INDEX A Ablative therapies, 247. See also specific types, e.g., Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) Adenocarcinoma. See also specific types, e.g., Biliary cystadenocarcinoma metastatic, markers for, 33, 33t Adenoma, hepatic pediatric, 302 radiologic imaging and staging of, 53-54, 54f-55f Adhesion molecules, 193-195 carcinoembryonie antigen, 194 E-cadherin, 194 hepatocyte growth factor, 195 integrin, 193-194 in invasion substeps, 193-194 larninin, 194 in migration and motility, 195 selectins, 194 transforming growth factor, 195 Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma, 3, 60-61, 234 in pediatric hepatoblastoma, 306 Angiogenesis, 183, 185 in hepatic metastasis, 185-188, 186f, 186t Angiogenic factors, 185-188, 186f, 186t Angiosarcoma, hepatic liver transplantation for, 90 pathologie features of, 30-31 pediatric, 308 Anoikis, 198 colon cancer metastasis and, 198-199 Anti-angiogenic factors and agents, 185, 186t, 188 Apoptosis, 196--199 anoikisand,198-199 apoptotic factors in, 197, 197t Bel protein family in, 197, 197t colon cancer and, 197-198 colon cancer metastases and, 198 therapeutic implication of, 199 triggers of, 196--197, 196f Apoptotic factors, 197, 197t Arteriography, of cholangiocarcinoma, 127 B Basement membrane, in invasion and metastasis, 191-192 Bel protein family, 197 Bile duct cancer. See Cholangiocarcinoma Bile duct carcinoma. See Cholangiocarcinoma Biliary cystadenocarcinoma, pathologie features of, 28 Biliary obstruction, malignant, 157-177 bilateral stenting in, 172-174, 175f, 176f biliary stents for, self-expanding metaI, 166--171 (See also Biliary stents, self-expanding metaI) draining both liver lobes in, 172-173 endoscopic palliation for, 172 endoscopie technique for, 158-162, 16lf endoscopie technique for, biliary stents in, 161, 16lf endoscopie technique for, biliary tree in, 159 endoscopie technique for, cholangiogram in, 159 endoscopic technique for, deep cannulation in, 160 endoscopic technique for, duodenoscope in, 159 endoscopic technique for, MR cholangiopancreatography of, 160 endoscopic technique for, pancreatogram in, 159 endoscopic technique for, patient preparation in, 158-159 endoscopic technique for, rendezvous procedure in, 161-162 endoscopic technique for, sphincterectomy in, 160 endoscopic technique for, stricture dilation in, 160-161, 16lf endoscopic technique for, tissue sampling in, 160, 16lf endoscopic technique for, with mid- or proximal bile duct stricture, 159, 161f with hilar and metastatic lesions, 171-176, 175f-176f
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INDEX
A Ablative therapies, 247. See also specific
types, e.g., Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
Adenocarcinoma. See also specific types, e.g., Biliary cystadenocarcinoma
metastatic, markers for, 33, 33t Adenoma, hepatic
pediatric, 302 radiologic imaging and staging of, 53-54,
54f-55f Adhesion molecules, 193-195
carcinoembryonie antigen, 194 E-cadherin, 194 hepatocyte growth factor, 195 integrin, 193-194 in invasion substeps, 193-194 larninin, 194 in migration and motility, 195 selectins, 194 transforming growth factor, 195
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in hepatocellular carcinoma, 3, 60-61, 234 in pediatric hepatoblastoma, 306
Angiogenesis, 183, 185 in hepatic metastasis, 185-188, 186f, 186t
features of, 28 Biliary obstruction, malignant, 157-177
bilateral stenting in, 172-174, 175f, 176f biliary stents for, self-expanding metaI,
166--171 (See also Biliary stents, self-expanding metaI)
draining both liver lobes in, 172-173 endoscopic palliation for, 172 endoscopie technique for, 158-162, 16lf endoscopie technique for, biliary stents in,
161, 16lf endoscopie technique for, biliary tree in,
159 endoscopie technique for, cholangiogram
in, 159 endoscopic technique for, deep
cannulation in, 160 endoscopic technique for, duodenoscope
in, 159 endoscopic technique for, MR
cholangiopancreatography of, 160 endoscopic technique for, pancreatogram
in, 159 endoscopic technique for, patient
preparation in, 158-159 endoscopic technique for, rendezvous
procedure in, 161-162 endoscopic technique for,
sphincterectomy in, 160 endoscopic technique for, stricture
dilation in, 160-161, 16lf endoscopic technique for, tissue sampling
in, 160, 16lf endoscopic technique for, with mid- or
proximal bile duct stricture, 159, 161f with hilar and metastatic lesions,
171-176, 175f-176f
314 Index
historical perspective on, 157-158 large bore plastic endoprosthesis
palliation for, 172 sites of, 157 stent placement complications in, 163-166 stent placement complications in:
vein embolization, 68-69 cryosurgery for, 274 CT findings in, 45, 46f-47f epidemiology of, 59, 81, 101,234,247 fibrolamellar, 22-23, 24f, 25f grading of, 21-22, 22f high grade, 20 hypervascular lesion in, 45, 46f hypodense mass in, 45, 47f incidence of, 16 lesion detection in, 48 liver transplantation for, 81-87 (See also
under Transplantation, liver) markers for, 33, 33t MR findings in, 47, 47f-48f natural history of, 59 osteociastic giant cells, 24 pathology of, 16
Liver cancer. See specific types, e.g., Hepatocellular carcinoma
Liver disease, alcoholic in cholangiocarcinoma, 118 in hepatocellular carcinoma, 2, 16, 17t,
45,59-60,81,234 in hepatocellular carcinoma, resection in,
66-68,234-235 in hepatocellular carcinoma, screening
for, 62 Liver resection. See Surgical resection Liver transplantation. See Transplantation,
liver
Lobectomy, left hepatic, 236f, 240-242, 24lf incision and exposure in, 240 parenchymal transection in, 242 portal dissection in, 242 posterior dissection in, 241-242 resectability in, mobilization and
assessmentof, 240-241, 24lf Lobectomy, right hepatic, 236-240, 236f
incision and exposure in, 236-237 parenchymal transection in, 239-240 portal dissection in, 238-239 posterior dissection in, 237-238 resectability in, mobilization and final
assessment of, 237 Lymph node involvement, as prognostic
indicator, 84 Lymphoma, markers for, 33, 33t
M Macrotrabecular patterns, 19, 20f Magneticresonance
cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) of biliary obstruction, malignant, 160 of cholangiocarcinoma, 125 of gallbladder cancer, 148
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of cholangiocarcinoma, 125 of hepatocellular carcinoma, 47, 47f-48f,
234 of metastatic tumors, hepatic, 44-45, 45f,
80 of radiofrequency ablation, 262
Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, pediatric, 310
Malignant mesenchymal tumors, pediatric, 308
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), in invasion and metastasis, 192-193, 192t
for cholangiocarcinoma, 88-89 for epithelioid hemangioendothelioma,
89-90 for fibrolamellar hepatocellular
carcinoma, 87-88 for hemangiosarcoma, 90 for hepatoblastoma, 89 for hepatocellular carcinoma, 81-87,
234-235 for hepatocellular carcinoma, adjuvant
therapy with, 82, 86 for hepatocellular carcinoma,
perioperative chemoembolization with,86
for hepatocellular carcinoma, prognosis in, 81-82
for hepatocellular carcinoma, prognostic indicators for, 83-85
for hepatocellular carcinoma, surgical options in, 86-87
history of, 77 indications for, 78 for metastatic hepatic neoplasms, 90-92 orthotopic, 77 prognostic indicators for, 83-85 for sarcoma, 90 transarterial chemoablation with, 78
Tumor ablation therapy. See specific types, e.g., Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)