Index Abrasion/abrasivity, 447, 597 Abscissa, 515 (see also incipient bubbling velocity) Activated sludge, thickening, 657 Active processes, 576-583 (see also powder mixing ma- chines) Acoustic wave, 23 Adhesion (see also Agglomerates) criteria, 253 forces, 206, 209-211 friction, 424 method,124 phenomena, 204 testing, 124, 210-211, 424 Adsorption layers, 225 Aeration devices, 477-480 (see also flow promotion) Aerodynamic diameter, 2, 20 Aerodynamic particle sizer, 20 AeroKaye mixer, 579, 580 Aero Sizer, 4, 18, 23 Agglomerate quality, 266-267 Aerosol(s), 4, 25, 803, 806 (see also wet scrubbers) sampler, 872 Agglomerate(s)/ Agglomeration (see also Flocs; Size Enlargement) agitation methods, 252-293 attrition (in spouted beds), 546, 551, 552 balling, 223, 262 belt, 371-372 binderless, 247 bonding and strength, 206-226 dense phase, 254, 255-257 binding mechanisms, 206-207 definition of, 202-203 desired, 204-206, 246-251 fluidized bed, 372-373 heat, 364-365 in powder mixing, 572 liquid systems, 281-293 low density, 257 mixer agglomerators, 258-259, 267-272 oil, 289-291 other methods, 364-375 pressure; methods, 249-251, 296-362 sintering, 206 spray drying, 365-369 strength, 212-226 undesired,204-206 wet, 256 quality, 266-267 strength, 207-211 Aggregated suspensions, 648-653 Aggregative, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Agitation, 532 (see also spouted bed) devices, 468-472 in aggregate suspensions, 650-652 in size enlargement, 252-293 Agitation devices, 468-472 (see also flow promotion) Air classification, 235 Air jet mills, 235 Airmerge blender, 581 Airmix mixer, 580 Air movers (in pneumatic conveying), 380, 383, 385, 387 Amplitude ratio, 157-159, 160 (see also dynamic shear) Analytical separation, 205 Angle of elastic compression, 347 friction, kinematic, 423 internal friction, 138-139, 422 neutral, 347 release, 347 repose, 451 rolling, 347 wall slide friction, 139-140 Anisometric pore geometry, 81 Anisotropic, 67 Anticaking, 206 (see also clustering) agents, 245 Annulus, 533 (see also spouted bed) flow, 536 voidage, 539 Anvil withdrawal pressing, 323 (see also single motion pressing) Apparent specific volume, 97 Applied normal stress, 157, 160 (see also dynamic shear) 883
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Index
Abrasion/abrasivity, 447, 597 Abscissa, 515 (see also incipient bubbling velocity) Activated sludge, thickening, 657 Active processes, 576-583 (see also powder mixing ma
chines) Acoustic wave, 23 Adhesion (see also Agglomerates)
Aggregated suspensions, 648-653 Aggregative, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Agitation, 532 (see also spouted bed)
devices, 468-472 in aggregate suspensions, 650-652 in size enlargement, 252-293
Agitation devices, 468-472 (see also flow promotion) Air classification, 235 Air jet mills, 235 Airmerge blender, 581 Airmix mixer, 580 Air movers (in pneumatic conveying), 380, 383, 385, 387 Amplitude ratio, 157-159, 160 (see also dynamic shear) Analytical separation, 205 Angle of
Anisometric pore geometry, 81 Anisotropic, 67 Anticaking, 206 (see also clustering)
agents, 245 Annulus, 533 (see also spouted bed)
flow, 536 voidage, 539
Anvil withdrawal pressing, 323 (see also single motion pressing)
Apparent specific volume, 97 Applied normal stress, 157, 160 (see also dynamic shear)
883
884 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE
Array, 14 (see also diffractometers) Arch span, 429 Arching dimension, 429-432 (see also mass flow) Asbestos, 869, 876-880 Aspect ratio, 36, 80 (see also elongation ratio)
in electrostatic precipitator, 755 ASTM, 11, 693 (see also sieve fractionation) Atomization, 273 Atomized spray scrubbers, 816-823 Attraction
forces, 207 pressure, 211
Attrition, 546, 551, 552 (see also spouting of particulate solids)
Augmentation, electrostatic, 830-833 Autogeneous mills, 601 Autogeneous wear liners, 258 Automatic electrobalance method, 121 (see also cohe
sive forces) Axial jet, 532 (see also spouted bed)
8ackmixing, 546 Baffle plate, 189 (see also vibrating insert) Bagassocis, 880 Bag filters, 709 Bag set, 241 Ball milling, 596 Ballhausen's equation, 112 (see also compaction pres
BINSERT, 451 (see also particle segregation) in gravity flow, 453
Blaine fineness tester, 27 (see also permeability methods) permeability method, 228
Blender(s) (see mixers) Blending of solids, 550 Blue asbestos, 879 Blungers, 267-268 (see also pan mixers) Body waves, 194-195 (see also stress waves) Bond correlated site percolation, 72 Bonding criteria, 253 Boundary shear, 175-178 Branch node network, 76-77 Break off test, 127 (see also tensile strength) Breakthrough
capillary pressure, 59-61 (see also structure parameters)
Capping, 318 Carbonization, 552 Carman-Kozeny equation, 56-58 (see also structure
parameters) Carr's classification method, 446 Cartridge filters, 708, 712 Cast in place, 395-396 (see also bin construction) Catalysis, 512-513 Ca talyst carriers, 253 Ca talytic cracking, 487 Ca tastrophic
behavior, 48-50 (see also dynamic shape factor) failure, 587 tumbling, 50-52
Choke feeding, 353 (see also roll feeding) Choppers, 257 Ch unkiness factor, 36 Clarification/Clarifier(s), 638-639, 666-672
comparison; thickeners, 667
design, 669-672 flocculation in, 667-669 in filtration, 684 pretreatment, 667-669
Classification effect, 262
INDEX 885
Close contacts, 102 (see also sphere packing) Close random packing, 66 Cloud diameter, 525 (see also gas permeation) CI usters, 7, 8 Clustering, 206 Coagulation, 668 Coal agglomerates, 289 Coalescence, 253, 254-258 Coating, 237, 512 (see also catalysis) Coe-Clevenger method, 658-660 (see also thickening) Coefficient of unity, 541 Cohesion, 422-423 Cohesion forces, 206 Cohesive
forces, 119-123, 206 measurement, 121-123
powders, 571 Coincidence effects, 24 (see also stream counters) Collection efficiency, 735-742, 811-814, 834
mechanisms, 812 in electrostatic precipitator, 755
Collimated hole sieve, 5 Combined damping, 168-169 Communition, 230-234 (see also agglomeration)
in size reduction, 586 Compaction
of powders, 111-114 mechanism of, 295
Compressibility, 424-425 (see also bulk density) Compression
belt filter, 715 coated tablets, 331 diametral test, 128-133 test, 137-138 region in thickening, 663 resistance, 598
Crust, 221 Crystal structure, 221 Crystallization, 221 Curing, in agglomeration, 206, 244, 253 Cu tters, 604 Cyclic movement of solids, in spouted bed, 55 Cyclone(s}, 25, 727-750 (see also elutriators)
Darcy's law, 55, 536, 539 Dead-end pores, 68-69 Deaeration, 301 Deagglomeration, 206 Deaconvolution, 15-16 (see also diffractometers) Deep bed filteration, 773-776 Deep thickener, 666 Degree
of reduction, 233 of separation, 234
Deflagration (see also explosion) isolation systems, 861-863
rapid action valve, 862 suppression barrier, 862 material chokes, 862
Electrostatic precipitator, 753-770 bus section, 155 design, 768-769 factors and effects, 757-759
Elevation head, 55 (see also piezometric head) Elongation factor, 39 (see also Hausner shape indices) Elongation ratio, 36 Elutriator, 24-26 (see also particle size characteriza
tion) Emission control, 803-804 (see also wet scrubbers) Entrainment
in roller presses, 363 in spouted beds, 546 rate; in fluidization, 516 separators, 833-836
Entrapped gas, 436-439 (see also storage) Entry pressure, 59
suction pressure, 224 Environmental control technologies, 228 Equipaced exploration, 48 Equivolume sphere diameter, 534 Ergun equation, 57-58, 116, 535 (see also structure
parameters) Erosion dilation logic, 8 (see also image analysis) E-SPART analyzer, 22 (see also Doppler effect) Excess charges, 211 Existance probability of voids, 105 (see also microscopic
Facet signature, 40 (see also edge count) Failure, 172-174 (see also vibration) Falling curtain agglomerator, 272 Fanning's equation, 116 (see also powder bed) Feeding, 206 Feeders, 460-480
press (in agglomeration), 320 rotary, 460-461
Feedwell design, 675-676 Feret's diameter, 44 (see also fractal geometry) Fibonacci series, 522 (see also bubble growth) Fibrous mats, 825-827 Field assembly, 390-391 (see also bin construction) Field forces, 253
Fractal (see also particle shape characterization) addendum, 44 dimension, 44-48 geometry, 44-48
Fractional efficiency curve, 740-742 Fractional solids content, 97 (see also packing density) Fractionation aerosols, 872
in particle size characteristics, 8-12, 25 Fracture mechanics, 587-597 Fraunhoffer theory, 15 (see also diffraction patterns) Free air volumetric flowrate, 385 Free fall tumbler powder mixture, 3 (see also represen-
Hagen-Poiseuille's equation, 116 (see also powder bed) Hamaker constant, 210 Hammer mills, 603 (see also size reduction) Harmonic pore radius, 81 Hasset method, 660-661 (see also thickening) Ha usner shape indices, 39 Hazards
Kawakita's equation, 112 (see also compaction pressure)
Kenics static mixer, 582 Kinematic angle of friction, 423-444 (see also wall
yield locus) Kneading, 301 Kozeny constant, 57 Kynch theory, 655-657 (see also settling rate)
Lamella(s}, 233 settlers (in sedimentation), 673-674
Laminar flow, 640-641 Lamination, 318 Land areas, 345 Laplace's equation of capillarity, 70 Lasentech instrument, 18 Lifshitz-van der Waals constant, 211 Lifting coefficient, 259 Line pressure drop, 383 (see also pneumatic conveying) Liquid bridges, 120 (see also cohesive forces)
in agglomeration, 206, 223, 224, 232 Liquid filtration (see filtration) Liquid phase agglomeration, 283-286 Liquid saturation, 222 Liquid systems, 281-293 Littleford mixer, 577 Loading impact, 425-426 Lodige mixer, 577 (see also Littleford mixer) Logistic slope diameter, 747 Longitudinal pressure distribution, 538 (see also pres-
sure drop) Loose random packing, 66 Loose surface, 786 (see also moving bed filters) Low density agglomeration, 257 Low pressure agglomeration, 298-312 Lower explosive limit, 847 Lubricity, 299, 309 Lumped model, 162 (see also inertia model)
Mandrels, 315 Mass flow, 185,412-413
bin design, 427 bin stress, 405 -407 hopper geometry, 186 in storage, 399, 401
Mass transfer, 545-546, 547 Mathur-Gishler equation, 534 Matrix binder, 203, 228 Maximal tensile strength, 208 Maximum explosion pressure, 847
INDEX 891
Maximum spout able bed depth, 533, 535-536 Maximum stable bubble size, 523-524 Maximum stable diameter, 524 (see also fluidization) Mean free area fraction, 64 Mechanical process technology, 202 (see also size en-
largement) Mechanical separation, 205 Mechanism of densification, 249 Medium pressure agglomeration, 298-312 Me It droplets, 202 Membranes, 690-695 Menisci, 208 Mercy intrusion, 30-31 (see also pore size distribution) Mesh number, 11 (see also sieve fractionation) Microagglomerates, 284 Microencapsulation, 202, 568 Microfiltration, 690
membrane, 700 Microscopic packing structure, 104-105 Mie theory, 15 (see also diffraction patterns) Migration velocity, 813 Mill(s}
Occlusion, 48 (see also fractal dimensions) Occupational
health, 870 hygiene, 870
Oil exploration, 147 Once through machines, 598 Open
bonds, 72 sites, 72
Operating gas velocity, 514-515 (see also fluidization) Operating point, 379 Orthorhombic packing, 62 Oscillating centrifuge, 722-723 Outlet point, 381 (see also pnematic conveying) Overpressing, 318 Overall degree of pucking, 106-107 Overload, 799 Oxidant, 847 Oxidizer gas, 851 Oxygen content, 851
in size enlargement, 205, 227, 236 in dust explosion, 849, 851 in an electrostatic precipitator, 769-770 in sedimentation, 647-648 in storage, 427 in vibration, 157, 160
Particle size characterization, 1-32 in image analysis, 7-8 by sedimentation, 12-14 by sieve fractionation, 8, 12 permeability methods, 26-28 representative sample(s), 3-7
Particle size distribution, 67-68 Particle suspension, 646-648 Particulate, 514 (see also operating gas velocity) Particulate approach, 163, 416 (see also inertia model) Particulate matter, 202-350 Particulate solids, 532-560 Passive mixers, 583-584 Peak pressure drop, 537 Peclet number, 89 Peg granulator, 268 Pelletization, 364-365
Pendular rings, 60 Pendular state, 127-131, 216 (see also ultimate tensile
strength) Pendulum method, 122 (see also cohesive forces) Penetration, 811-812 Penetration method, 127 (see also tensile strength) Penetration model, 544 (see also heat transfer) Percolation, 446-450 (see also particle segregation) Percolation theory, 71-76 Percolation threshold, 72 Performance variation, 381
Phase immobilization, 87 Phenomenology of roll briquetting, 358-360 Phenomenology of roll compaction, 355-358 Photon correlation spectoscopy (peS), 22 (see also
doppler effect) Piezometric head, 55 Pigmills, 267-269 (see also pan mixers) Pile-set, 240 Pin mixer, 268 (see also high-speed mixers) Pipeline geometry, 378 (see also pneumatic conveying) Plane of polish, 84 (see also serial sectioning) Planetary ball mills, 601-602 Plastic deformation, 215 Plastic flow, 335 Plasticity, 309 Plate-like agglomerate, 233 Plug flow, 381 Plugging, 815 Pneumatic conveying, 378-388
air flow rate, 379, 381, 383 air requirements, 383-388 in agglomeration, 237 major pipline variables, 379-381 models, 382, 383 system design, 381-383 superficial gas velocity, 382
POSTEC-research uniaxial tester, 444-445 Post-tenioned rings, 394 (see also piecust construction) Post treatment, 227, 249 Poured random packing, 66 Porous sintered granular beds, 783-784 Powder
bed, 116-117 compaction, 111-116
vibrations in, 152, 181-185 feeders, 320 (see also press feeders) -form catalysts, 488 (see also fluidization) fractionation, 25 grain, 1-3 mass, 108 mechanics, 150-151 (see also vibration) metallurgy, 286, 315 mixers, 270-271 mixing, 568-584
machines, 576-584 surface area, 28-29 tablet, 295
Power consumption, 810-811 Precast construction, 392-394 (see also bin construc
tion) Precipitation, 753
basic concepts, 755-756 Precipitator
electrostatic, 753-770 Prefabricated reimbert silo, 394 (see also precast con-
struction) Press feeders, 320-322 Pressure agglomeration, 247, 295-362 Pressure distribution, 733-734 (see also cyclones(s» Pressure drop, 537-539
in cyclones, 734-735 Pressure gradient, 379 (see also operating point) Pressure head, 55 (see also piezometric head) Pressure ratio, 411 (see also Janssen's method) Pretreatment, 696-697 Primary bonding, 256 Primary count loss, 7 (see also image analysis) Primary drainage curve, 59 Principle stresses, 589 Product treatment, 309-312 Prolate spheroids, 534 (see also Mathur-Gishler equa-
tion) Progency pragment distribution, 605 Progressive crossflow, 539 Profile, 39 (see also geometric signature waveforms) PTFE,693
Radical distribution funtion, 65-66 Radical gas velocity, 733 Radial gradients, 456 (see also chemical reaction) Radial stress field, 429 (see also mass flow)
Radius harmonic pore, 81 of curvature, 70
Rake design, 676 Ram extruder, 300 Ram extrusion, 249 Random loose packing, 102 Random packing(s), 65, 209 (see also irregular pack
ings) Random
chance, 569 mixture, 568
Random packing, 209 Random vibration(s), 178-180 Randomization
in mixing systems, 570 Randomizing veins, 583 (see also passive mixers) Ratholing, 434 (see also funnel flow) Rayleigh waves, 195 (see also stress waves) Reciprocating machines, 312-314 Recombination bonding, 231 Recycle, 248 Reentertrainment, 758, 766-767
in wet scrubber(s), 815 Regular packings, 61-65 Reimbert antidynamic tube, 457-458 Relative humidity, 226 Respirable dust hazards, 869-880 Representative parameters, 97 Representative sample, 3-7 (see also particle size char-
actcrization) Residence time, 266 Residual non'vetting phase suturation, 60 Residual stress, 335 Resistivity, 759-763 Resistivity factor, 61 (see also structure parameters) Resitivity index, 87 Resonant frequencies, 163-165 (see also inertia model) Resonance, 170-171 Reverse osmosis, 690 Rheological properties, 96-142
packing characteristics, 96-116 permeability of the powder bed, 116-117 strength of particle assemblage, 118-142
Rhombohedral packing, 62 Ribbon mixer, 577-578 Richardson plot, 44, 47-48 Richardson-Zaki equation, 646-647, 653 Rim height, 256 Ring roll presses, 348-349 Rod mills, 599-600 Roll
analysis, 138-140 effects of vibration, 181-183 methods, 136-138
stress, 588-590 Shearing dispersion equipment, 576 Shell-like distribution, 102 (see also sphere packing) Shop welded, 390 (see also bin construction) Shredders, 604-605 Single motion pressing, 323 Sieve
aperture size, 8 calibration, 10 fractionation, 8-12 (see also particle size characteri
zation) plates, 827
Sifting, 236
896 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE
Silicosis, 869 Silo, 390
design, 416 Single obstacle efficiency, 812
(see also collection efficiency) Sinter(ing)
binding mechanisms, 203, 206 plants, 258
Size enlargement by agglomeration in industry, 227-251
characteristics, 228 parameters of, 227 size of particulate, 229
Size reduction, 586-631 machines, 597-605 process analysis, 605-623
Sliding anvil pressing, 323 (see also single motion press-ing)
Sliding velocity, 171-172 Slip form, 395-396 (see also cast in place) Slotted two-dimensional spouted bed, 555 Slugging, 536 Soil(s)
cohesive, 148 mechanics; in vibration, 147, 148-150
Sol-Gel processes, 287-189 Solid bowl centifuge, 721-722 Solid bridges, 119, 206, 209 (see also cohesive forces) Solid flux, 663 Solid-liquid separation, 635-676 (see also sedimenta-
tion) Solids attrition, 551 Solids discharge, 697 Solid flow patterns, 390 Solid inflow model, 521-522 Solids loading ratio, 382-383 Solids mass flow rate, 379 (see also operating point)
Talmage-Firch method, 662 (see also thickening) Tamping, 331 (see also tab letting) Tangetial gas velocity, 731-733 Tap-density, 351 Tapping, 113-114 (see also powder compaction)
Temperature, 426 (see also storage) control in fluidization, 502-512 drying in agglomeration, 215
Tensil strength, 123-133 in agglomeration, 207 ultimate tensile strength, 127-132
INDEX 897
TEOM, 874-876 (see also respirable dust hazards) Terminal velocity, 515-516 Termination mechanisms, 536 (see also maximum
spout able bed depth) Terzaghi's equation, 112 (see also compaction pressure) Textural fractal dimension, 47 Theory of densification, 348 Theory of rolling, 349 Thickening, 638, 657-666
design procedures, 658-663 Thixotropic behavior, 312 (see also spheronizing) Three-phase spouting, 558 Threshold pressue, 304 (see also pelleting machines) Throughput, 350-351 (see also roller presses) Time of flight instruments, 18-20 Time yield locus, 419-420 Tooling, 313 (see also withdrawal processes) Tooling design, 322-327 Top-sealed vessel, 555 Topology, 44 (see also fractal geometry) Toroidal rings (see pendular rings) Tortuosity, 57, 97 Total bed efficiency, 772-773 Tramp material, 341 Transfer number matrix, 606 Transient fluidized bed, 576 Transport disengaging height, 516 Trajectory of falling particles, 450 (see also particle
Turbulence transient; fluidized bed, 572 in dust explosion, 853
Turbulent agitation, 502 (see also fluidization) Turbulent flow (in sedimentation), 641 Turbulent mixture, 577 Turbulizers, 257 Turner structures, 68 (see also dead end pores)
898 HANDBOOK OF POWDER SCIENCE
Ultimate mixture, 577 Ultimate tensile strength, 127-132 (see also tensile
strength) Ultrasonic screening, 235 Ultrafiltration, 690 Unconfined yield strength, 422 Underflow concentration, 663 Undesired agglomeration, 229 Unit cell, 62 Unit operations, 202 (see also mechanical process tech
nology) size reduction, 586
Unwanted agglomeration, 231 Up flow solids contact, 674-675
Vacuum filters, 710-715 Van der Waals force, 119,210 (see also cohesive forces) Van der Waals lines, 215 Velocity