicone resin based 210-11 varnishes in 72 white lead in 471
primrose chrome 459 printing inks
fumed silica in 537-8 organic pigments in 482,
509-13 phenolic resins in 150, 152 varnishes in 72
propagation 23, 297-8 protective colloids 320-1 Prussian blue see iron blue publication gravure 512-13 pumice 526 pyrazolone orange and red 478,
dispersion of 534 effect of additives on 535 effect of pH on 535 effect of polarity on 534-5 production of 530-1, 533 properties of 532, 533-4 uses of 535-8 viscosity of 534
applications of coatings 210-11 coating formulation of cold
620 INDEX
blends 202, 208 coating formulation of organic
copolymers 202-3 curing 211 effect of methyl:phenyl ratio
201 effect of R:Si ratio 20 I effect of viscosity 20 I formulation of coatings 207-10 organic modifications of 202 preparation of 206-7 properties of 201-2 toxicity of 212 types of 200 uses for 200, 211-12
silicones 7, 198-200 silicosis 518 single pack epoxy systems 181 skinning 558-61 slip resistance 546, 547. 548 Smith Ewart theory 301-2 smoke emission 318-19 solar energy 567-569 solids contents see non-volatile
material solubility
hydrogen bonding index 370 of dyestuffs 509 of polymers 35-6 of resin 370
sphere of solubility solubility parameter 35-6, 311,
315,368-70,371,375,377, 385, 386
solvency 363, 365-71 behaviour 370-1 ratings of 366-8 theories of 368-70
solvent -based systems additives in 541
solvent popping 293 solvent resistance
of organic pigments 499-500 of pigments 507
solvent-free systems 399 solvents 356-408
applications of 381-6 balance of 376 biodegradability of 396-7 classification of 356-63 computer modelling programs
for 376-8 developments in 7, 399, 402-8 effect on film formation 325-6,
329, 383 'environmently friendly' 402-8 evaporation rates of 362,
371-5, 377, 383, 405 flammability of 387-91 for container and coil coatings
190
for varnishes 62-3 hazards of 386-97, 402-8 hydrogen bonding in 369, 371,
374 in higher solids coatings
399-402 in nitrocellulose lacquers 405-6 in oil-free saturated polyester
resins 120 in paint manufacture 381-2 in resin manufacture 381 in water-borne latexes 385, 386 modifications of 383-4 solubility 365-70 testing 378-80 toluene dilution ratios of 367-8 vapour pressure in 362, 395 viscosity of 366
South African ochres 456 soybean oil 46
epoxidized 53 in varnishes 71
spar varnishes 151, 152 spatter resistance of latex paints
583, 584 Spindrift R 343 Spindrift R vesticulated beads
351-5 stability
effect of amine on 276-7, 279-80
effect of cosolvent on 282 stabilizers
effect on film formation 329-30 in latex manufacture 334
stainless steel flake 469 stand oil process 5 I stand oils 66 star cracks 133 sterochemistry 18-19 sterols 42 stoving systems 261 strontium 60 I styrene
585-6, 587 cellulose ethers as 583--6 for water-reducible resins 286
thinners 207, 370, 371 see also solvents
thioindigo pigments 487, 488 thixotropes 286
in gelcoats 130 thixotropy 533-4 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 12 tint strength
of titanium dioxide 440 titanium dioxide pigments 4,
435-48 absorption of ultraviolet 438,
441 chloride/sulfate comparison 444 development of 444-5 dispersion of 443-4 durability properties 440-3 hazards of 445 manufacture of 436-7, 445-8 optical properties of 437-40 properties, general 443-5 treatments of 436-7
uses of 571-2 tocopherol 42 toluene diisocyanate (TDI) 166,
of amines 279 of chromates 414, 415 of polyurethanes 172 of silicone resins 212
transparency effect of particle size 495 of organic pigments 497, 504 of wood finishes 508
triethylamine (TEA) effect on drying 276, 277, 279
triethylene tetramine (TET A) 183 triglycerides 42 triglycidyl isocyanate (TGIC) 125 trimellitic anhydride 267 trimethylol ethane 266 trimethylol propane 266 tripe see wrinkling Tripoli 524 tung oil 47 turkey-red oil 53 Twitchell process 65 two-pack epoxy systems 181, 182
curing agents for 182-5 two-pack polyurethane systems
164-8 additives for 168, 169
ultramarine blue 462 ultraviolet
absorption by titanium dioxide 441
opaqueness of zinc oxide to 463 ultraviolet absorbers 121, 130,
260, 572-6 umbers 456, 457
burnt 453 raw 453
undercoats varnishes in 72
unsaponifiable matter of vegetable oils 58
unsaturated-oil modified polyester resins
see alkyd resins unsaturated polyester coatings
535-6 urea 134, 135 urea formaldehyde
effect on latex properties 308 in water-reducible resins 271-2
urea-formaldehyde resins 115, 135, 190, 254
comparison with melamine-formaldehyde resins 140
for crosslinking amino resins 136
preparation of 134-5 urethanes see polyurethanes
vanadium driers 600 varnishes 66, 67, 68-75
clear 72 electrical 150, 151, 152 formulations for 72-4 manufacturing equipment for
72 solvents for 71 spar 69, 151, 152 testing 74-5
vegetable black 465 vegetable oils 40-75
acid refining of 64 alkali refining of 63-4 bleaching of 64 chemical properties of 48-54 classification of 45 colour of 57-8 constitution of 40-2 degradation of 51 degumming of 63 dehydroxylation 54 drier catalysis of 50-1 drying, in varnishes 67 drying time 55 epoxidation of 53 ethoxylation of 53 evaluation of 54-9 extraction processes of 59-66 fatty acid constitution in 42-5,
47 fattyamines from 53 glycerolysis of 52 hard, in varnishes 67 hydrolysis of 52 identification of 54 iodine value of 55 isomerized 54 maleic modified 263, 264,
265-6 mill 60 miscella refining 63-4 non-breaking 63 non-rlrying, in varnishes 67 oxidation of 48-51 quality of 55 refined 63-4 relative density of 56 saponification 52, 55 semi-rlrying, in varnishes 67 soft, in varnishes 67 solvent extraction 62-3 solvent-segregated 54
INDEX 621
sulfonation of 53 thermal polymerisation of 51-2 types of 45-8 viscosity of 59 yellowing of 45, 51
vermiculite 526 vine black 466 vinyl acetate
effect on latex properties 303, 309-11, 316, 320
saponification of 308 vinyl chloride 306 vinyl esters
effect on latex properties 307-8, 309, 310
Vinyl Versatate 9, 305-6 vinylidene chloride
effect on latex properties 309 viscosity
change at rest 583 effect of amines on 275, 279 effect of cosolvents on 282 effect of latex particle size on
water-borne epoxy resins see epoxy resins, water-borne
water content 287 in solvents 378
water-dispersibility of epoxy resins 193-6
water phase effect on latex properties 320-3
water-reducible resins 263-93 acrylic-modified alkyds in 267-8 additives in 286-7 amines in 275-80 cosolvents in 280-4 crosslinking of 285-6 driers for 284-5 formulation of 287-91 fumed silica in 537 pigments in 287 problem solving with 291-3 solubilization of 287-91 viscosity of 273-4, 292
water repellants masonry 212-18
water resistance of phenolic resins 146, 152
water-soluble content
622 INDEX
of extenders 517 water solubles
in iron oxides 456 waxes 551-2 weather fastness
of organic pigments 496 weathering resistance
of cadmium pigments 463 of organic pigments 506, 507 of silicones 202