INDEX [link.springer.com]978-0-230-61850-3/1.pdf · INDEX Abduh, Mohammad, 98 Abou Ubaydata mosque (Unite 26), 61, 65 accommodation, 3, 5-6,8, 37, 76-77,80, 82-83, 87n13 ... Cheikh

INDEX

Abduh, Mohammad, 98Abou Ubaydata mosque (Unite 26), 61 , 65accommodation, 3, 5-6, 8, 37, 76-77, 80,

82-83, 87n13,91,99, 240, 245, 248Afghani, Jamal AI-Din AI-, 119African Islam, 1-2, 132n3, 140, 156, 157n8,

190-91 ; Islam in Africa vs., 6, 114Africanization ofIslam, Islamization ofAfrica

vs.,3,91-92,133n28Afrique Nouvelle (newspaper), 119Afrique Occidentale Francaise (AOF), 29,

42n42,44n66Ahmadinejad, President, 117, 134n44AI-Azhar University (Cairo), 32,119AI-Bakri,40n5, 41n24, 86n13alcohol and tobacco, 8, 53, 96,101,263AI-Falah mosque (Dakar), 61Algeria, 118, 134n63, 214AI-Ghazali,98-100AI-Hajj Ibrahim Derwiche Mosque (Dakar),

127-28, 128-29Ali, Imam, 116, 126-27, 135n86Alidou, Ousseina, 228nlAlmada, Andre Alvares d' , 40n12Almoravid movement, 22, 40n5, 77, 132n17alms seeking, 25, 34-35, 37-38Al-Naqar, Umar, 40n5AI-Sadi,22Alvares,Andre, 172Aly Yacine (PSLF) Centre Islamique de

Rechercheet d'Information, 114, 121­23, 122, 135n73 . See alsoYacine,Ali

Al-Zahra school, 127Ames, David, 195Anas, Malik ibn, 100Anderson, Jon W., 130Ansar Mohammad association, 123-24Appiah, Kwame Anthony, 85-86nl1Arabic-French schools (tcolesfranco-arabes),

123,240Arabic language and education (ecoles

Arabe~,4 ,28,32-35 ,37-39,45n85,

111,113-14,116,118-21,123,130,132n4,162n157,214,239-40,267;lack of, in The Gambia, 142, 144, 152,156

Arabisantes (female scholars), 215Arabisants, 65, 69n34Arab Muslim world, 2, 7,11, 15n18 , 61-62,

79,156,215,258-59,265,268 . Seealsospecific countries and regions

Arberry, A. J., 87n46architecture, 9, 63-65Archives Nationales de France Section

d'Outer-Mer (ANFOM), 44n67aristocracy, 4,75,77-78, 86n15, 91 , 93Asad, Talal, 98,112-13, 132nnAshura,121Ashura conference, 124, 125, 135n78assimilation, 6Association des Eleveset Etudiants Musulmans

du Senegal (AEEMS), 215, 218-19,223,226

Association des Etudiants Musulmans dei'Universite de Dakar (AEMUD), 215,217-21,224,226

Association des Femmes de la Cite de Ngalele,57-58

Association des]eunes Mourides, 244Association Fatima Zahra, 123associationist Islam, 215-16, 240-45,

249n24Association Musulmane des Etudiants

Africains (AMEA), 32, 44n64Association Pour le Developpement Humain

Durable, 123Association Rabi Sarr, 215-16Association Thiaroye, 216-17, 219Augis, Erin J., 6-8,12, 133n21, 156,

159n45,211-33authenticity, 6,111-13,115,117,121-28,

130-31,240authority, 2, 7,11-13,16-17,25-27,32,

36,53,55,75,83,98,100,113-15,

274 INDEX

authority (continued)117,119,123,126,130,141,144,153,155-56,170,213,217,220,226,243-45, 250n49, 251n65,264; genderand religious, 189-210

Ba, Maba Iaaxu, 42n39. See also Iaaxu, Maba;Maba

Ba, Sheikh Amadou, 42n39Babou, Cheikh Anta Mbacke, 2, 41n22,

43n47,75,190,250n40Badokore, Chief of Iududu, 176Bahrain, 212Bainunk, 3, 8-9, 170-72, 175-82Balant society, 170-72, 182Balla, Serign Modou Awa, 71-72Bamba, Amadou. See Mbacke, Amadou

BambaBambara, 58, 94Bandia, 93-95,101-5Bangladesh, 140Banna, Hassan al-, 271n29baptisms, 8Bara, Mohammad al-Amin (Serign

Mouhamadou Lamine) , 252baraka (blessing or grace), 84,176,189,

193, 198Barreira, Bcltcsar, 23Barro (Barroba), Fodey, 178Barro-Gassama family, 180Barrokunda kabila, 179Barry, Boubacar, 42n29, 86n15Barth, Frederick , 93Baudelaire, Charles, 75, 84Bawol kingdom, 29, 74 ,74, 86n15, 94 ,171Baye, Marne Madio , 238Baye Fall movement, 85, 239Bayo clan, 177Bechard, Paul, 71-72Berbe~,30,41n22,108n38, 132n17Biaya family, 145 , 177Bichgango kingdom, 170bida (bid'a, un-Islamic innovations), 65, Ill,

153,241-42Bilal Mosque (Thies), 61birth control, 12,222birth rituals, 12, 191, 194-95Bocande, Bertrand, 181body, 11, 142 , 154-55, 162n141 , 192, 196,

199-200Boilat, Abbe, 94Boone , Catherine, 44n61Booth, Wayne c., 152Bop, Codou, 193"born-again Islam," 147-48

Bouche, Denise, 43n58, 44n69Bouleguc, Jean, 40n12, 86n15Bousso, Marne Diarra , 193-94Bousso, Sokhna Gedde, 194Bowen, John R., 161n124Brasher, Brenda E., I61nll0Brenne r, Louis, 23, 28, 44n68, 102, I32n4,

241Brett , Michael, 132n1 7bride-price , 153Brigade de la Fraternite du Bon Musulman

(BFM, or FM), 214, 249nnBritish colonial rule, 140-42Brooks, George, 175Brue, Andre, 173Buggenhagen,Beth,2, 11-12, 189-210Bureau desFemmes (BEF, Women's Bureau

ofMMUD),260Burkina Faso, 211

Ca Da Mosta , A1vise de, 23Cafa rd liber», Le (periodical), 239Caliphate, 97-98Cantone, Cleo, 9, 51-69Cappelle, Jean, 44n69Casamance, 3, 8-9, 120-21 , 125, 127,

158n30,169-88,238cash crops, 74, 83, 84, 92, 237cash offerings, 197-98,200castes ( fieefio), 21, 23-25,36, 39-40n3,

41n22,79-80,92-93,190,201Catholic Church, 119cement, 60-61 , 67-68Center Bilal mosque (Thies), 65-66Centre International du Commerce Exterieur

du Senegal, 216Chad,211Chambonneau, Louis M. de, 27 , 42n29Charles, Eunice A., 41n22Cheikh Anta Diop University (Dakar) , 117Christianity, 8, 32, 64 , 67 , 97 ,104, 112 ,

120, 131 , 141, 146, 147, 158n22,161nll0, 162n157,213

Christianization, 97Ciaw, Yagup, 105-6Cisse, Dong, 108n24Cissc, Ibrahima, 93,105-6, 107n6Cisse, Imam Abdoullah, 58-59, 66Cisse, Mbaye Dali, 93,102,106, 107n8Cisse, Moussa (Ndick), 105citizen mobilization, 257 , 263-65, 269citizenship rights,S, 15n13civic community, 9, 15n15civilizing mission, 10,72civil society, 100 , 264

INDEX 275

clerical lineages and communities, 4, 9-10,22-29, 32-34, 36, 41n24

cloth and clothing, 8-9, 204n72; exchangesof, 12, 195-96, 199-201, 203n30,204n75; Tabligh [ama'at and, 153-54,162nn; veiling and, 200-201, 214,216-21

Code de la Famille au Senegal (Family Code) ,196-97, 240, 247, 248-49n19

Colin, Roland, 35, 44n81Colvin, Lucie G., 40-42nn, 86n15Com7 (radio station) , 239Comite Islamique pour la Reforme du Code de

la Famille au Senegal (CIRCOFS), 197,226-27, 248-49n19

Comite Permanent pour l'Edification duComplexe Islamique de la grande Mosquede Soprim et environs (COPEMS), 62

Commision pour l'01;ganisation de la mosquee,67

communitas, 115, 119-20, 13.1, 134n68Compagnie du Senegal, 173consolidation phase, 9, 170, 180-81consumerism , 6, 11, 14conversion , 3-4, 8; from one aspect ofIslam

to another, 7-8, 131-32nl, 146-48;Horton-Fisher debate and, 8,92,95-97, 169-70, 180, 182n3; marriageand, in precolonial Casamance, 169-88;mosques and, 67; Sereer Safen and,91-95,102-5; Shi'a and, 6-7,11 ,111-35, 156, 132nn; Sunnite womenand, 214-20; Tabligh [ama'at and,139-66

Cook, David, 98cosaan(tradition), 92-97,104,195,199cotton, 8, 170, 172Coulon, Christian, 193-94, 198, 204n49,

249n23Creevey, Lucy, 194, 203n35crossovers, 239-40, 248nl0Cruise O'Brien, Donal, 2, 43n40, 85n4, 115,

189-95,202-3nn,249n23,271n37Curtin, Phillip, 41n24, 172

daara. See Quran schoolsDabo-Seydi family, 180Daffey, Bahumba, 173-75Dahira des Etudiants Mourides de Dakar

(DEM),244Dahirat al-Mustarshidin wal-Mustarshidat

(DMM), 239-40, 243-44, 257-71Dakar, 5, 28, 34,127,197-98,237-39,241 ,

258-59,261; Great Mosque, 55-57,56,62,217; mosque s in, 52, 55-57,

61-62; Shi'a Muslims in, 115-17,120-21, 124-25; Sunnites in, 6-7, 12,211,214-33; Tabligh [ama'at mosquein, 142

Dammel, king of Kajoor, 23Damosto, Alvise, 172Danfa, Yeri, 176Daoud, Abu, 2 I 6Daramane, Mali, 170 , 173Darboe , Momodou, 158n28Darou Mousty, 2-3, 10,71-85, 73-74;

Murid mosque in, 72, 73Derwiche, Al-Hajj Ibrahim, 127-28Destaing, E., 43n54development, 33,120,241-42,245, 248n2 .

See also modernizationDia, Mamadou, 44n81, 241, 245, 251n60Diagne, Abdulkadir, 249n29Diagne, Atou, 244Diakhate, Imam Boubacar, 57-58Diakhc, Imam Aboubacar, 216Diallo, Imam, 58diaspora, 12, 15n14, 212, 227, 238, 244 ,

250n47, 252n72, 267-68. See alsomigration

Diba, Matiaku, 178, 179Dieng, Marietou, 250n40Dieng, Tanor, 252n71Din, Nasir Al-, 26-27, 42n29Din, Sharaf AI-, 119Diop, A. M., 157n7Diop, Ndey Khady, 66, 68 , 1I 7Diouf, Abdou, 13,35,113,117,237-38,

240,243-46, 251-52n71, 262-65,269, 270n15

Diouf, Jean-Leopold, 203n24Diouf, Khalifa, 244, 250n53, 262Diouf, Mamadou, 1-18, 117disciple-sheikh relationship, 4 , 12, 190-98discursive tradition, 98, 99, 111-38divination ceremonies, 95,102-4divine melody, 267-68, 270n17diviners, 101-7divorce, 197Dobour village, 94-95,103domes, 51, 62, 64-65, 72Drame.Aly, 3, 8-9,12,169-88Dramey,AI-Hajj Manding, 178 , 183n26Dramey, Fodey Almamy, 174Dramey, Fodey Heraba, 170, 17i-81,

183n26Dramey, Harunaba, 176Dramey, Muso, 178Dramey, Na, 178Dramey, Sanaba, 176-77

276 IND EX

dress. Seecloth and clothing; fashiondroughts: ofl913-14, 95 ,105; of 1960s and

1970s, 34 ; Sahel, 237, 245drug abu se, 242, 263Dukureh, Karammoko, 142--43

echang e de services(exchange ofservices),238--40, 24 5--47, 249n23

EcoleAl-Rasul Al-Islamiyyatu As-Sahiha tu(Zinguinchor), 125

economic problems, 144 ,238,245,263edu cation , 4, 6-10, 22-39, 72, 113-15,

120,130-31,142,144,152,159n49,179-81,192,214-15,221 ,241--42,264

Egypt , 32-33, 119 , 157n4,215Eickelman, Dale F., lll , ll3elections (Seneg al): ofl988, 245, 252n71;

of 1993, 243, 270nn; of 1998, 252n71 ;of 2000, 13, 238 , 244--47, 25 1-52nn,257, 259, 262, 268-69; of2001,246--47,251-52n71 ;of2007, 13,252n71,259, 262, 268-69

elections (The Gambia): of2006, 144electricity, 192 , 237Encyclopaedia of Islam , 51English language, 4,139,142,144,152,1 56Ernst, Carl, 87n46esoteric episteme , 241 , 249n30essenti alist stereotypes, 31 , 156eternal, Murid sense of, 84-85ethnicity, 21, 41n1 5, 51, 79,120,143,

160nn, 215; ethn ic boundary and , 93 ,95, 107nn; ethnic identity and , 3--4,8-9, 30, 102 , 194 ; migration , marriageand, in precol oni al Casamance, 169-88

Europe,27-28,71 , 75,142,220,267exceptionalism, 189-90

Faidherbe, Louis, 27Faisal, Sheikh el-, 158n32family, 150, 152-56 ,220,238family ceremonies, ll , 12, 196-201 , 205nnfamily code or law, 12, 197,212,226-27.

See also Code de la Famille au Senegalfamine , 83, 94, 106Fanney, Chief Bamb ara, 176furming,83,92,94-95 ,125,126,172,179,

193 ,194,245fashion, 4, ll , 14, 196 ,239--40. See also

cloth and clothingFary, Fina Fenda , 175Faye, AI-H ajj Abdou, 93 ,103, 107n 5Federation des Associations Islamiques du

Senegal (FAIS), 241--43, 249n34

Federation desCleves et etudiants du disane(FEE D ), 260

Fernandes, Valentin, 172Fire Service (Gambian ), 144Fisher, Humphrey, 8-9, 77, 86n13, 94-97,

107nn, 146--47, 169-70, 180, 182n3F.I. T.N.A . (Fight in the Name of Allah,

band ), 239Foire Afro-Arabs, 216food; women and gifts of, 191-92, 197-200Foucault, Michel, 10-ll , 75-76Fo ur Communes (Quatre Communes), 5, 29,

240, 249n20France, 123, 131 , 145,215,217,266Franks, Myfwany, 213Frap party, 134n54Fratemite Mu sulmane. Sec Brigade de la

Praternite Musulmanefreeborn lineages (geer), 21 , 23, 24, 79French colonialism, 2-7, 9-10, 22 , 27-33,

36-39,40n4,42--44nn,55,99-101,ll6, 171 , 176, 181-82, 190-91,219-2 1,227,245; Islam noir and ,9 1-94; Murids and, 71-84, 87n46,101 ; Muslim civil rights and , 240--41

French education (ic olesfrancaises, 27-28,31-33 , 36-37, 39 , 43nn, 44n69,83-84, 121

French explorers, 181French Guinea, 182nlFrench language, 4, 28, 38-39, 83-84, 113,

121,123,130,142,239--40,267French National Assembly, 118French political associations, 240--41French protectorate of Cayor (Kajoor), 74French West Africa, 71-72Front pour l'Alternance (FAL), 269Fula people, 160n70, 182n l , 185n63Functionary Islam, 249n34fundamentalists, 99 , 108n29, 156;

conve rsion narratives, 152 ; women,151, 161nllO. See also Islamists

funerals, 3, 8, 12, 12,96,105,242; TablighIarna'at and, 153 ; women and, 191,194-95

Fut a Aerelawa (place) , 176Fut a Ialon, state bu ilding in, 5Futa Toro , 5, 23 , 26, 42n37, 45n92;

Mosque of Guede in, 52; mosque s in,52,60-61,65

Fura villages, Shi'a converts and, 120, 124

Gab on, 123Gaborieau, Marc, 143Galvan, Denn is G., 101

INDEX 277

Gambia, The, 4,7, 133n21, 139-66, 178,182,21I

Gambian Students Union (GAMSU), 144,159n48

Gamble, David, 195Gaston Berger University, 58-59gender and gender roles, 3, 6, 8-9, 12, 153,

156,213; effect ofdiscourse on, andmosques, 52, 57-60; religious authorityand global circuits ofMuridiyya and,189-210. See alsowomen

generational change, 219-21, 250nnGhana, 22,41n24,86nI3Ghita, KashifAI-, 1I9gift giving, 1I-12, 176, 191-201,225global Islam, 7, 9, II, 12, 14, 1I5, 131,

155-56,215,217,219,222,227,240;Murid women and, 191-92, 196-201,203n25; new Sufi movements and,258-59,265-68

globalization, 2, 6, 7, 10-1I, 13-14,75,131,198,237-38

Glover, John , 2-3, 9-12, 71-88Gning, Amadou, 101Gomez-Perez, Muriel, 45n85, 249n29Goody, Jack, 102, 171Goree, 5, 28Graeber, David, 200Guediawaye, 114, 121Gueye, Cheikh, 190, 197, 203n29, 250n44,

251n65Gueye, Sega, 31Guinabour village, 95, 105Guinea-Bissau, 170, 178, 181, 182nl

hadith, 98,100, 1I2, 128, 153-54,162n136

Hann, Amadou Ndiaye, 240Harakat al-Falah (HF), 34-35, 45n92, 118,

214,215, 242,250n40Harrison, Christopher, 42n42, 43nn,

108n36Hasan, Mawlana In'amul, 142Hassan II, King ofMorocco, 55Hastings, Adrian, 130Hausa people, 96Hawthorne, Walter, 171Hawza Al-Rasul Al-Akram, 117healer-diviners, 102-3health care, 8, 38, 192-93Heath, Deborah, 199Hecquard, Hyacinthe, 181Hcrvieu-Leger, Daniele, 147Hindu, 98, 141, 158n22Hirschkind, Charles, 157n4

Hirschmann, Nancy, 212-13historical narratives, 3, 30; marriage and

Islamization as, 169-88; Murid, vs.French, 1O-II, 71-72, 75-76

Hizb al-Tarqiyya (HT), 203, 243-44,250n52,251n56

Hizboulahi party ofSenegal, 118Hobsbawm, Eric, 112Hodgson, Marshall, 85n8Holod, Renata, 55Horton, Robin, 8, 95-97,146,169-70Hunter, Charles Thomas, 172Hussein, Imam (son ofAli), 116, 121,

125-26, 126, 135n82Hussein, Saddam, 1I9

Ibadu mosques, 51, 57,61-62,64-68Ibadu Rahman movement, 133n21. See also

[ama'at Ibadu RahmanIbn Battuta, 22-23identitarian aesthetics, 7,219,221,227identity, 9, 11, 85-86n11; Islamist women

and, 213, 217-19; mosques and, 52,57-60; Murid order and, 71, 79-80;Muslim, 4,31-32,36-39, 141; newSufi movements and, 258-61, 266;Tabligh [ama'at and , 145

ideology, mosques and, 52, 61-67Ihsan Mosque (Saint-Louis), 58-60, 59,65,

67llyas, Mawlana Mohammad, 140-42Imagined Communities, 130immigration, II, 14,80, 1I6, 125,206. See

alsomigrationimpurity, women and, 58-59, 193inculturation, 8,92,97, 106-7India, 98,123,141,142,145Info Sept (newspaper) , 216initiation (njebbel), 3, 8, 96, 1I6, 123;

women and, 191-94, 202n4Intellectualist Theory, 169International Human Rights discourses,

36-37Internet, 1I3, 150,215,239Iran, 6, Ill, 115-21, 123-26, 130,212;

Revolution ofl979, 6, 1I2-13,II 5-20, 215, 268

Iranian embassy, 1I3, 117Iran- Iraq war, 119Iraq, 1I9, 131, 134n44, 215Islamic education, 10, 13,28-31,34,36,

123,242, 250n42, 260-61. SeealsoQuran schools

Islamic state, 99-100, 1I8, 259 , 265-66Islamic Institute of Dakar (IID), 35, 120

278 INDEX

Islamic law, 25, 27 , 98,119,131. See alsoshari'a

Islamic Students Association (University ofThe Gambia), 145

Islamic Summit (Dakar, 2008), 124Islamist movement, 51, 85 , 97-98,117-20,

213, 228nl, 271n29; MMUD andDMM and, 265-68; women and,212-33

Islamization, 3, 40nn, 77, 140, 177-81,267-68

Islamization model, 107n22Islamization ofAfrica, 3, 91-92, 133n28Islam Noir, 14, 30, 33, 43n53, 87n46,

91-92,97, 108n38, 132n3Ivory Coast , 55, 211

Jabi, War, king ofTakrur, 22, 40n5Iaghanke (Jakhanke) tradition, 23, 41n21,

86n16, 172Iagha (old Ghana) , 22-23Iagra kingdom, 170Iakumba, Nemuna, 175[ama'at Ahl Al-Beit (Shi'a Islamic youth

association ), 123[ama'at Ibadu Rahman (JIR), 34-35,

52,57,65,113,118,156,214-16,224, 226, 229n23, 238, 242, 249nn,250n40. See also Ibadu Rahmanmovement

Iammeh, Yahya, 142, 144, 158n28, 160n93Janson, Marloes, 6-8, 133n21, 139-66Iaxu, Maba, 86n24. See also Ba, [aaxu Maba;

Maba[emme, Koli, 178Jenne (Mali), Great Mosque of, 58, 60jihad, 10,26-28, 42nn, 43n43, 86n15;

armed , 5, 77-79, 84,91-92, 140,171-72,174,263; Futa Toro and, 60 ;greater or mystical, 8, 77-78, 84, 92,97-101,106-7, 108n34, 152; Maba , 8,97,101 ; Pakao, 171

Iilani, Abd al-Qadr al-, 173Jola society, 170- 72 , 182nlIolof ernpire, 27,74,79,93, 132n17Ioola ferry catastrophe (2002), 238journie de solidarite avec les talibes, 36Iudubu community, 178, 180Jula migrants, 172

Ka, Djibo, 251n71Ka, Sheikh Musa, 78, 86Ka, Thierno, 41n14Kaba, Lasine, 44nn, 133n20Kabari, Muhammad al-, 23

kabila (family groups), 179, 185n76Kajoor, kingdom of, 74, 86n15 , 100Kajoor province, 23Kala, Majaxare, 100Kamara, As, 78, 86n20Kamara, Karamo, 176Kamara, Muusa, 42n37Kamara, Ndura, 176Kane, Cheikh Hamidou, 31-32, 36, 42n33Kane, Ousm ane, 3Kanfoderi kabila, 179Kante, Imam, 62Kantey, Sumanguru, king ofSooso, 175Kantiaku kabila, 179Kara, Modou, 251n65Karantaba settlement, 173-79, 181, 185n76Kara security, 261, 263Karbala, battle of, 116 , 128, 135n82Kayes, Mali, 173Keddie, Nikki R., 117, 120 , 151Kepcl, Gilles, 117 , 120Khaldun, Ibn , 21,39Khalifal authority, 190, 196, 202Khamenei , Ayatollah, 121-23, 122Khan, Hassan Uddin, 55Khan, Maulana Wahiduddin, 158n20Khatani , Ahmed , 139--40, 142, 156, 157n4Khomeini, Ayatollah, 112-13, 117-21, 122Kiim Koox (Safcn God of heavens, rain), 96,

104-6kinship, 196 ,200, 203n30Kirene village, 93-95 ,101--4,106Klein, Martin, 41n21, 43n45, 86n15Kunra clan, 26, 29, 183n29Kutatey clan, 177Kuyatey, Jeli Mori Keba, 185n65

Lamin, Mamadou, 42n39land grants, 9,101,179-80,191 ,196Lari, Ayatollah Sayyid Mujt aba Musavi, 121,

135n75Laye, Insa , 133n37Layc, Limamou , 133n37Layen order, 133n37Lebanese community, 6, 115-17, 120 , 130,

134n43,135n88Lebanese Islamic Institute, 117Lebanon, 123 ,126,131 ; civil war (1975­

90) , 117, 119; Senegalese schools andinstitutes and, 120-21, 123, 127-28

Leemu clan, 95, 102, 105-6Leichtman, Mara A., 1-18, 111-38, 156Levtzion , Nehemia, 40n7, 107n22, 133n28,

145,171-72,175liberalism, 267

INDEX 279

liberation theology, 213Libya, 270nlllife-cycle rituals, 12, 153, 194-96, 198-201,

203n30Life ofthe Prophet, The (TV series), 215literacy, 38,102, Ill, 113, 123, 130Liwa Ta'akhi al-Muslim al-Salib, 241Lo, Sidi Khaly,249n34Lofland, John, 146Loimeier, Roman, 12-13, 44n71, 45n91,

237-56love, 12,212,214,222-27

Maba (jihad leader), 91,101. See also Ba,Maba [aaxu; Iaxu, Maba

madrasa (madaris, religious schools), 120,132n4, 141

Madrasat Imam Al-Baqr (Arabic-Frenchschool), 123

magal (shrine pilgrimage), 197,244. Seealsopilgrimage

Magassouba, Moriba, 118Maghreb, 32-33, 64, 271n36Mahmood,Saba, 140, 162nI41,213,217Malal, King (Musulmani), 175Mali, 33, 38, 41n24, 44n68, 58, 112,

132n4, 133n21 , 150, 157nll, 170,176,211; Empire of, 22, 40n3, 170,172, 174; mosques in, 9, 52, 60, 68

Malik, Imam, 58Maliki, 55, 123 , 131, 142Mamdani, Mahmood, 108n29Mame Diarra Bousso, 243, 250n48Mandelanguage,22Mandingo language, 21,170,181-82Mandinka Muslims, 3, 8, 143, 153, 170-82,

185n71Manjago ethnic group, 160n71Mankawali, chief, 176Mansaly family, 177marabouts (religious leaders), 2, 4, 9-10,

25-26,28-36,77,91, 108n38, 130;Shi'a and, 113-18, 126; state and, 13,113,241--47; Sunnite movement and,214,220; Tabligh [arna'at and, 142--43,153, 156, 158n17; as term , 41n16,133n38

marabouts-petit-fils, 243--44, 250n44Marega, Khalil, 250n40marriage, 3--4, 8-9, 24, 153; Murid women

and, 191, 194-95, 197-98,202n8;precolonial middle Casamance and,169-88; Sunnite women and, 12,212,214,222-27

Martin, Bradford G., 42n33

Marty, Paul, 1-2, 30-31, 43n52, 57, 60,65-66,85n4,87n46,99, 190, 193

Marxism, 267Massar, Ibrahima Ioob, 79Masud, Muhammad Khalid, 159n62Matin (radio station), 239Matlab al-Fawzayni (MF), 243, 250n47matrilineal clans, 3, 8, 92-93, 95-96, 102-6,

170Mauritania, 26, 30, 42n29, 43nn, 55, 101,

118, 145 ,217Mawdudi, Abu Ala, 271n29Mbacke, Abdou Khader, 245 . See also

MbackeMbacke , Abdou Lahat, 203nn, 244--45, 247Mbacke, AI-Hajj Bara, 270n26Mbacke, Amadou Bamba, 2-3, 29 , 34, 53,

57,72,76-84,86nn,92,108n45,115,189,193,197,201,239,244--45,250n47,259-60,267,269-70n7;female descendants of, 193-94, 202n4;jihad and, 91, 99-101; tomb of, 53

Mbacke, Bachir, 100, 108n45. See alsoMbacke

Mbacke, Bassirou, 72Mbacke, Falilou, 72Mbacke, Khadim, 44n73, 245Mbacke, Modou Kara, 13,245,257,259-70Mbacke, Mohammad al-Amin Bara, 247Mbacke, Moustapha Saliou, 244, 251n56Mbacke, Saliou, 244--45, 247, 264, 270n26Mbacke, Sheikh Ibrahima Fary (Marne

Thierno Birahim), 2-3, 10,71-72,76,78-85, 86nn, 259-60

Mbacke, Sokhna Mai, 194Mbacke Mbacke lineage, 201Mbacke village, 191Mbaye, AI Hajj Rawane, 217Mbaye, Ravane, 35Mbengue, Babacar, 44n72Mbok talibe, 263-64Mbow, Penda, 193McIntosh, Roderick, 41n24Mecca, 103, 123, 140, 142medersa ofSaint-Louis, 28medi~6,113, 119,127,130,156,215,

238--40,264Medina, 9, 51, 53, 184n35; mosque, 51,123Metcalf, Barbara D., 161nl05Middle East, 65-66, Ill, 125, 142,216-17migration, 8,11,93,95,105,116-17,143,

145,152,154,191,197-98,212,238,267; marriage and Islam and, inprecolonial middle Casamance, 169-88.See also immigration

280 INDEX

minarets, 51-53, 61-62, 64-65, 69n33, 72,123

missionary work, 141-43, 145 , 150 , 172Mitterand, Francois, 118mixing stage, 94, 96-97, 169-70, 180-81modernist orthodoxies, 97-100modernity, 2, 7,10-11,13-14,28,36-37,

64,71-72,75-77,82-85, 108n29, 131,155-56,237-38,242-43,258,266-67

modernization, 117, 241-42Mohammad (prophet), 15n18 , 53, 58, 78,

80-81,84,97,100,116, 127, 135nn,141,148,214,261 ; wives of, 225

monarchy, 92-93, 95,106,170,182. See alsoroyal lineages

Monod, Theodore, 40nl2morality, 4 , 140, 146, 153, 155,242,263Moreau, Rene Luc, 118Morocco, 55, 66, 79,101,115, 132n17,

160n88,173,215Mosqueea Rond Point (Dakar ), 215, 221Mosquee de l'Universire de Dakar (MUD),

55-57,61-65,67Mosquee Ihsan (Saint-Louis) , 58-59, 59Mosquee Ngalele (Saint Louis) , 57-58Mosque Impots et Domaines (Dakar),

62-63,65Mosque of Guede (Futa Toro) , 52Mosque ofOmarian Tijans (Dakar) , 57Mosque of Soprim (Dakar), 55-57, 61-66mosques, 72, 73, 116, 127-30, 128-29, 175,

181; design and role of, 9-11 , 51-69;women and, 52, 57-60, 65-67

Mottin-Sylla, Marie-Helene, 205n77Mouride (periodical) , 239mouridocentrisme, 246Mouvement Mondial pour l'Unicite de Dieu

(MMUD), 243, 250n46, 251n65 ,252n73,257-71

Mozdahir International, 125Murid order (Muridiyya), 2-3, 6,10-11,

43nn, 78, 183n29,250-52nn,260;Darou Mousty and, 3, 10, 71-72,80-82; diaspora of, 244 , 252n72;education and, 11, 29; established, 2-3,29,79; Grand Mosque of, in Dakar, 55;hierarchy and, 189-90, 201 ; historicalperspectives of, 11,71-88; influence of,237 ; MMUD and DMM and, 4,7, 13,257-71 ; modern movements within,243-44; music and, 239; orthodoxyand, 99-101 ; reformists and, 114 ;Shi'a converts from, 120, 126-27,130-31; size of, 115; state and, 242 ,245-47; Touba as capital of, 53, 238 ;

women , religious authority and , 11-12,189-210

music, 239, 267-68Muslim Brothers, 259Muslim scholars and traders, 5-6,9,98-100,

104,170,172-81Muslim World League (MWL), 61mystical powers, 92, 97, 102-4

Nakash, Yitzhak, 131nlNalia, Imam Elfadi, 58naming ceremonies, 12, 153, 198- 200National Youth Policy Document, 159Ndiaye, Dame, 250n47Ndiaye, Imam, 62Ndiaye, Mamadou, 35, 43n46, 44n73Ndiaye, Pape Lamin, 39Ndiegen, Marne Baro, 53-55ndiggel (maraboutic order or instruction), 3,

12,80,82-83,191, 202n17; politicsand, 243 , 245-46, 250n49, 251n65,252n74, 262, 268-69, 271n37

Ndione, Imam Babacar, 101-5Ndour, Youssou, 127,239, 248n12neoliberal reforms, 3,11,191 ,196-97neopagan survivals, 99Neo-Sufi thesis, 42n33neotraditionalist norms, 211Neubert, Dieter, 249n24Ngalelc, mosques of, 57-58, 64-66Niamey area, 171Niang , Babacar, 249n19Niass, Ibrahim, 162Niass, Moustapha, 238 , 251-52n71Niasse, AI-Hajj Ahmed Khalifa, 118Niasse, Sidy Lamine, 117-19, 134nnNiezen, R. W., 131nl, 132n4Niger, 211Nigeria, 117, 123, 135n80, 162n138,211Njama area, 174, 176, 180 , 184-85n581Vjangaan(film),34-35njebbel. Seeinitiationnon-governmental organizations (NGOs),

123 ,192,264Nyang, Sulayman S., 158n28

objectification, Ill , 113O'Fahey, R. S., 42n33Office for the Diffusion of Islamic Culture

Abroad (Qom), 135n75oil profits, 117Organization of the Islamic Conference, 117 ,

Il9Orientalist s, 85, 97-99, 108nn, 132n3originaires, 5

IND EX 281

orthodoxy, 2, 11,91 ,98-99,113, 130-31 ;Sunnite women and, 211-33

orthopraxy, 112,130,142, 161n124Ottoman empire , 29 , 65-66, 99Oxy-jeunes (radio station), 239

Paccard, Andre, 55paganism, 30, 41n22, 104Pakao, holy book of, 173Pakao al-kitaho, 180-81, 183n26Pakao kingdom , 170, 179, 186n86; jihad,

171, 181-82,183n26, 185n 76Pakistan, 140, 142, 145, 152pan- Islamists, 33,213,219parental authority, 219-21Park,~ungo,40n12

Parti de la Verite pour le Deveioppement(PVD ), 13,247, 252n72, 262, 268

Parti de l'Uniti ed du Rassemblement (PUR),13,244,247, 262 ,268,270n16

Parti Democratique Senegalais (PDS),134n 54,252n71,252n81

Parti Socialiste (PS), 237, 238, 245-46,251n70,252n71,262

patron-client ties, 25, 27, 34 , 38, 75peanut crop (groundnut), 74, 80 , 83-84,

85n4,116,237-38,245pedagogical reform , 32, 35, 37Peel, J. D. Y., 8, 97 , 104Pelissier, Paul, 202n8Perry, Donna L., 45n86Persian Gulf, 61-62, 66, 216 , 217Peters, R., 108n34Piga, Adriana, 44n71 , 45n85pilgrimage, 11, 191, 194, 197,241,244Piot, Charles, 75Piscatori, James, 111, 113Podor, mosque in, 61, 67-68Point E mosque (Dakar), 69n36Politician, Le (periodical), 239politics, 4; dialectics of religion and, 13,237­

56; ~~UD and D~~ and, 261-65,268-69; separation of, from religiousauthority, 99-100,115; TablighJama'at, 144-45. See also elections

polygamy, 12,222-27,259Ponty, William, 30, 31Porokane, pilgrimage to, 193, 197Portuguese, 40n12Portuguese language, 181postcolonial period, 2, 9-10,30,33-36,

189-90,227,237-38,241Pouwels, Randall L., 133n28power, 2, 5, 7- 9, 14; Islamic, and British

rule, 141-42; Muridiyya and gender

and, 189-210; Muslim migrants andreligious vs. political, in Casamance,169-72,176,179, 182; mystical andpolitical, 92-105; religion and political,25-39; secular, 78, 82; search forauthentic Islam and, 130- 31, 132n2 ;social, polit ical and economic, 113- 16;spiritual and temporal, and mosque,53; Sunnite women , orthodoxy, andnegotiation of, 211-33 . See also authority

prayer, 11,97,142,154, 162n1 38, 191,261precolonial period , 2, 22-29, 65, 74-75, 79,

86n15, 169-88pre-Islamic world, 104, 195 , 204n54prostituiton, 242 , 263Pular ethnic group, 21 , 27, 41 ,115pure and purity, 1,58-59,96,101,146-47,

157n8, 160n74,161 nn, 193,214,221pyramidal organization, 13,260

qabd-sadl dispute, 162n138Qadr order (Qadriyya), 29 , 78-79, 115 , 131,

173, 183n29; identity and, 26; Muridvs., 189; Shi'a and, 120 , 127, 130

Quarantine, Mixing, and Reform paradigm,3,8-9,92,96-98, 170

quarantine stage, 24,77,94,96,170, 176,178, 180

QJtatre Communes. See Four CommunesQuran, 3, 98 , 112, 123 ; memorization of,

38,102-3,106-7; Shi'a study of,126-28, 135n75; Tabligh Iarna'at and,153

Quran schools (daara ), 9-10, 22-39, 67 ,115, 142, 158n17, 179- 80; womenand, 194,215,220

Rabbia (film), 215radio, 127, 130,239,264Radio Dunya, 127Radtke, Bernd, 42n33Rafsanjani, President, 117Rahman, Abd al-, 173rainmaking ceremonies, 92 , 102, 104-6Ramadan, 121,128,179,191 ,261Ranger, Terence, 112Rashid, Harun al-, 100Reetz, Dietrich, 145reformist Islam, 4, 6-7, 9, 51, 108n3 7, 140,

228nl , 249nn; D~~ and ~~UDand, 257-72; education and, 32-35,130, 132n4, 133n20 ; growth of,113-19, 238-48; Murid orders and, 2,10,71-72,84; Tabligh Iama'at and,142, 145-47, 155-56

282 INDEX

reform stage , 8,106-7,170,180religiosity, "doctrinal" vs. "imagistic," 156,

158n21,162n154reproduction rituals, 194-95reproductive health, 212Reveil Islamique, Le (journal), 241Rida, Rashid, 98ritual ceremonies: Bainunk and, 171; Tabligh

[arna 'at and, 153, 162nn; women and ,191,214. See also life-cycle rituals

ritual purity (tahara), 193Robertson, Pat, 108n29Robinson, David, 3, 15nl, 41n22, 42--43nn,

75,78,133n28,240Rodney, Walter, 44n70" Role of the Ahl Al-Beit Imams (PSLF) in

the Preservation of Islam" (conference),125

Rosander, Eva Evers, 6, 16n33, 114 , 193-94,203--4nn

Ross, Eric, 53, 55Rouse, Carolyn Moxley, 213, 222Roy, Oliver, 147,214royal lineages (garmi) , 21, 23-27, 4lnn. See

alsomonarchyRufisque, 5, 28rural society, 10,26, 52 , 194, 237

Saafi,102-3Saafi-Saafi language, 92-93Sadr, Sayyid Mohammad Baqr A1-, 119Saocn, 3, 8, 92-97, 101, 103, 105-7, 107nl,

171,182Said, Edward, 87n46Saint-Louis, 2, 5-6,28,120,237; mosques

in, 57-59, 64Sakho, Fodey, 178Sakhokunda kabila, 179Salajism,65,67, 120-21, 133n20,214Sali, Momar Anta, 29Saliou , Moustapha, 251n56, 252n80Sail, Macadou, 83Sail, Macky, 238Sallah, Halifa, 144Samb, Amar, 51-52Samson, Fabienne, 6-8,12-13,257-72San, Wahabbi mosque in, 58, 60sanawo (cross-cousin marriag e), 177-80,

185nnSanhaja clerics, 23Sanneh, Lamin , 40n7, 41n21, 156 ,

162nI57,171-72Sanusiyya, demonization of, 42n42Sarr, Faron, 224Sarr, Ndeye Faty, 226

Sarr, Ndiaye, 240Saudi Arabia, 33 , 44n66, 61-62, 67,113,

118-19,123,142,214-15,217,268,270nl3

Schmitz, Jean, 25Schulz , Dorothea E., 133n21Scaring, James F., 3, 8, 43n45, 75, 86n24,

91-110,171Seck, A1ioune, 67Seck, Idrissa, 238, 252n71, 262, 269Seck, Mohammad, 240secret knowledge (mystical power), 8, 24, 97,

102-7secular governance, 212, 214, 226, 242secularism, 217, 220-21, 226-27, 259,

265-66Seesemann, Rudiger, 145Seminaire sur l'enseignement du Coran au

Senegal, 35Senghor, Leopold Sedar, 55,117-18,

229n23,237-38, 241--42, 245, 248nl,263-64

September 11,2001, attacks, 134n48, 156Serahulis people, 143, 159n33Sereer, 3, 8,21-23,91-110,171 ,182,

185n64Serrekunda; Markaz mosque in, 143 , 145 ,

148 , 150,152, 154 , 156, 159nn;Tabligh Iama'at and, 140 , 143 , 145 , 148

Service Civil International (InternationalCivil Service), 237

Service des Affaires Musulmanes, 30Service d 'Urbanisme (Thies), 61Setama, Fode y, 181Set Setal campaign, 238-39, 248nl2sexuality, 4, 9, 224Seydi, Burama, 176, 185n58Seydi-Daffey family, 180shadow state, 84Shar bubba (Shurbubba) movement, 42nnshari '« (Islamic holy law), 77, 79-80, 99,

125 , 135n80, 150 ,174,222,226,228nl ,266

Shi'a Islam, conversion ofSunni Senegal eseto, 4, 6-7, II , 111-35, 156

shrines, 95, 101-7, 171, 175 ,244Sierra Leone, 41nl 7Siin, 23, 92-94,101,106Siin-Sinn group, 93 , 103Sitokoto, Fodey, 173Skinner, David E., 40n7slaves (jaam) and slavery, 5, 21, 23-25 , 27,

36 , 38,41--42nn,43n45, 81, 78-79,86nI5,91-94, 100 , 171,179,190,203n32; legal end of, 29

INDEX 283

Soares , Benjamin F., 160n87, 191 , 195 ,201Socialist Party. See Parti Socialistsocial macroc osm and microcosm, 169sokhna (female religious leaders), 198Soleil, Le (newspaper) , 119, 135n90, 237, 239Soly, Fodey Musa, 176, 178-79, 185n73Soly-Kontey family, 180Solykund a kabila, 179Songhay, 132n4Soninke/Saraxolle societies, 21, 41n24sopi coalition, 13,238,244,24647,

251 -52n71South Africa, 139 , 142-43, 157n7South Asia, 7,140,142-43,155-56Southeast Asia, 142Sow, Boubacar, 61Sow, Fatou, 191-93Sow, Musa , 178Sow, Oustaz Amadou, 45n92Sow, Thierno, 190Spain, 77, 132n17spirits, 103spirituality, 1-2,9,213,217-19; conversion

and, 151-52, 154-55spiritual melodies, 267-68spiritual topography, 55-57Stark , Rodney, 146state, 2, 35,101 ,192,240-47,257-72stereotypes, 4, 30, 156stu dent demonstrations, 144 , 159n48Sudan, 22-24, 60 , 135n80, 183n29,212,

215S UD FM(radio station) , 239Sud Hebdo (newspaper), 238, 239Sud QJwtidien (newspaper), 251n70Sufism: adaptation of, 84-85; as antimodern

o ther, 11,85; bias of scho larship onSenegal and , 140 ; Casamance and ,120, 183n29; educ ation and, 9-10,28-29,33-34,39; force of cohesionand , 98 ; foundation of, in Senegal, 2,5,78; French colonial rule and, 28-31,130-31 ; generational dynamic s of,250nn; influence of, in Senegal, 237­38 ; Islamists and , 51,116-17; jihadand , 26 , 99-101; modernist orthodoxand Orientalist att acks on, 85 , 97-99;mo sques of, 51, 72; new movementsand associations and, 7, 11-13,241-44,25 7-72; orders vs. brotherhoods, 15n3;political stance of, 106 ; reformed,42n33; reformi sts and, 9-10, 14,238-43 ; Sereer and , 8 , 91-110; Shi 'aconvert s and, 6-7,111-17,120,123,128-29; social order and , 26, 28-29,

31, 38 ; spiritu ality and, 6; state and ,240,242,244-48; Sunnites and , 7 , 12,14647,212,214-16,219; TablighIarna'at and , 6-7, 140-43, 145-47,152-54, 156, 158n17; Touba as cityof, 57; UCM critique of, 241 ; womenand, 193

Sundiata, Emperor of Mali, 170, 175sunnah (prophetic traditions), 140 , 142, 147,

153 ,214Sunni Islam, 12, 115 ; defined, 116;

conversion of, to Shi'a , 111-35;founding of, in Senegal , 132n17;reformist, vs. Sufi, 113, 131, 14647,160n74; schools of law, 97-98

Sunni- Shi'a schism, 112, 116, 119, 135nnSunnites; African Islamic history and, 112 ;

defined, 6-7; women, 6, 11-12,133n21 ,211-33

sursaut national (national mobili zation ),237-38

Sweet , James, 183n19Sy, Ababacar, 259, 270nllSy, Abdoul Aziz, 55,242,244Sy, Abubakar, 250n53Sy,Ahmad Tidiane, 250n53, 259, 270n9Sy, Babacar, 101 ,102Sy, Malick, 29 , 91-92, 101-2, 106,259,

269n7Sy, Marne Thierno (brother of Moustapha

Sy),260Sy,Mansour, 123, 244Sy, Moustapha, 13,239-40,243-44,257,

259-70Sy,Tidi ane, 190, 193,243-44,246Sylla, M'Baye Gueye, 86n20Sylla-Cissey family, 179"symbolic capital," 78syncretism or mixing , 40n4, 96-97,169. See

also mixing stage"syntonic identity" path , 145

Tabligh [ama 'at (Tn, 4, 6-7, 133n21, 139-66tabligh (missionary work ), 7, 140, 145, 151 ,

152Tal, Umar, 26, 79, 101 , 160n88talibe (disciples), 2, 29, 31, 34 , 36-39,

79- 83, 113, 115-16, 130, 189, 260,263-64

Talibes, Les(band) , 239Tamari, Tal, 40n3Tarikh al-Sudan (chronicle), 22tariqa ( turuq), 2, 13,26,28-29; mosques,

9,51,55,61-64,67-68, 142; women'scontributions to, 191-201

284 INDEX

taxes, 83Taylor, Charles, 78technology, 11, 14,72TCmoin, Le (periodical), 239terrorism, 4, 117textual knowledge, 112, 114, 123, 130, 152 ,

161n121Thiaw, AI Hajja Binta, 215, 226Thies, 53,94,237,238; new Bilal mosque,

61Tbiof(fashion journal), 239Tijani, Ahmad al-, 160n88Tijan order (Tijaniyya), 3, 10,63, 134n63,

135n87, 183n29, 202n8; coloniali smand, 101 ; education and, 29; GreatMosque of Dakar and, 55; identity and,26 ; influence of, 237; internal divisionsof, 245--46; jihad and, 91,101 ; MMUDand DMM and , 4, 7,13,257-71;Morocco and, 55, 78-79; mosques of,and women, 59, 66; Mu rid order vs.,189, 271n36; radicalism and , 42n42;reformists and associations and, 114,241,243--44; Shi'a converts from, 120,123,125-27,130-31; Sereer Safen and,102, 104 , 106; size of, 79, 115 ; stateand, 242, 245--47; Tabligh [ama 'at and ,148 ; Tivaouane as spiritual center for,29; youth movement of, 239

Timbuktu, 22 ,173-74Tivaouane, 29, 101-2,257,259; great

mosque in, 55Togo, 75Tontines (credit associations), 123torodbe revolt, 26Torodo revolution, 42n37Touba,74,76,238,244--46,251n56,

252nn, 257, 261 ; Great Mosque of,11,53-55,54,57,197; Murids abroadbuild at , 197-98, 203n25; women and,191-94

Toure, Cheikh Mohammad, 34, 118, 134nn,229n24,241,249nn

Tourey, Yoro, 184n58tourism, 238trade, 8, 15n14,25,94, 140 , 170, 172tradition, 8, 36-37,58-59,64,92-93,96,

112traditional African religion, 41n22;

conversion to Islam from , 8, 30, 96 ,169-70, 173-74,182n3

transnational Islam, 3, 6, 9, 12, 115, 117,130-31,140,211-33,259

Traore, M . J., 34-35Triaud, Jean-Louis, 3, 40n7, 42n42, 44n67

tribalism, 30Trimingham, J. Spencer, 87n46, 182n3true believers, 140--41, 146--48, 150, 153true Islam, Shi'a as, 120, 131Tunisia, 123,212Tunkara, Yassa, 173, 175Turkey, 212Turner, Victo r, 119, 134n68tuubanaan revolution, 27-28, 42n29

Uganda, 157n7Umar, Abu Bakr b., 132n17Umar, AI-Hajj, 42n39Umarian jihad, 101Umarian Segu, 84Umayyids, 69n33, 127ummah (Islamic community), 6-7, 67,177;

global, 155,214,221,227,259,268unemployment, 144 , 159n47, 223-24,

250n46,263UNESCO,36Union Culturelle Musulmane (U CM), 32,

118,214,229nn, 241--43, 249nnUnion Fraternelledes PelerinsMusulmans de

l'A.O.F.,241Union Proqressiste Senigalaise (UPS), 242Unite 21 mosque, 65United Kingdom, 150United Nations Convention on the Rights of

the Child, 35-36United State s, 123, 142,215,217,238,267universite du futur, 238universities, 215University Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), 221,

223-24University of Dakar. SeeMosquee de

l'Universire de DakarUniversity of the Gambia, 145urbanization, 5, 67, 117 , 145, 155,258,263Urdu language, 152Usman dan Fodio movement, 26

veiling (hijab), 12,216-21,223,225, 229nnvernacular cosmopolitanism, 11vernacularization, 114, 130, 133n28"vernacular modernity," 75Vikor, Knut, 42n42Villalon, Leonardo A., 44n61 , 51, 114-15,

117, 202n17,250n44, 270n9visualization of sacred, 239

Wade, Abdoulaye, 13, 117, 134n44, 158n28,226, 238, 240,243--47, 250n42,251-52n71 ,262-65,269,270nn

Wahhab, Mohammad ibn Abd al-, 133n20

I ND E X 285

Wahhabism, 32, 42n33, 44n66, 58, 68n22 ,108n29, 113, 127, 133n20

Wal Fadj ri (newspaper), 119,226, 134n61,238 ,239; Radio, 127,239

Wane, Amadou, 31Ware, Rudolph T., III , 9-10, 12,21-50warriors (ceddo), 26-27, 75, 190water, 80, 180, 192,237-38Watson, Ruth, 15n15wazifa practice, 63-64wealth , Murid women and, 191-92,

195-201Weber, Max, 249n30weddings, 153,225-26,242weeping, 140-41 , 152, 154, 157n4Wehr, Han s, 40n12Weiner, Annette, 195, 199well, mechanized, 71-72, 73, 80- 81, 84Welsh,92West, 4, 9,12,119,131 ,148,156, 271n29;

historigraphy of Murids and, 74-75;Iranian Revolution and, 120; new Sufimovements and, 258-59, 266-68;Sunnite women veiling and, 217, 220

Whitehouse, Harvey, 156, 158n2 1, 162n1 54Wiegelmann , Ulrike, 45n91Wilks, Ivor, 172Willis, John R., 41nnWoloflanguage, 15n18 , 21 , 58 , 62, 126 ,

239-40Wolofpeople, 2-3, 5-6, 8, 23, 25-27, 29,

35, 38,41n22,42n39, 77, 79-80,86nI5,91-95,100-102, 171, 190,132n1 7, 184n5 1, 185n63, 190

women , 2; development organizationsand, 123; dress of, 11,67; educationand, 36, 242; emigration and,191- 92; healer-diviners, 103; marriageand Sunnite, 222-27; marriage of

non-Muslim, to Muslim migrants,175-77,179; MMUD and DMM andmorality, 260, 263 ; mosques and, 9,52,57-60,62,65-68,69n36;Murid,and ritual and reproductive practices,11-12,191-96,202; reformistmovements and, 6-7; Sunni, 6-7,11-12, 133n21, 211 , 214-33; TablighIarna'at and, 148-49, 151, 153 , 161nn;veiling and, 216-21. See alsogender andgender roles

work, 72, 116, 126 ; women and, 12,222,224-25

World Association for Muslim Youth, 215World War I, 3, 31, 82-84 , 92 , 99 , 102,245World War II, 245

Yacine, Ali, 135n73 . See also Aly Ta cine(PSLF) Centre l slamiqu« de Recherche etd'Information

yar (suffering and knowledge), 35, 38Yasin, Ibn, 40n5 , 132n1 7Yatabare lineages, 173Yeumbeul suburb of Dakar, 121 , 123Yoff village, 55, 101Yookam matriclan, 102-3Yoruba, 8, 97, 104youth, 3, 6-8, 239, 243-44; MMUD and

DMM and, 259-69, 270nn; subculturesof, 159n45; Sunnite movement and,214-15,219-21 ; Tabligh Iarna'at and,139-66

Yusuf, Ham za, 158n32Yusuf, Mawlana Mohamm ad, 142

Zein, Sheikh Abdul Monem El-, 116-1 7,120-21, 123, 127, 134n43

Ziguinchor village, 121, 125-27, 158n30,237