Index [] · elution from ion exchange, 882-3 extraction by ion exchange resins, 878-82 extraction by resin-in-pulp process, 883-5 extraction by solvent extraction process, 885, 889

Index Note: pages 1- 614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 -1072 in Volume 2

A Aandenk

gold prospecting, 2 Abrasion breakage, 136, 182, 195 Absolute potential for sorting, 113 Accept fraction

in waste sorting, 109 Access

levels, 942-3 roadways, 700

Accidents analysis of, 971, 975, 977-82 causes, 982 classification reference guide, 979-80 investigation of, 971, 973, 977, 982 report forms, 977, 978-80 statistical data, 977, 982

Acetonitrile, 482, 486 Acid

adsorption, 386 flotation, 263-4 pressure, preleaching, 1032 production, 723 spillage, 986

Acid treatment hazards, 356-7 of carbon, 570-5, 603 of steel-wool cathodes, 373, 896 of zinc-gold precipitate, 356-7, 895-6 vat, 356, 357

Acid washing effect on elution process, 493-7 effect on gold absorption, 427

Acidity effect on gold adsorption, 423, 425,

426 Acrol,255 Acrylamides, 287 Activated carbon in gold recovery

history / application/ general, 379-83 chemical and physical properties,

383-7 hydrophilic properties, 385-6 hydrophobic properties, 385-6 solubility of adsorbed species, 386 stages of formation, 385 see also Carbon; Gold recovery

Activator, in flotation, 245-6 Activity

chemical, 831-2 coefficients, 837

Acts, substandard, 977 Actuators, 817, 818

electrical, 818 electro-hydraulic, 818 pneumatic, 818

Adjustable diverters, 284 Adsorption

gold losses by, 32, 304 isotherms, 388

Adsorption process, 32, 304, 379-81, 383-7, 458-9

chemistry, 383-93, 870-7 economic evaluation, 413-17 effect of acidity, 423, 425, 426 effect of base metals, 426-7 effect of calcium carbonate, 435-9 effect of calcium ions, 421 effect of carbon size, 440-2 effect of cations, 421 effect of cyanide concentration, 422-3,

424-6 effect of flotation reagents, 434 effect of ionic strength of the

medium, 421, 422 effect of mixing rate, 439-40 effect of number of stages, 401-5 effect of physical factors, 439-43 effect of pulp solids concentration and

size, 443 effect of temperature, 422-5 equilibrium effects, 417-21 experimental studies, 388-93, 1049-50 film diffusion control, 396 gold lock-up, 401-5, 407 inter-particle diffusion, 396 mass transfer coefficient, 396 mathematical models, 393-9

branched pore, 396-7 equilibrium effects, 398-9 Freundlich, 398 "kn", 394-5, 399, 401, 429-31 Langmuir, 398, 422

1073

INDEX

Adsorption process (cont.)

Van Deventer, 396-9 mechanism, 874-6 organic molecules, 386 theories, 386-7

Adsorption rate, gold on carbon, measurement of, 1049-50

Adsorption tanks, 381, 458, 461-3 carbon distribution, 468 carbon transfer, 478-9 interconnections, 479 interstage screening, 470-8

air supply, 476-7 capacity, 473-4 cloth, 473, 476 layout, 471-3 surges, 477

layout, 479-80 mixing mechanism, 463-9 mixing rates, 439-40, 469 requirements, 468-9 return to service after stoppage, 468

Aeration during flotation, 248-9 inadequacy of, during leaching, 304

Aerofoil type mixer impellers, 469 Aeropromoter flotation reagent, 255 Afrikander Lease gold plant, on-stream

cyanide analysis, 328 Agitation

air, 264, 295-6, 301-3 mechanical, 264, 301-3

Agitator tanks, flat-bottomed, 301 pachuca, 300-1

Agnes Mine, 47, 53-4, 56 Air-cleaned screens, 470-7

air supply, 476-7 Air eliminator, 808 Air flow rate control,

in flotation, 265 in leaching vessels, 302-3

Air lifts carbon transfer, 478-9

Air pollution control of by use of carbon, 379 see also Pollution

Air Pollution Prevention Act, 698 Air-sparged leach vessels, 301, 303 Air supply to leaching vessels, 303 Akins classifier, 89, 123, 150 Alarm monitoring, 822, 825

Albion fault, 41, 45 Algae, 24 Aliphatic alcohols, 242-3 Alkaline flotation, 263-4 Alkalinity

on-line measurement, 328, 815 Alkoxy-substituted paraffins, 242, 243 Allanite, 33 Allis-Chalmers Hydrocone crusher, 117 Allogenic detrital-oxide suite, 27 'All-sliming' process, 121, 122 Alphabet, Greek, 1072 Alteration products, 15, 16, 33 Alternating magnetic field

of induction furnace, 367-8 Aluminium

cementation by, 869 Aluminium sulphate, 985 Amalgam barrel, 230 Amalgam, gold

retorting of, 352-4 weighing of, 377

Amalgam plates, 121, 122, 220, 230 Amalgam press, 230 Amalgamation, 228, 229-30, 232 Amine solvent-extraction process

treatment of gold-cyanide solutions, 888-9

Ammeter, 192 Ammonia

generation in electrowinning, 894 Ammonium hydroxide, in refractory ore

treatment, 59 Analogue hard-wired control system,

821-2 Analyser, Microtrac, 807 Analysis, of data, 272, 827 Analysis, on-line, 266

of cyanide, 814-15 of gold, 811-13

Analysis, spectrophotometric, 814-15

Angle of repose of ore, 77

Anglo American Electronic Laboratories, 328

Anglo American Joint Metallurgical Scheme, 715, 716, 731-6

calcine treatment, 735-6 feed sources, 733 flotation plants, 733-4

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 -1072 in Volume 2.

1074

Anglo American JMS (cont.) flotation tailings, 734-5 history, 732 metallurgical test facilities, 1015 pyrite concentrates, 735

Anglo American on-mine laboratories layout, 1015

Anglo American Research Laboratories, 270, 328, 460-1, 1013

electrowinning cell, 554, 556, 891, 892 elution method, 481-3, 491, 492-503,

561, 723, 877 Anglovaal Research Laboratory, 1013

flotation testing, 271, 272 Angular velocity, 205 Anionic metal cyanide complexes, 331 Anions

adsorption of, 386, 387-8 Ankerite, 52 Anodic-stripping voitammetry, 816-17 Anolyte, 557-8 Anti-creep bar, 170 Antigorite, 52 Antimonial ore, 50, 57, 345 Antimonates, 860-1 Antimonites, 860-1 Antimony, 52, 58, 219, 346, 861 Antimony sulphide minerals, 860-1 Apron feeders, 83-84, 186 Arc furnaces, 364-6, 369, 372 Archaean granite-greenstone terrains, 5,

6, 24, 35-7, 51, 60, 345-6 Archimedes spiral, 150, 163 Armco Autometrics Particle Size

Monitor, 131, 807-9 Armoured rubber hose, 188 Arsenic, 219, 236

-bearing minerals, 345, 346 removal of, 350

Arsenic oxide, 346, 349, 350-1 Arsenic sulphide minerals, 860 Arsenic trioxide, 348, 349, 351 Arsenides, 32 Arsenites, 58 Arsenopyrite, 16, 20, 25, 50, 51, 52, 53,

54, 57, 236, 237 effect on gold leaching, 860 roasting, 345, 346-7, 348, 350 treatment of

off-gas from roasting, 351 Ashing, 381 Assay and Analytical Practice in the

INDEX

South African Mining Industry, 652, 1013, 1047

Assay office metallurgical testing, 1015

Assaying of gold, 266, 652 difficulties of, with laboratory

samples, 270 in ore testing, 913 instrumental methods, 1022 precision of, 787

A.S.T.M. testing sieves, 1069-70 Atomic absorption analyser, 1016, 1022 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer,

811-13, 816 Atomization, electrothermal, 811-13 Attrition breakage, 136 Audiometric testing, 989-91 Auger sampling, 710, 911 Auric complex, 831, 834, 835, 836 Auricyanide, 836 Aurocyanide

elution from ion exchange, 882-3 extraction by ion exchange resins,

878-82 extraction by resin-in-pulp process,

883-5 extraction by solvent extraction

process, 885, 889 Aurocyanide ion, 387, 422, 834, 873,

874-5, 876 interaction with carbonaceous

material, 863 oxidation by halogens, 835 reduction, electrochemical, 849-51 reduction by aluminium, 841 reduction by borohydride, 842 reduction by zinc, 841

Aurous complex, 831, 834, 835 Autogenous grindability testing, 211, 914

drop tests, 210, 914, 1024 Autogenous mills, 160-2, 178

automatic control, 200-1 design, 212-6 power draft, 161-2,215 power maximization, 192-3,200-1 types of size reduction in, 195-6

Auto-J et filter, 341 Automatic control, 328, 815

levels, reagent, in leaching, 291 levels, solution, in precipitation, 337 of grinding mills, 199-201

1075

INDEX

Automatic on-line reagent concentration measurement, 328, 815

Automatic on-line size analysis instruments, 131

Automatic reagent addition control, 328 Automatic sampling, 766-77 Automatic spectrophotometric analysis,

814-15 Autopact cleaning process for Stellar

filters, 341 Availability

of machinery in gold ore treatment plants, 923-4

Axial flow mechanical circulator system, 301

B

Backing plates for end liners, 167 for grid liners, 173

Backfilling, 70, 112, 655, 708 Backlashing, of grinding mills, 199 Bacteria, 24 Bacterial leaching, 229, 237, 741-3

ideal conditions, 742 research in, 1032 see also Leaching

Bafokeng disaster, 1974, 677-8 Bag filters

dust extractor, 118, 376 fume recovery, 651-2 on storage tanks, 292

Bag houses, 349, 351 Ball mills, 123, 124, 158-60

automatic control, 200 design, 212-16 power maximization, 191-3 type of size reduction in, 195-6

Balls description, 159, 179 mass, in SAG mill load, equation, 217 rationing, 183-4 size in relation to optimum milling,

143-6, 183-4 wear, equation, 193-4, 217 wear, theories, 182-3

B!!rberton, eastern region, 47-8 Barberton greenstone belt, 39-60 Barberton mines, 35-60

discovery, 1, 35 mineralogical aspects, 49-60

origin of gold in, 60 production, 2, 4

Barberton mines, mining and treatment crusher stations, 74 flotation methods, 235, 236-7 mining methods, 70 refractoriness of ores, 219, 228-9, 237 roasting of ores, 351-2 sulphide ores, 71, 127 transport methods, 76

Barberton Mountain Land, 40-9 Barberton Sequence, 37 Barbrook fault, 41, 47, 48 Barge decant systems (tailings dam),

682-3 Barren solution gold value (in carbon-in

pulp treatment), 410,411-12, 413-17,419

Barring gear, 157 Barrow, John, 1 Basal Reef, 2, 12, 30 Base metal oxidation, 355 Batch flotation tests, 268 Batch leaching, 295, 296 Batch milling, 137 Batch thickeners (collectors), 277-8 Batea pan, 230 Beatrix gold mine, 2

carbon-in-leach plant, 449-55, 479 elution procedure, 503, 505, 508, 509,

511, 513 interstage screens, 471, 472

Beisa gold mine, 2 carbon e1utriator, 512, 513 reverse leach process, 436

Belt conveyors, 76, 87-91 Belt feeders, 83, 184, 186, 819 Belt filters, 307-8, 309,311,312,317

for gold slime dewatering, 360 plant design, 950-1

Belt scrapers, 89 Belt trippers, 73, 74, 79, 90 Belt washing, 88-9 Bentonite materials, 322 Berm penstocks, 684-5, 701-3 Betty, W.K., 333 Bias

in sampling, 746, 751, 759 in sub-sampling, 780 tests of, 791

Bimodal size distribution, 136

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages 615-1072 in Volume 2.

1076

Bins, 80, 100 size of openings in, 185

Bioleaching, research, 1014, 1025 Biotite, 52 Bird Amygdaloid, 12 Bismuth, 52 Blaauwbank area

gold prospecting, Black Reef, flotation of, 237 Black Reef Quartzite Formation, 13, 14,

25,26 Black sand concentrate

in mill liners, 173, 176, 178, 228 Blake-type jaw crusher, 98-100 Blast furnaces

capacity, 648 description, 648 furnace charge, 648 matte, 648 modernization, 652 slag, 648 smelting, 644-8

Blending, 643-4 Blinding, 313 Blow-off air pressure, 311 Blyvooruitzicht gold mine, 2, 15, 21

residue retreatment plant, 715, 716-19 waste rock retreatment, 738-40

'Boiling' (in flotation), 250 Bolted block liners, 171-3, 175

renewal, 177-8 Bolted grid liners, 173-4

renewal, 177-8 Bond, Fred, C.

Bond Index for Witwatersrand ore, 212-13

GrindabiIity Index, 212-13, 216, 914 Third Theory of Comminution, 140-3,

212,213 Bond Work Index determinations, 1024 Booysens Shale, 12 Borates

formation of, in slag, 371 Borax

flux, 230, 231, 369, 371, 373, 898 slag, composition of, 354, 370, 898

Borehole cores as ore testing samples, 910-11, 1025 limitations for ore testing, 910 preparation for ore testing, 912

Bowl (cone crusher), 102, 103 Bowl classifier, 124

INDEX

Bowl liner (cone crusher), 102, 103 Bracken ore, 21 Braggite, 34 Brannerite, 21, 33 Breakage

as a first order process, 147 causes, 135-6 event, 133, 146 related to ball size, 143-4

British Standard testing sieves, 1069-70

Brittle fracture, 128-9, 131, 133-5 Bromoform, 916 Bronkhorst, J.G.S., 1 Brown's tanks, 122

see also Air-sparged leach vessels Bubble tube, 265 Bucket-wheel excavator, 716-17 Buffelsfontein gold mine, 257, 259 Building 'construction details, 953-6 Bulk density

of mill loads, 191, 194, 195 Bulk flotation, 238 Bulk tankers

for delivery of cyanide, 292, 293 Bullion

bars, identification & marking, 374 bars, weighing, 377, 619 composition following calcined slime

smelting, 372 composition following direct smelting,

369 crude, casting, 620 crude, sampling, 619-20 fineness, 373, 619 melting, 366-7, 619, 621 poured into ingots, 368-9, 620 production from calcined slime, 372 production from steelwool cathodes,

372-3 refined, assaying, 623 refined bars, labelling, 623-4 refined bars, monetary fineness limits,

625 refined bars, monetary mass limits,

624-5 refined bars, sampling, 623, 778 refined, casting, 623

Bunds, 948, 949, 953 Bunkers, 76-8 Buoyancy

effects, 219

1077

INDEX

Buoyancy force equation, 147

Butler-Volmer equation, 560-1 Button, Edward, 1 Button moulds, 369, '377 Buttons, bullion, recording, 377 Buttressing, tailings dam, 692-3 By-passing, in electrowinning cells, 892-3 By-products

blending, 643-4 cupellation, 648-9 pan furnace smelting, 649-51 sampling, 641-3 sintering, 643-4 smelting, 645-8

By-Products Ltd" 616

C Cable torque thickener, 282 Cable trenches, 937 Cake discharge systems, 309-11

filter tailing, 309-11 gold slime, 341-2

Calcination, chemistry, 896 Calcine, pyrite, 235, 236

cyanided for gold recovery, 253, 255 effect of quenching, 346 recovery from roaster off-gases, 350-1 treatment, carbon-in-pulp, 455-6 treatment, cyanidation, 735-6 water on pyrite flotation, 248

Calcined zinc-gold slime composition of, 370 fluxing of, 371-2 production of, 361-3 smelting of, 371-2 use of submerged arc furnace for

smelting, 364 weighing before smelting, 377

Calcining, of steel-wool cathodes, 372-3 Calcining process, for pyrite (roasting),

31, 59, 345-52 furnaces, 348-50

Calcining trays, 361, 372, 373 Calcite, 46, 52, 53 Calcium

analysis of deposits, 439 build-up, rate of, 436, 570-1 contamination of carbon, 381, 405,

426, 435-9, 570-1 effects on carbon

adsorption, 435, 863 build-up in carbon-in-solution, 603 levels on elution, 505-7 loss during thermal regeneration,

574-5 source of contamination, 437-8,

571 Calcium carbonate scale

removal by acid treatment, 317, 319, 323, 956

removal by go-devils, 956 Calcium cyanide, 291, 292, 305 Calcium fluoride (fluorspar), 371 Calcium hydroxide, 291 Calcium ions, 32, 246 Calibration

of instruments, 803 of massmeter, 115, 187

Camel-back dumping frame, 112 Candle pressure (Stellar) filters

for clarification, 320-1, 322 for zinc-gold slime recovery, 333, 335,

337, 340, 341-2, 355 Capacitance probes, 806 Capital cost

comparison, for carbon-in-pulp, 382 effects of number of adsorption

stages, 401-2 estimates, 918 in relation to machine size, 925 in relation to plant size, 918

Carbon abrasion loss, 401-5, 411

effects of impeller speed, 469 effect 0 f impeller wear, 448

acid treatment, 537, 570-5 calcium build-up, 570-1 conditions, 571-2 contact time, 572-3 effect on adsorbed gold & silver,

572 neutralization of excess acid, 574 process position, 573-4 strength, 572 temperature, 573

activity, 429-39 effect of calcium carbonate on,

435-9 effects of carbon size, 440-2 effect of grind fineness, 443 effect of impeller speed on, 448,469

Note: pages 1- 614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 -1072 in Volume 2.

l()"'IQ iV/U

Carbon, activity (cont.) effects of mixing rate on, 439-40 effect of poisoning on, 431-5 effect of pore loss on, 431 effect of pulp density, 443 effect of regeneration on, 431 effect on operations, 429-30 meter, 815-17

adsorption of organics, 385 ash content, 537 ashing, 381 attrition resistance,

measurement of, 1050-1 bed

expansion, 523-4 flow resistance, 523-4 friction loss, 523-4

breakage, 575-84 decrease with time, 581 determination of, 575 during mixing, 581-3 during regeneration, 583 effect of carbon type, 581 in carbon-in-solution systems,

601-2 in eductors, 581 in pumps, 575-81 main causes, 584 minimizing, 581 points of loss from carbon-in-pulp

process, 575 size distribution in pulp streams,

575 size reduction mechanisms, 575

bulk density, measurement of, 1051 calcium contamination, 381, 421, 426,

435-9 catalytic ability, 386-7 complex organic polymer, 383-4 concentration meter, 815 contaminants, 381, 405 counter-current movement, 381 density, 465 determintion of adsorption

parameters, 1049-51 distribution in adsorption vessels,

445-7 elution chemistry, 876-7 elution profiles, 509

see also Elution gold adsorption properties, 387-93

history of use, 380

INDEX

kinetics, 389, 871-2 measurement of loading capacity,

1049-51 mechanism, 387-93, 872 thermodynamics, 389, 872-4

gold recovery by, outline, 379-83 granules, 387 in ores, 14,21, 24, 32, 33, 59, 305 internal area, 384, 385 inventory, factors affecting, 399-417 loading

assay value, effects, 406-13, 417-21 effect of cations in solution, 872-3 equilibrium loading, 399,417-21 factors affecting capacity, 874 kinetics, 872-4

loading rate effect of missing rate, 439-41 effect of carbon size, 440-2 effect of pulp solids, concentration

& size, 442-3 loss

distribution in plant, 583-4 moisture content

determination of, 1051 oxides, surface, 385-6 oxygen, effect on adsorption, 427-9,

437 particle size distribution

determination, 1051 poisoning

by calcium carbonate, 435-9 by organics, 381, 405, 411, 431-5 effect of adsorption contact time,

405 in dump retreatment, 457

pore structure, 384-5 powdered, 387

use in scavenging dissolved gold from residue pulp, 257

reducing ability, 386, 387, 392 regeneration, 381, 431, 530-50, 575

chemical, 530 thermal, 531-50

desirability of, before elution, 575

dewatering before, 542 equipment, 541-50 furnace atmosphere, 534-7 inorganic constituents, effect,

537, 574 kinetics, 534-6

1079

INDEX

Carbon, regeneration (cont.)

principles, 531-4 residence time, 537-41 Rintoul kiln, 547-50 rotary kilns, 541-7

relative density, 465 residence time in adsorption vessels,

407-11 screening, 511 settling rate, 468 soaking, prior to elution, 498-9 solubles

determination of, 1051 spillage, effect on activity, 449 surface

oxides, 385-6 positively charged sites, 389 Zeta potential, 389

testing, 10 19 transfer, 447-8 use for initiating arc in smelting, 372 volatile content, measurement of, 1051 see also Elution; Regeneration

Carbon-bearing mica, 52 Carbon-in-leach plant

East Rand Gold & Uranium, 253, 723 Carbon-in-leach process, 381,449-55

advantages & disadvantages, 455 carbon inventory, 452 carbon transfer, 452-4 effect of leaching rate, 454-5 mathematical modelling, 449 number of stages, economics, 449-52 research in, 1028, 1032

Carbon-in-pulp plant adsorption tanks, 461-3, 479-80 carbon transfer, 478-9 computer flowchart, 400 design and operation, 399-417 effect of carbon distribution, 445-7 effect of carbon poisoning, 433-9 effect of carbon transfer method,

447-8 effect of head grade, 444-5 effect of impeller blade wear, 448-9 effect of loading rate constant k on

operations, 429-30 effect of number of stages, 401-5,

413-17,463 effect of spillage return, 449 equilibrium effects, 417-21

equipment, 457-80 fine carbon recovery, 480 interstage screening, 470-8 layout, 948-9 mixing in adsorption tanks, 463-9 oversize particles, difficulties caused

by, 459-60 prescreening, 460-1 spillage handling, 480 treatment of calcine by, 735-6 Vibro-Energy mills in, 735

Carbon-in-pulp process, 379-83 advantages of, 382, 383 calcine treatment by, 455-6 capital & working cost comparisons,

382 carbon loss in, 575-84 chemistry of, 870-7 design and operation, 399-417 Discounted Cash Flow calculations,

413-17 distribution & settling rate of carbon

in adsorption tanks, 468 dump retreatment by, 457, 727-31 economic evaluation, 413-17 effect of flotation reagents, 434-5 effect of number of stages, 401-5,

416-17, 463-4 effect of pulp solids, concentration &

size, 443 effect of retention time, 461-3 effect of throughput rate on

efficiency, 383 engineering maintenance requirements,

383 Internal Rate of Return, 413-17 inter-stage screening, 381, 470-8 kn model, 394-5, 399 mathematical modelling, 393-9 pilot plants, 393-4, 1028-9, 1032 pre-screening, 459-61 rate constant, effect, 429 rate equation, 394-5 research, 1028, 1032 silica grit, removal, 460-1 tail solution assay value, 413 treatment of flotation concentrates,

456,729 treatment of underground slime, 457 working cost comparison with

conventional process, 382


""O{\ IVOV

Carbon-in-pulp testing, 1024-5 Carbon-in-solution, 584-608

acid treatment, of carbon, 603 adsorption of competing species, 603-8 adsorption systems, 585-99 carbon breakage, 601-2 carbon fluidization, 600-1 closed tank system, 588-90 deep fluidized beds, 590-1, 592-3 design considerations, 599-608 effect of calcium build-up, 602-3 effect of flow rate on adsorption of

competing species, 604 effect of pH on adsorption of

competing species, 605, 607, 608

fluidized bed expansion, 601 gravity cascade system, 585-7, 590 NIMCIX column system, 594, 595-8,

603-6 packed bed system, 591-2, 595 plants, 584-5 pressure drop across packed beds,

599-600 process comparisons, 598-9 relative viscosity of suspensions, 600 types of solution treated, 584-5

Carbon Leader Reef, 2, 12, 14, 15, 21, 108-9, 237

Carbon tetrachloride, 916 Carbonaceous material

as precipitants of gold, 58 constituents, 862 effect of, on gold leaching, 862 recovery by flotation, 237 treatment of ores containing, 862

Carbonium sites, 388, 391 Carboxylic surface oxides, 385 Carietonville, 12 Cascading, of grinding mill charge, 135 Cash flow, 927-33 Casing, of conveyor belting, 88 Casting, continuous, of gold coinage

alloy, 638-9 Cataracting, of grinding mill charge, 135 Catchment paddock, 701 Cathodes

electrowinning, 554-67 smelting of, 372-3

Catholyte, 557 Cations

effect in adsorption, 421

INDEX

in adsorption theory, 386 Caustic cyanide solution, 381, 481, 498 Caustic soda

in gravity concentrate treatment, 230, 232

precautions, 985 Cementation, 331-43

by aluminium, 869 chemistry of, 866-9 effect of cyanide concentration, 868 effect of dissolved oxygen, 868 effect of impurities in feed solution,

869 effect of insufficient free cyanide,

868-9 effect of lead ion, 868 effect of pH, 868

Central goldfields, 5 Central launder screens, 471-3 Central Rand Group (of sediments)

geology, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13 uranium minerals, 33

Centrifugal acceleration, 204-5 Centrifugal classifiers, 150-2

design, 207-8 modelling, 205-7 theory, 204-5

Centrifugal force in classifier, 151, 204

Centrifugal pumps for classifier feed, 187 for thickener underflow, 283 selection, 967-9

Centrifuging, in grinding mills, 135, 191 Chain curtains

of chute feeders, 80 Chain feeder, 80-1 Chalcocite, effect in gold leaching, 859 Chaicopyrite, 13, 14, 16,20,23, 25, 26,

52, 54, 57, 237, 859 Chamber of Mines of South Africa

Industrial Hygiene Branch, 991 Safety Code, 91

Chamber of Mines flotation cell (COMRO cell), 272-3

Check-in/check-out system, of accounting, 789-90

Checklist, general inspection, 974-5 Check sorting, III Chemelec electrowinning cell, 891 Chemical analysis, precision

of gold-bearing materials, 787

1081

INDEX

Chemical composition of gold, 28-30, 55-7

Chemical treatment to remove coatings from gold, 59

Chemicals, hazardous handling, 985, 986 safety measures, 1006-9

Chemwes flotation plant, 236, 260 residue retreatment plant, 715

Chert, 39, 44, 45, 47, 49, 52 blocks, as mill liners, 121

Chezy formula, 955 Chipping breakage, 136, 182 Chloride leaching, 866 Chloride solution

anodic behaviour of gold in, 844-5 electrodeposition of gold from, 853-4

Chlorination aqueous, for treating carbonaceous

ores, 862, 866 testing of, for leaching, 1032

Chlorine gold leaching, 866 gold refining process (Miller process),

615, 621-3 Chlorite, 15, 20, 25, 31 Chloritoid, 15 Chocks, mill liner, 170 Choke feeding, of crushers, 105, 117 Chrome steel (for mill liners), 170, 171,

175 Chromene groups, 386, 391 Chromite, 16, 20 Chromium, 27

adverse effect in electrowinning, 567, 894 Chute

dead-box, 935 feeders, 185 for ore transport, 85-7, 935 movable, 115 rectangular, dimensions, 85 washing in, 92

Chute feeders, 80-1 radial doors of, 80, 81, 184

Chute slopes, 86 CIL

see Carbon-in-Ieach Cinnabar, 50 Circuit

complexity, 222

configuration for flotation, 263 Circular screens, 471-2 Circulating load

in crushing, 104 in grinding, 197-9 in plane table concentration, 233 in ROM autogenous milling, 193, 198 ratio, formula, 209

Clarification efficiency of, effect on zinc-gold slime

composition, 370 necessity for in precipitation, 333, 334 of precipitation feed solutions, 317-23 types, 318-23 use of thickeners for, 279

Clarity of filter filtrate, determination, 313

Classical comminution laws, 139-40 Classification, 147-52

control, 200 efficiency, formula, 209-10 formulae, 209-10 tests, 1024 types, 149-51

Classifiers, 147-52 Akins, 123 bowl, 123 centrifugal, 150-51 cone, 149 cyclone (hydrocyclone), 124, 150-1,

152, 159 access, 943 amalgam recovery, 230 design, 207-8 modelling, mathematical, 205-7 start-up, 960 tests, 1024 theory, 204-5

desliming, 73, 74, 94 rake, Dorr, 149 s pitzkasten, 149

Cleaner cells, 255, 263 Cleaning table, for bullion bars, 373 Cleanliness

in the smelthouse, 377 Clean-up

of zinc-gold precipitate, 340-2, 355-6 Clearances, access, 941-2 Clinker, gold adsorbed by, 32 Closed circuit

tertiary crusher, 73, 74, 104

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 1072 in Volume 2.

1 ()Q') .1 v 0 ...

Closed-circuit milling, 143, 147, 159, 197-9

automatic control, 199-201 Closed tank systems

for carbon-in-solution, 588-90 Clothing, protective, 971, 991-2, 997, 998

in smelthouse, 375, 377 Cloths

filter, 306, 307, 311-13, 317 acid treatment, 313, 317 brushing, 317

screen, 96-7 Coagulants, 287, 322 Coal

absorption of gold by, in dumps, 32 Coarse gold particles, 219, 222

in laboratory flotation testing, 271 Coarse ore

feeders, 80-5 storage, 76-80 transport, 75-6, 935

Coated gold, 31-2, 58-9,219,304,857, 865

Cobalt, 33 adsorption on carbon, 426 poisoning of resin, 885 recovery, solvent extraction process,

885 Cobaltite, 16, 20, 52, 237 Coconut shell carbons, 384, 388 Cocopans, 75

waste disposal by, 111-12 Coe and Clevenger method

in thickener design calculations, 324, 326, 1042-3

Coffinite, 16, 33 Coin blanks

casting, continuous, 639 grinding, 639 history, at Rand Refinery, 637-8 inspection, 640 production of, 616, 638-9 strip roIling, 639 weighing, 639

Collectors, flotation, 236, 239-42, 555 blended, 253 synergism, 242

Collectors, ore (batch thickeners), 277-8 Colloids, 336 Colour codes, 1003 Colour perception test, 987 Column flotation cell, 273, 274

INDEX

Combings, grizzley, 94 Comminution

energy, 129, 139-43 laws, 139-41 testwork, 1024 third theory, 140-1

Communications, 982-3 group meetings, 982-3 personal, 983

Complex, chemical, 831-2 Complex mass balance (flotation), 267 Composite loads, 123, 193 Composite milling, 161, 162 Composite Reef, 27 Compound interest, formula, 928 Compression breakage, 136 Compression pulses, 128 Compressive forces

in brittle fracture, 128 in crushers, 98-9, 102, 105 in grinding mill, 135-6 in thickeners, 285

Compressive strain energy, 128-9 Computer-aided design, 941, 1031 Computers

control systems, 822-8 centralized, 822-3 distributed, 823-8

digital for automatic control, 822-8 for automatic miIiing control, 201

laboratory, 1025-6 mini, 822-3 process control, 802 use in plant evaluation, 790-1

Concaves, crusher, 101, 102 Concentrate regrinding, 160 Concentrate treatment, 288-31, 232

by amalgamation, 229-31 by direct smelting, 369

Concentrating process of gold in ore formation, 55

Concentration tests, 916 Concentrator

primary, 221, 224, 232 secondary, 221 see also under specific types

Conc~ete bins, 80 Condenser

of retort furnace, 352, 353 Condition rating programmes, 973

benefits of, 973

1083

INDEX

Condition rating programmes (cont.)

checklist, 973 teams, 973

Conditioning of pulp, 257, 264-5 mechanical, 264

Conditions, working, substandard, 977 Conductivity probes, 806 Cone classifiers, 121, 122, 149 Cone crusher, 102, 103-6, 117

secondary, 73, 74 tertiary, 73, 74

Confidence Reef, 1 Conglomerates, 13-17, 25, 26, 27 Conical moulds, 372 Coning and quartering, 913 Consort Bar, 45-6 Construction

buildings, 953-6 fault rectification, 959 materials, 953-6

Contact time see Residence time

Contaminants in carbon-in-pulp process, 381, 405

Continuous casting machine, 638-9 Continuous leaching

see Leaching, continuous Continuous milling

see Milling, continuous Continuous steel belt calcining furnace,

361-3 Continuous thickener

see Thickener, continuous Continuous vacuum filtration, 305-17 Continuously stirred tank reactor theory,

261-2 Control

actuators, 817-19 automatic, 820-1

of crushers, 116-17 of milling, 199-201

continuous, 793 objectives, 795-6, 797 principles, 795-801 variables, 796-7

derivative, 800-1 economics, 794 final elements, 817-9 flotation plant, 265-6 logic, 793 manual, 793

ore treatment plants, 793-4 historical background, 794

PID, 800-1 proportional, 800-1 real-time automatic, 793 sequencing, 793 supervisory, 793 system design, 794, 795, 797-801

architecture, 819-28 bottom-up approach, 797-8 cascade configuration, 798 feed back, 797-8 feed forward, 797, 798 Inverse Nyquist Array method,

799-800 multiple actuator, 798 multivariable controllers, 799-800 philosophies, 819-28 top-down approach, 797, 798-800

systems analogue, hard-wired, 821-2 computer, centralized, 822-3 computer, distributed, 823-4 Cooke gold plant, 825-7 CYGNUS, 826, 827 East Driefontein, 824-5 Vaal Reefs, 827

Controllers multi-variable, 799-800, 827 PI, 801 programmable logic, 823, 825 three-term (PID), 798, 800-1 tuning, 801 tuning method, Ziegler and Nichols,

801 Controls

on engineering, 1001 on purchasing, 1001

Conversion factors common, 1054

Conversion tables area, 1056 density, 1061 energy, 1060 length, 1055 mass, 1059 power, 1061 pressure, 1060 rate of flow, 1058 velocity, 1058 volume, 1057


1084

Conveyor belts, 87-91 loading and unloading, 90 pebble transport, 115 transport by, 76, 935 walkways, 942 washing on, 92 waste disposal, 111, 112

Conveyor belt guards, 9 I, 117 Conveyor, pan, 186 Conveyor tripper, 76-7, 90 Conveyors

intermediate, 112 Cooke gold plant

control system, 825-7 Cooper, R.A., 33 Cooperite, 34 Copper, 30, 52, 56

adsorption on carbon, 426-7 behaviour during silver chloride

leaching, 632 deposition of, during electrowinning

of gold, 552 in gold bullion, 369 in gold particles, 17 in zinc-gold slime, 370 mine tailings, size distribution, 668-9 recovery, by solvent extraction

process, 885 selective elution of, 488-9, 497

Copper cyanide complexes, 59 Copper sulphate

in flotation 245, 246, 253, 257 in on-line cyanide monitor, 814-15

Copper sulphide minerals, 16, 20, 32, 50 effect of leaching, 859-60

Corduroy blankets (strakes or tables), 59, 220-1, 223-4, 229, 233

Coronation Reef, 7 Correlations

among gold and heavy minerals, 27 Council for Mineral Technology (Mintek),

50, 1013, 1021, 1022, 1026-9 divisions, 1027 facilities, 1028-9 Gold and Uranium Research Advisory

Committee, 1027 project categories, 1027-8 research objectives, 1027 sponsorship conditions, 1027-8 Technical Advisory Committee, 1027

Council for Scientific & Industrial Research (CSIR), 1022

INDEX

Countercurrent decantation, 279 Countercurrent flow, carbon-in-pulp

process, 381, 393-4, 458-9 Covalent bonding in gold compounds,

831-2 Covariance, 791 Crack network, 128-9, 140, 182, 195 Crack tips, 128, 140 Crackle breccia, 45 Cratonization, of Kaapvaal craton, 39 Creosote, use in flotation, 255 Cresylic acid, use in flotation, 242, 255 Critical level of stress (in comminution),

129 Critical parts inspections, 975 Critical-size particles, 196 Critical speed of mills, 135

formulae, 135, 1068 Critical task

analysis, 996 definition, 993 identification, 993-4 inventory, 991, 993, 996 lesson plan, 996 probability of loss, 994-5 procedures, 995-6 repetitiveness, 994-5 rules, 996 severity, 994 standards, 995-6 worksheet, 997

Crookes, Sir William, 33 Cross-stream sampling cutters, 771-3 Crowe-MerriII precipitation process, 333-7

on-line gold analyser for, 811 practice, 338-41

Crowe tanks, 333-6, 341 Crown Mines (RM3)

residue retreatment plant, 236, 724 Crowning

of conveyor belt pulleys, 88 of metal surface during induction

melting, 368 Crucibles, 364

capacities, 364 liners, 364 smelting in, 371

Crude bullion see Bullion

Crushed rock sampling, 770, 913 Crusher bin, secondary, 73, 74 Crusher, gyratory, 100-6, 121, 122

1085

INDEX

Crusher, Hydrocone, 117 Crusher products

sampling, 770 Crusher station, 72, 73, 74, 91, 98

capital cost compared with ROM milling, 161, 929

running time, 923 Crushers

access levels, 943 capacities, 106 control of, 117 protection, 106-7 start-up setting, 960 types, 98-105

Crushing, 72-4, 98-107 boundary with grinding, 127-8 closed-circuit, 104 pendulum, 210 primary, 73, 74, 100 secondary, 73, 74, 103 tertiary, 73, 74

Crushing breakage, 195 Crushing, sample, 913 Cumulative size distribution, 131-5

see also Size distribution Cupel furnace, 648-9, 650, 651, 652 CupeIlation, 648-9 Cushioning, in grinding mills, 198 Cusum techniques (for quantifying

accumulations), 790 Cyanamid Aeropromoter 208, 255 Cyanidation, 121, 122, 235, 277, 291-305

calcine, 228-9, 257 chemistry, 836-49, 854-63 design calculation, 326-7 gold losses, 304-5 intensive, 230, 857 mechanism of, 854-7 on-stream analyser, 328, 811-15 plant layout, 946-8 residues, flotation of, 239 research, 1014-15, 1032 tests, 914-15, 1024-5

pressure leaching, 1032 rolling bottle, 1046-8 short-circuiting, 298-9, 1019

Cyanide additional methods, 293-4, 997 bulk specifications, 292 bulk, transport, 292 concentration, 291-2, 331-2

concentration, effect on adsorption, 422-3, 424, 426, 427

concentration, effect on calcium fouling of carbon, 437-8

concentration, effect on cementation, 868-9

concentration, effect on elution, 485-6, 499-502

consumption rate, 295 data sheet, 986 decomposition, 486-8, 502 levels in precipitation, 337 on-line analyser, 328, 814-15 safety precautions, 292-3 solution, anodic behaviour of gold in,

846-8 solution, dissolution of zinc in, 848-9 spillage, 986

Cyanide monitor. 294. 328, 814-15 CYCAD monitor, 294, 328, 815 Cyclone classifiers, 150-2

access, operating, 943 capacity, 207 design, 207-8 feed dilution, effect of, 205 feeding, 189 gold particles, size in underflow, 21 mathematical models, 200, 205-7 open top, 208 operation, 198-9 overflow density, for flotation, 266 theory, 204-5 two-stage, 151 underflow, effect on mill operation,

198 see also Hydrocyclone classifiers

Cyclone off-gas treatment system, hot, 351 Cyclone system of tailings dam

construction, 671-3, 677, 683, 687 Cyclone, thickener guard, 945 Cycloning

preparation of backfill, 708 Cyclosizer, 1024 CYGNUS control system, 826-8 Cylpebs, 161

D

Daggafontein, flotation plant, 235 Dart valve, 265 Data

adjustment, 791


1086

Data (cont.) analysis, 746, 791 highway, 823-4 logging, 823 preparation, 827 redundant, 791 use in non-linear optimization, 791

Davcra cell, 273, 274 Davis, E.W.

ball wear theory, 182-3 Davy McKee contactor, 463 Dead-box

chute, 87 mill feed hopper, 166

Dead load, 77, 79, 80 De-aeration

prior to cementation, 333-6, 841, 866 Decant system

tailings dams, 657, 678-9, 680-3, 684, 703-5

Decantation dewatering of gold slime by, 357 slime treatment process, 707-8

Decanter head, in slime collectors, 278 Decking, conveyor, 87, 88 Decks, vibrating screen, 93, 95 Deelkraal gold mine, 2 Deep fluidized bed system

for carbon-in-solution, 590-1, 592, 593 Degreasing fluid, 985 Deister table, 233 Delay time

in particle flow through mill, 138 Delivery head, calculation of, 967 Delkor Linear Screen, 460 Density

cyclone overflow, effect on underflow, 198

Density meters, nuclear, 786-7, 807 calibration, 786-7

Denver flotation cell, 260 laboratory cell, 271

Department of Minerals & Energy Affairs, permit required from, 666

Department of Water Affairs, permit required from, 666

Depressant, flotation, 246-7, 255, 257 Derrick screens, in CIP plants, 460 Descaling pistols, for cleaning bullion,

373 Design

computer-aided, 941

INDEX

fiowsheet, 917-26 pilot plants, 1031 plant

detailed, 941-57 general arrangement, 933-41

process, 917-33 Design criteria, 917, 923 Design metallurgist

status, responsibilities and qualities, 908

Detergent, use in amalgamation, 230 Detonators

regulations for disposal of, 106, 117 Detrital gold, in Witwatersrand reefs, 17,

25 Development, mining, 69 Development waste, 70 Dewatering

of pulps, 277-90 of zinc-gold slime, 357-60

Dewatering screen, 94 Dextrin, as depressant in flotation, 247 DO nett (nett dissolved gold loss)

determination of, 328-30 Diameter wear rates

of grinding balls, 193-4 Diamonds

in Witwatersrand reefs, 16 Diamond mine tailings

size distribution, 668, 669 Diaphragm pumps, 283 Diaphragm seals (for mill feed hoppers),

165-6 Diaphragm valves, 188, 817

equivalent friction loss, 968 Diapirs, 41 Diatomaceous earth (filtration aid), 319,

359, 370 as component of smelting flux, 371

Diesel locomotives on mines, 75

Differential size distribution, 131 see also Size analysis

Digicon controller, 201 Digital computers, 201

in process control, 822-7 Digital electronic techniques

in mechanized sorting, 110 in plant control, 822-7

Digital terrain model, 714 Dimethylformamide (for gold elution),

482

11"\0"'7 IVOI

INDEX

Dips, of Witwatersrand reefs, 69 Dipstick, for mill load level measurement,

192 Discharge cone, of thickener, 283 Discharge, grinding mill

density, 191 mass flow rate, 207 peripheral, 139, 153, 169 pumping of, 187 screens, 139, 153, 168-9

a perture sizes, 169 open area, 169

types, 153-4 Discharge, plough, of conveyor belts, 90 Discharge rate

of crushers, determination, 116 Discounted Cash Flow, method, 927-8

application, 928-32 precautions in using, 933

Disintegration cloud, 129 Displacement force

in hydrocyclone, 204 Disposal of reject rock, 111-13 Dissolution rate

of gold, 32, 295-6, 304, 846-7, 854-63 Dissolved gold loss

determination of, 328-30 Distomat, 712 Distribution box, thickener feed, 284 Distribution modulus, 132, 133, 137, 141 Distributors, pulp, 188-9 Disturbances, in plant operation, 796,

797-8 Dithiophosphate, 253 Diverters, thickener feed, 284 Dominion Reef, 5-8, 14, 25, 27, 33 Donor atoms, 832-3, 836

hard, 833 soft, 833

Door covers, use in mill relining, 177 Dorr agitators, 295 Dorr rake classifiers, 94, 122, 123, 149 Double-deck vibrating screen, 96 Double vee clarifier, 321-2 Downflow sand bed clarifier, 318 Draft tube circulators, 301-3, 463, 465,

468, 469 Draft tube recirculator tank, 302-3 Drag force

equation (Stokes' Law), 147-8 in centrifugal classifier, 150-1, 204

Drag rake thickener, 280, 281, 282 Drainage grid

of rotary drum filter, 311 Drainage systems, of continuous vacuum

filters, 311-12 Drainage systems, tailings dam

sides, 693, 695, 701 underwall, 657, 685, 700 upper surface, 701

Drilling, rock, in mining, 69 Drive (mine development), 69 Drives

grinding mill, 152 thickener, 281 variable speed, 819

electric, 819 hydraulic, 819

Drop testing method (for pebble competence), 210, 914

Drum feeders for controlling ore flow, 84, 185 for grinding mills, 164

Drum filters, 305-7 cake discharge systems, 309, 311 drainage systems, 311 feed systems, 309 filtrate systems, 309 plant layout, 949-50 zinc-gold slime, 358-60

Dry solids mass balance flotation, 266-7 milling, 920-2

Dump cyanidation testing of, 1032

Dump leaching, 740-3 Dump retreatment operations, 236, 253,

457, 715-40 Dump volume, calculation of, 711-15

see also Residue dumps; Sand dumps Durand's 'F' factor (in pipeline design),

963-4 Dust control, 117-19, 1002-3 Dust extraction systems

for crusher plants, 117-19 for cyanide storage facilities, 292 for roasting plants, 349-50 for smelthouses, 376, 952 Rand Refinery, 651-2

Dust loss in sampling precautions against, 912

Dust suppression, 117-19


1 (lSlSl .l.VVU

Dusty atmosphere medical examination for workers in,

987 Dykes, geological, 7 Dynamic head, on pumps

calculation of, 967 Dynamothermal metamorphism, of

Barberton greenstone belt, 39

Ear muffs, 119, 989 Ear plugs, 119, 989

E

East Driefontein gold plant control system, 824-5

East Rand Gold & Uranium Company (Ergo), 236, 252-3, 260

carbon-in-pulp plant, 479 metallurgical laboratory, 1015 residue retreatment plant, 715, 719-24

East Rand goldfield, 12, 13 Eccentric (crusher), 98, 101-4

see also Crushers Economics, of waste sorting, 113-14 Eductors, for carbon transfer, 581

carbon breakage in, 581 Edwards roaster, 59, 228, 253, 348-9 Eersteling

first South African gold mine, 1 Effective cell volume, 261 Effective rougher cell mean residence

time, calculation, 261 Effluent trench, tailings dam,

maintenance, 700-1 Egoli residue retreatment plant, 716 Elandsrand gold mine, 2

ball milling after ROM milling, 124 Elastometer-lined pumps, 187, 188

maximum impeller tip speed, 969 ELCON supervisory system, 825 Electric furnace

bullion melting, 621 bullion refining, 621 by-product smelting, 652 calcining, batch, 361 calcining, continuous, 361-3 coinage strip production, 639 holding, refined gold, 623 induction, 367

power supply, 625 reverberatory, 364 silver melting, 633, 637

Electric locomotives

INDEX

on mines, 75 Electric power

failure of, emergency action, 986-7 restarting adsorption vessels after,

468 reticulation in plant, 937

Electrical equipment, safeguarding of, 1004

installations, safety, 10 10 portable, safety, 1009

Electricity supply, to plant, 937 Electrodes

in arc furnace, 364, 365, 372 in electrowinning process, 554-63, 567,

568, 570, 633, 635-6, 891 Electrolytes

effect on adsorption of aurocyanide on carbon, 421, 422

in electrowinning, 551-2, 555-9, 566, 567, 569-70, 627-8, 634-6, 890-3

Electrolytic gold refining, 626-8 Electrolytic precipitation, 332

see also Electrowinning Electrolytic silver refining, 633-7 Electromagnets, 107 Electromechanical belt massmeters, 782-5 Electron microprobe analyses, 28-30,

34-5, 51, 56, 911 Electronic distance measuring, 712 Electrostatic precipitators

dust extraction, 118, 349, 350-1, 376, 628-30

fume extraction, 350-1, 376, 628-30 Electrowinning, 230,381,481,550-70,

890-4 anode reactions in, 894 application in carbon-in-pulp process,

550-70 cathode reactions in, 894 chromium, effect of, 894 efficiency, effect on Zadra elution, 507 electrochemical reactions, 551-2 electrode reactions in, 893-4 extraction efficiency, 890-1 generation of ammonia, 894 history of use, 332, 550 passivation in, 894 redox system, effect of, 567 research on, 1032 temperature, effect of, 894

Electrowinning, cell design AARL cell, 556, 891

1089

INDEX

Electrowinning, cell design (cont.) allowance for base metals, 570 anode materials, 562

geometry, 497, 508 gold plating in, 520 heat insulation, 517

cathode materials, 561-2 cathode thickness, 560-1, 569 cell comparisons, 559-61

materials of construction, 518-22 rubber lining, 518 upflow system, 522-3

cell sizing, 569-70 volume, 513-14 characteristic length, 569 copper, selective, 488-9 Chemlec cell, 891 costs, 502-3 classification, 555 electrowinning efficiency, effect of, current for gold reduction, 564-6 507 electrical by-passing in, 559, 561, 892 equipment, 511-30 fluidized bed cell, 891 heat exchangers, 526-7 inter-electrode clearance, 570 instrumentation & control, 527-30 limitations on cross-section area, 570 measurements for control, 529 materials of construction, 561-2 operating sequencing, 527-8 mechanical by-passing in, 559, 892 factors affecting Mintek steel wool cell, 558, 559, acid washing, 493-7, 506

561-2, 891 calcium levels on carbon, 505, 507 modelling, mathematical, 552-3 cyanide concentration, 485-6 NIM graphite cell, 557-9 cyanide decomposition, 486-8 packed bed, 891 electrowinning efficiency, 507 packed bed cathode, potential ionic strength, 483-5, 876-7

distribution across, 559-60 organic solvents, 486 parallel flow, 555, 892 pretreatment reagents, 498-502 right-angle flow, 555, 891-2 solution flow rate, 502, 508-9 steel wool, packing density, 563 temperature, 483, 484, 497-8, 500, tubular bed, 891 505, 876 Zadra, 555, 891 gold and silver profiles, 509

Electrowinning cell, factors affecting kinetics, 489-92 chromium in solution, 567 mathematical modelling, 489-92 flotation reagents, 568-9 process flow rate, 566 Anglo American Research gold concentration, 563-5 Laboratory, 481-2, 492-503, gold deposited, 566-7 877 hydrophobic organics, 568 by organic solvents 482, 877 impurities in solution, 567 by polar solvents, 877 solids in suspension, 568 by thiocyanate, 877, 883 solution conductivity and pH, 566 by thiourea, 877 temperature, 566 from strong base resin, 882-3

Elements, periodic table, 1071 Zadra, 481-6, 491, 503-11 Elution, 481-530 rate equation, 489

carbon profiles, 509-11 research in, 1032 column, 381 silver, behaviour in, 481, 503, 509

configuration, 515-18 system pressure, 522-7 corrosion, 518-19 control, 527 design, 515-18 Elutriator, carbon cleaning, 512-13, 514 discharge arrangements, 516-17 Emergencies downflow systems, 522-4 preparedness for, 983-7 downflow v. upflow comparison, mock, 983

522-3 Emergency pump, thickener draining, 283


1090

Emulsifier in zinc-dust precipitation, 338, 341

Enargite, 52 Encasing minerals, 31, 219 End liners, grinding mill, 153-5

inlet, 167 outlet, 153-5, 167-9 rod mill, precautions, 158

Endless riffle belt concentrator, 221, 226-7,231,232

Endless rope haulage, 75,111-12,115 Energy

in-plant reticulation, 937 requirements for comminution, 129,

139-43, 145, 212-16 transfer in milling, 189, 196-9

Environmental impact, of tailings dams assessment, 666-7 monitoring, 667-8 remedial measures, 667 see also Pollution, control

EPAC screens, 470-7 Epigenetic gold occurrences, in Barberton

greenstone belt, 41 Equilibrium approach, gold

hydro metallurgy chemistry, 836-43 Equilibrium ball loads, 183-4 Equilibrium effects, gold adsorption,

417-21,439 Equipment

choice of supplier, 926 clearance around, 941-2 headroom over, 942 list, 925-6 pre-use inspection, 975 selection, 924-5 sizing, 924-5

Equipment-related problems in laboratory flotation testing, 270

Erfdeel-Dankbaarheid gold mine, 2 Ergo

see East Rand Gold & Uranium Company

Eriksen cone, for sink-float tests, 1024 Erlichmanite, 35 Estimate, capital cost, 918

Definitive, 918, 957 Detailed, 918 Order of Magnitude, 918 Preliminary, 918 Revised. 918. 957

Estimation of ore stock, 116

INDEX

Ethanol, use in elution, 481-2 Eureka Syncline, 43, 44 Euxenite, 33 Evaluation

metallurgical, 909, 1013 process, 745-91

Evander goldfield, 2, 5, 12, 13, 16, 124 Examinations,

audiometric, 989-91 eyesight, 987-8 medical, 987-91

Exhaust fans, 118 Exothermic reaction (pyrite roasting), 346 Explosives

in reduction plants, regulations, 106, 117

storage of, safety, 1007 Exposed machinery, regulations, 117 Exsolution phenomena, 52, 57 Eyesight, examination of, 987-8 Eyewash fountains, 985

F

Fairview gold mine, 43, 44 carbon-in-pulp plant for calcine,

393-4, 436, 455-6 elution procedure, 481, 493

flotation plant, 253-5 residue retreatment, 716

Famatinite, 52 Fatality rate, 981 Feedback

control, 797 in flotation circuit, 263

Feed dilution cyclone classifier, 151, 198-9, 205, 207 grinding mill, 198-9

control, 200 thickener, effect on capacity, 285

Feed pressure, cyclone, 208 Feed pulp, thickener, 284-7 Feed rate, ROM mill, effect of feed

sizing, 196 Feed size

ball mill, 159 rod mill, 157 ROM mill, effect on, 195-6

Feed 'systems, filter, 309, 314 Feeder box, grinding mill, 163 Feeders

automatic control, 819

1091

INDEX

Feeders (cont.)

cyanide, 293 grinding mill, 153, 163-6, 184-6 ore, 80-5, 184-6

Feedwell, thickener, 277, 278, 282-3 Fence

plant, 939 slimes dam, 698-700

Ferric hydroxide, generated in iron sulphide leaching, 858, 859

Ferricyanide in iron sulphide-leaching, 859 Ferrocyanide, in iron sulphide leaching,

859 Ferrous grinding media, 159, 161, 178-9

wear of, 181-2 Ferrous sulphate, formation in roasting,

347 Fick's first law of diffusion, 855-6 Fig Tree Group, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46 Filter

aids, 313, 319 effect on composition of zinc

gold slime, 370 bags, 320 cake, 314

discharge systems, 309, 311 pressure drop across, 312, 313 washing, 306, 307, 314-15

cloth, 306, 311, 312-13, 360 acid treatment, 313 brushing, 313 washing (belt filter), 3 II

duty, 312 factors affecting, 312-13

elements (dust extraction), 118, 376 maintenance, 316-17 medium, 312

requirements, 312 paper use in filtering acid-treated

precipitate, 360, 373 recovery, effect of feed grade, 445 speed, effect on recovery, 315-16

Filter plants belt handling, 950-1 conveyor belt, 950 layout, 949-5 I repulper tank,950 spillage system, 950 weightometer installation, 950

Filters clarifying

candle pressure, 320-1 leaf, 320 pre-coat, 319-20, 359 sand, 318-19

leached gold pulp, 305-12 belt, 307-8 rotary drum, 305-7

pressure, sample drying, 773-4 vacuum leaf (Merrill), 333

Filtrate clarity, 313 extraction system, 306, 307, 309, 310 pumps, 309 receiver tank, 309, 359, 360

Filtration composition with carbon-in-pulp

process, 382-3 continuous vacuum, 305-17 practice, 312-16 rate, measurement of, 1044-6 tests, 915-16, 1019, 1024 types, 305-12

Fineness gold

composition, 56-7, 232, 369, 372, 373, 619

sizing, 20-1, 51, 125-7, 237 mill product, 127, 138, 195, 196, 216,

237 refined bullion, 625, 626

Fire assay only method for gold ore, 266 precision, 787

Fire station, 940 Fires

prevention of, 985 protection, 1010-II

First aid equipment, 985 training station, 940, 985 treatment, 1012

First order rate process definition, 147

Fixed jaw (of crusher), 98, 99 Flammable substances storage

safety, 1007-9 Flaring (cyclone underflow), 198 Flat-bottomed agitator tanks, 301 Flaws (in brittle substances), 128-9 Flint

blocks, 121


1092

Flint (cont.)

pebbles used in grinding, 121 Flocculants

feeding, 284, 288 mixing, 288 theory of action, 287-8 use in hopper clarifier, 321

Floor space requirements (of gravity concentrators), 222, 228

Floors construction, 953-4 materials, 954

Flotation (in gold ore treatment), 21, 59, 127, 220

carbonaceous material, removal by, 862

cells, 260, 271, 272, 273 chemical aspects, 239-48 circuit configuration, 263 cleaning and transport phase, 239 concentrates

treatment by CIP, 456, 729, 732 treatment by roasting, 253, 257,

345-52, 735 control, 265-6 feed, 253, 255, 257 feed density, 265-6 history of use in South Africa, 235-6 new applications, 272-4 physical variables, 248-51 plant design, 261-5 plant practice, 151, 251-60, 722-3,

727, 729, 733-34 processing, 236-60 rate constant, 261, 262, 268, 271, 272 reagents

effect on adsorption in CIP, 434-5, 456

effect on cyanidation, 239, 863 effect on electrowinning, 568-9 feeding, 266 testing of, 734, 1024

scale-up, 261-3 separation phase, 239 tests, 266-72, 916-17,1019,1024,1032

analysis of data, 272 checking of results, 271-2 pyrite treatment, 1032 trouble-shooting methods, 266-72

Flow data table, 920-2 F lowmeters, electromagnetic

a.c., 805

INDEX

application, 786-7 calibration, 787, 1019 d.c., 805-6 installation, 188, 806 principle, 805-6

Flow rate, measurement of liquids, 804-6 solids, 780-6

Flow rates estimating, for plant design, 923-4

Flowsheet, 917-33 balancing, 920-3 design, 917-18 estimating for, 923-4 evaluation, financial, 926-33 flow rate, tabulation, 918-22 quantified, 918-24 selection, 926-33

Fluid bed roasters, 228-9, 347, 349-50, 723

Fluidized-bed reactor (e1ectrowinning), 891

Fluorspar component of smelting flux, 371, 898

Flux, smelting chemistry, 896-9 for calcined zinc-gold slime, 371 for cathodes, 373 for direct smelting of gold

concentrates, 369 Fly ash, 349 Flywheel (jar crusher), 99 Footwall,69 Forbes Reef area, 41, 49 Forbes screen (for CIP), 471 Forward leach plants, flotation in, 264 Fracture of brittle solids, 128-9 Free milling ores, 15, 236, 237 Free State Geduld mine

flotation in milling circuit, 273 member of JMS residue retreatment

scheme, 731 Freundlich model

of adsorption, 398 Friction constant, Hazen-Williams, 965 Friction head, calculation of, 967 Friction loss, of pipe fittings, 967, 968 Froth

depth,249 modifier, 246

Frother, 242-3, 257 Fuchsite, 52

1093

INDEX

Fullerton Creek, 48, 49 Fume collection

at Rand Refinery, 628-30, 651-2 mercury, 354 smelthouse, 376, 952

Funda filter, 341 Furnace

blast, by-product smelting, 644-8 calcining, 361-3 continuous steel belt, calcining 361-3 cupel, 648-9, 650, 651, 652 electric

calcining, 361 continuous steel belt, 361-3 induction, 367-8, 619, 621, 625,

639 reverberatory, 364 single-pot, 367 submerged arc, 364-7

fusion, 363-8, 619, 621, 639 gas-fired, 633 induction, 367-8, 619, 621, 625, 637,

639 pan, 649 reverberatory, 364, 369, 370, 371-2 roasting, 348-50

fluid bed, 349-50 rabbled hearth, 348-9

single-pot, 366, 367, 369, 370 submerged arc, 364-6, 372, 373

Fuses, blasting, disposal regulations, 106, 117

Fusion furnaces, 363-8, 619, 621, 639

G

Gabions, 701-3 Galena, 13, 14, 16, 20, 23, 52, 54, 57 Galvanic

cell, 836-7 interaction between gold and other

minerals, 32 Gamka River

gold occurrence, 1 Gangue

dissolution, in mineralogical examination, 911

entrainment, in flotation, 248-50 in gold ore processing, 125, 219, 236,

239, 243-4 minerals, 52, 53, 55

Gaps (cone crusher)

measurement, 105 setting, 117 start-up setting, 960

Garnet, 16 Gas adsorption, on carbon, 379, 385 Gas cleaning systems, 376, 628-30, 651-2,

952 Gates, plant, 939-40 Gates, slide

in ore feeders, 184 in launders, 947

Gate values, 188 pressure drop through, 968

Gaudin-Meloy size distribution equation, 134

Gaudin-Schuhmann size distribution equation, 133

Gear boxes, speed-reducing, 157 Geduld mine, 26 Geluk Subgroup, 37, 38 Geofabric, 695 Geology

Barberton area, 35-41 Witwatersrand depository, 5-13

Gersdorffite, 16, 20 Geversite, 35 Gibbs free energy, 836, 837, 838 Gloves, PVC, 992 Go-devils, 956 Goethite, 16, 51 Gold adsorption on carbon

economic evaluation of plant alternatives, 413-17

factors affecting acidity, 423, 425 base metals, 426-7 calcium carbonate, 435-9 carbon size, 440-2 cyanide concentration, 422-3, 424 equilibrium effects, 417-20 flotation reagents, 434-5 ionic strength of the medium, 421,

422 mixing rate, 439-40 oxygen, 427-9 pulp solids, concentration and size,

443 temperature, 422, 425

from non-cyanide solutions, 875-6 gold lock-up, 401, 403, 405, 407-11,

429-30


1094

Gold adsorption on carbon (cont.) history, 379-83 in extraneous ash, 32 ion pair theory, 392-3 kinetics, 389, 393-9, 429-43, 448 loading capacity, measurement of,

1049-50 mechanism, 385-93, 874-6 process, description, 458-9 rate, measurement of, 1050 thermodynamics, 389

Gold amalgam recovery process, 229-30 retorting of, 352-4

Gold analyser Olga Mark III, 811 On-Line, 811-13 Tell-tale, 811

Gold analysis, on-line, 811-13 Gold, anodic dissolution, 854-7 Gold, anodic reactions, 843-8

in chloride solution, 844-5 in cyanide solution, 846-8 in thiourea solution, 845-6

Gold assaying fire method, 266 at Rand Refinery, 652 precision of, 787

Gold, associated with radioactive constituents of ore, 21-4

Gold bars cleaning and sampling, 373-5

Gold-bearing solutions analyses, 332 characteristics, 331 recovery methods, 331-42

Gold by-products handling of slag in smelthouse, 375 treatment, 615, 616, 641-52

Gold call, 788 Gold carrier, pyrite as, 20 Gold, chemical composition of, 28-30,

55-7 Gold, chemical precipitation of, 889-90 Gold chloride, 835-6, 842, 844-5, 852-4,

866 Gold-chlorine complexes

reduction of, 852-4 Gold complexes

diamagnetism, 833 oxidation states, 831 stability, 832-3

INDEX

Gold compounds chemistry, general principles, 831-54 co-ordination numbers, 834 covalent bonding, 831 dimerization, 834 stability, 834

Gold, co-ordination numbers, 833 Gold, correlation with heavy minerals, in

Witwatersrand ore, 27-8 Gold-cyanide complexes

chemistry, general principles, 833-6 formation in leaching, 846-8, 854-7 reduction of, 849-51

effect of leach, mercury and thallium, 851

Gold deposits, geology Barberton Mountain Land, 35-41 W itwatersrand Triad, 5-13

Gold disc electrode, 850 Gold, discovery

historical background, 1-2 Gold, dissolution

by intensive cyanidation, 230, 856-7 by leaching, 291-305 chemistry, 836-48, 854-66 inhibition of

by coatings, 31, 32, 59,219, 304, 857

by passivation, 843-4, 847-8, 857 by sulphide ion, 858-9

relation to fineness of grind, 125, 127 Gold electrochemistry, 843-8, 849-54 Gold, electrowinning, 550-70, 890-4

at Rand Refinery, 626-8 cell design, 552-61, 569-70, 890-3 extraction efficiency, 563-9, 890-1 from chloride solutions, 853-4 see also Electrowinning

Gold, elution from carbon, 481-530, 876-7

see also Elution Gold extraction

chemistry of, 831-905 plants

commissioning, 957-61 control, 793-829 design, 907-57 operating disturbances, 796 operating strategy, 795-6 performance optimization, 796

Gold, fineness (composition), 56-7, 232, 369, 372, 373, 619

l()O, .l.V..J-'

INDEX

Gold, fineness (composition) (cont.)

of refined bullion, 625, 626 Gold, fineness (sizing), 20-1, 125-7,237 Gold, flotation, 236-7, 238, 264

see also Flotation Gold, formation of oxide films, 843-4,

847-8 Gold halides, 835-6 Gold, hydro metallurgy, equilibrium

approach to, 836-43 Gold in residues, 30-2 Gold in solution

measurement of, 811-13 Gold, leaching, factors affecting

antimony sulphides, 860-1 arsenic sulphides, 860 base metal complexes, 861-2 calcium ions, 862 carbonaceous material, 862-3 cOJlper sulphides, 859-60 cyanide concentration, 855-7 flotation reagents, 863 heavy metals, 847-8, 852 iron sulphides, 858-9 lead nitrates, 857 operating conditions, 304-5 oxygenation, 303 pulp constituents, 857-8 pulp dilution, 303-4 pyrrhotite, 858 sulphur-containing anions, 861

Gold, liberation, 123, 125-7, 219 Gold, lock-up

in CIP plant, 401, 403-5, 407, 408, 411-13, 429-31, 450-1

in grinding mill, 790 in ore storage, 77 in reduction plant, 789

Gold loss in CIP, 443-9 in filtration, 312, 313, 314-16, 328-30 in leaching, 291, 304-5 monitoring, 811-13

Gold mine tailings characteristics on impoundment

method, 685-6 effect of, 668, 669 mineralization of, 30-2

Gold nuggets, 26 Gold, occurrence in nature, 831 Gold ore, radioactive constituents, 21, 23-4

Gold, oxidation by dissolved oxygen, 841

Gold, particle size, 20-1, 22, 51, 125,

237 Gold, passivation, 843-4, 847-8, 857 Gold, precipitation process, zinc dust,

331-42 Gold, production figures

Barberton area, 36 Witwatersrand-O.F.S., 2-4

Gold, recovery by chemical precipitation, 889-90 byelectrowinning, 550-70, 890-4 by ion exchange, 870, 877-85 by resin-in-pulp, 884 by solvent extraction, 870, 885-9 by zinc-dust precipitation, 331-43,

866-9 formulae, 788 from poisoned resin, 885 relation to comminution energy, 142

Gold refining chloride process (Miller), 615, 621-6 degolding of chlorides, 626 electrolytic, 616, 626-8 fume recovery, 628-30 furnace charge, 622 platinum metals, behaviour in, 627-8 sweep treatment, 630 washing of cathodes, 628

Gold Refining Branch, Rand Refinery, 618-30

Gold, scavenging in carbon-in-solution plants, 584-608

Gold, simultaneous recovery with uranium, 885

Gold slime (zinc-gold slime) acid treatment, 356-7 calcining, 361-3 composition, 354, 370 dewatering, 357-60 treatment, 356-63

Gold slime, belt filter, 360 Gold-thallium electrode, 815 Gold theft

precautions against, 376-7 Golden Quarry mine, 44, 54 Government Gold Mining Areas

flotation plant, 235 Government Reef, 7 Grab samples (sorted waste), 116


lAO":;: ~v--'v

Grading procedure, 129-31, 1036-40 tests, 1019

Granite granite contact, factor in gold

mineralization, 49 surrounding Barberton greenstone

belt, 39 Graphite, in New Consort ore, 52 Grate, grinding mill discharge, 153, 159 Gravity cascade contact system for

carbon-in-solution, 585-90 advantages & disadvantages, 221-2

Gravity classifiers, ~47 -50 Gravity concentrate

amalgamation, 229-30, 352 direct smelting, 369 for mineralogical examination, 91 treatment of, 228-31

Gravity concentration advantages/ disadvantages, 221-2 circuits, 231-3 definition, 219 development, 233-4 equipment, 223-8 historical background, 220-1 philosophy, 221 use for recovery of coated gold, 304

Gravity concentration circuits, 231-3 Gravity separation testwork, 1024 Gravity settling clarifiers, 321-3 Gravity take-ups (conveyor belt), 89-90 Greek alphabet, 1072 Greenstone belts, 5,6

Barberton, 35-41 Greywacke, 39, 44, 47 Grid liners, grinding mill

inlet end, 167 outlet end, 168 shell, 173-4

Grindability determination autogenous, 211, 914 Bond,914 for fine materials, 216 relative, 1034-5

Grinding (see also Milling) Bond theory, 140-1 breakage

mechanisms, 135-6 types, 135, 195

closed circuit, 147 control, automatic, 199-201

INDEX

energy requirements, 139-42 regrinding, 216

history, 121-5 media, 178-9

balls, 179 pebbles, 179 rationing, 183-4 rods, 178-9 ROM ore, 179 size, matching to feed size, 179-81 wear, nature of, 181-3 wear, Davis theory, 182-3 wear, Prentice theory, 183

mills, general description, 152-7 autogenous, pebble, 160-2 autogenous, ROM, 160-2 ball, 158-60 design methods, 212-16 design, of rod, ball, pebble and

composite mills, 212-14 design of ROM and SAG mills,

214-16 feeders, 163-6

fine ore, 184-5 coarse ore and pebbles, 185-6

lifter pans, 168-9 liners, end, 166-9 liners, shell, 170-5 operation, automatic, 199-201 operation, principles, 189-201 pebble, 160-2 power drawn by, formulae, 214-15 relining methods, 175-8 rod, 157-8 ROM,160-2 particle breakage in, 125-9 size distributions, 129-35, 136-7 stage, 143-6 theory, 125-47 transport mechanisms in, 137-9

Grizzlies, 73, 74, 91, 94-5 mechanized, 95 pebble selection, 114-15 static, 94 washing on, 92

Grizzly bars, 94 Grootvlei screen (CIP interstage), 471,

472 Group meetings, loss control, 982-3 Guar derivatives

flocculants, 313 flotation reagents, 247, 255, 734

1097

INDEX

Guardhouse, 939 Guidelines, for induction of new

personnel, 983 Gypsey Queen mine, 48 Gyratory crushers, 100-6, 121, 122 Gy's fifty-piece experiment, 753-6 Gy's formulae for sampling precision,

751-3, 759, 765-6

117-18 Heap-leaching, 111, 113, 740-1

tests, 1024 see also Leaching

Hearing loss categories, 989, 991 Hearing protection devices, 989, 992, 998 Heat-exchangers, elution plant, 524, 527,

529 Heating, building, inspection of, 1002-3

H Heavy medium separation

H-carbons, 384-5 tests, 916 Hadsel mill, 124 Heavy minerals Half-cell reactions, 836, 831 distribution in Witwatersrand Handrails, construction of, 954 conglomerates, 26-7 Hangingwall, 69, 70 Hedgehogs (pipe-cleaning), 956 Hard-wired analogue control systems, Helmets, safety, 992

821-2 Hematite, 50, 51 Harrison, George, 1 effect on carbon in CIP, 456 Hartebeestfontein gold mine, 17, 27 formulation in roasting, 59, 346, 347

flotation plants, 235, 255-7, 258, 263, Henry's Law, 333-4 264 Heterogeneous flow

radiometric sorting tests, 738 N ewitt correction, 965, 966 Hastelloy C276, for elution column Hhohho area, Swaziland, gold in, 41, 49

construction, 519 High-rate thickeners, 290 Haulages Hinged rakes, thickener, 281-2

ore transport, 75 Hoisting, 70, 75 pebble, 115 Hold-up, grinding mill, definition, 153 waste disposal, 111-12 control of, 191, 198-9

Haultain Superpanner, 916, 1024 effect of, 138-9, 193 Hazardous chemicals washing-out of, 176

data sheets, 985 Holidays, statutory, 922 cyanide, 986 Hollingworthite, 35

handling, 985 Homestake storage safety, 1006-7 elution system, 481

Hazen-Williams formula, 965 interstage screening, 470, 478 Head Homologous series

cone crusher, 103, 105 for adsorption of organic molecules, gyratory crusher, 101, 102 386, 393

Head drum (conveyor belt), 87, 88 Hopper (rotary filter), 305, 306, 307, 309 Head grade Hopper clarifiers, 321-3

effect on carbon-in-pulp plant, 444-5 Hopper feeders (grinding mill), 165-6 effect on cyanidation residue, 291 Hoppers, storage, 78 effect on filter plant, 445 construction of, 78 in flotation tests, 271-2 Horizontal belt filters, 307-8, 309, 311

Header valve cake discharge, 311 rotary drum filter, 306, 307 capacity, 317

Headgear bin, 73, 74 drainage system, 312 Headroom feed system, 309

over equipment, 942 filtrate system, 309 Health Act, 664, 698 maintenance, 317 Health regulations, dusty atmosphere, zinc-gold slime dewatering, 360


1098

Horizontal outlet branches on pulp pumps, 187

Hot cyclone arsenic recovery system, 351 Humic acids, 24, 862, 863 Hydraulic classifiers, 147-52 Hydraulic gradient, calculation of,

for pipelines, 965 in continuous leaching plants, 297

Hydrocarbons in Witwatersrand conglomerates, 14, 24, 862-3

Hydrochloric acid carbon treatment for calcium salt

removal, 381, 493, 496-7 coated gold treatment, 59 data sheet available, 985 filter cloth treatment, 313 gravity concentrate treatment, 231,

232 pipeline, descaling, 189, 956 precipitation filter treatment, 355 sand bed clarifier treatment, 319 steel wool cathode dissolution, 373

Hydrocyclone classifiers, 124, 150-2, 197-8

design, 207-8 mathematical modelling, 205-7 tests, 1024 theory, 202-5 see also Cyclone classifiers

Hydrocyclone system of tailings dam construction, 671-3

Hydrofluoric acid leaching techniques in mineralogy, 17

Hydrofoil impeller blades, 469 Hydrogen

bonding adsorption on carbon, 385-6 evolution in acid treatment of zinc

gold slime, 357, 895 evolution in cementation, 868 evolution in electrowinning, 551, 566-7

Hydrometallurgy gold, physical chemistry, 836-43 investigations, 1024-5 laboratories, 1022

equipment, 1023 Hydrophobicity

in flotation process, 239-42 Hypersthene, 52 Hysteresis

in pinch valves, 817

I

Idlers, conveyor belt, 87, 88 for filter discharge belts, 950 impact, 88 spacing on weightometer

weighlength, 783 III personnel

care of, 985 Impact breakage, 135-6 Impact idler, 88 Impellers, flotation machine

speed of, 249-50

INDEX

effect on flotation results, 270-1 Impellers, mixing

effect on carbon breakage, 469, 582-3 effect on carbon consumption, 448-9 requirements for, 468-9

Impellers, pump speed, calculations, 967

maximum speeds for various materials, 967, 969

Incident definition, 975 investigation and analysis, 975, 977-82 loss severity potential, 977 preparedness for, 983-7

Inclinometers, tailings dam, 697 Induction furnaces, 367-8

bullion melting, 621 coin alloy melting; 639 gold refining, 621, 625 silver melting, 637 steel wool cathode smelting, 367

Induction, of new employees, 983, 984, 985

Inertia, 219, 227 Infinite time recovery constant (flotation),

268, 271, 272 Information display, 822 Information processing, 745 Injector sampler, 777 Injuries, disabling

care of, 985 definition, 981 frequency rate, formula, 981

Inlet area, cyclone, 208 Inlet end liners, 167

renewal, 178 Inlet trunnion, 153 In-motion train scale, 781-2 Inputs, control, 797

interfering, 803

1099

INDEX

Insoluble alloys of gold, 58

Inspections, planned, 974-5 checklist, 1002-12 critical parts, 975 equipment pre-use, 975 general, 974-5 record sheet, 976

Inspector of Mines dusty atmosphere monitoring

requirements, 117 Instrumentation diagrams, 957 Instrumentation, industrial, 801-2

accuracy, 803-4 calibration, static, 803-4 costs, 802 dynamic response, 804 terminology, 802-3

measurand, 802 primary sensing element, 802-3 sensor, 803 signal processing, 802 transducer, 802

Integrating massmeter, 115, 782-7 Intermediate conveyor (waste disposal),

112 Intermig impeller system, 468 Inter-molecular bonds, 128 Internal Rate of Return, 925, 928-33 International System, of units

base units, 1067 derived units, 1067

Interstage screening methods (CIP), 470-8 'Iodine number', of carbon, 384 Ion exchange

applications to gold recovery, 883-5 comparison with solvent extraction,

887 principles, 877-83 resins

elution, 882-3 regeneration, 883

selectivity, 880-2 Ionic radius of gold in solvent energy

theory, 391 Ionic solvation-energy theory of gold

adsorption, 390-1 Ionic strength of media

effect on gold adsorption, 421-2, 872-4

effect on gold elution, 483-5

effect on silver adsorption, 390-1 Ions

ion-pair theory of adsorption, 392-3 theory of adsorption by carbon, 386

Irarsite, 35 Iridarsenite, 35 Iridium-osmium-ruthenium alloys, 34 lridosmine, 16, 34 Iron

adsorption on carbon, 426 cast, mill liner blocks, 121, 170, 175 cause of bullion sampling errors, 620,

895 in Barberton gold, 56 in bullion from direct smelting of

gravity concentrates, 369 in Witwatersrand gold, 30 in Witwatersrand ores, 18, 27 removal from gravity concentrates,

230-1 Iron arsenates, formation in roasting, 346 Iron oxide

coatings on gold, 32, 58, 219, 222 formation of, during sulphide

roasting, 346-7 Iron sulphides, 14, 15, 16, 17,20, 32, 33,

47,48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60

cause of retractoriness, 219, 237 effect on leaching, 858-9 recovery by flotation, 235, 236, 237,

239, 241, 253-60 recovery by gravity concentration,

231-3 Irrigated float (for pulp level sensing),

265 I shihara colour blindness test, 987 Isoferroplatinum, 35

J

Jacking screws (for conveyor pulleys), 88, 89

Jacks in mill relining, 176

James shaking tables, 227-8. 229,231, 233, 369

Jamesonite, 345 Jamestown area, 41, 43

schist belt, gold in, 45-6 J arosite, 32 Jaw crushers, 74, 98-100, 121


1100

Jaw crushers (cont.)

eccentric, 98, 99 jaw liners, 98 pitman, 98, 99 sample crushing, 766 toggle plates, 98, 99

JCI Mineral Processing Research Laboratory

flotation research, 270-1 on-line gold analysis, 813

Jigs, 226, 1024 JMS flotation plants, 260, 263, 733-4 J ob orientation, 983 Jockey, rope haulage, 75 Johannesburg Subgroup, 12 J ohnson drum concentrator, 221, 224-5,

231, 232 J ohnson press, 357-8

K

Kaapsehoop gold discovery,

Kaapvaal craton, 35, 37, 39 Kalgoorlie goldfields, 121 Kambalda screen, 477-8 KENWALT process simulator, 827 Kerogen, 14, 21, 23-4, 33, 237, 247 Kerosene, 862 Key point tipping, 983 Keyed block liner (grinding mill), 170-1,

175 Keys

in block liner, 171, 176-7 in Osborn bar liner, 170

Kick, Friedrich Comminution Law, 139-40

Kilowatt meter (for grinding mill), 192 Kimberley-E1sburg series, 12

Kimberley Reefs, 13, 16 Kinross gold mine

flat-bottomed leach vessels, 301 Kinross screen (CIP), 471, 472 Kitchens (for arsenic recovery), 351 Klerksdorp goldfield, 2 Klimpel flotation model, 261-2, 268, 271,

272 Kliptek screen (CIP), 471, 472 "kn" model

carbon-in-pulp process, 394, 399-401 Komati valley 41 Komatiites, 37, 39 Kromberg fault, 49

INDEX

Kromdraai gold discovery,

Krugerrand, blank production, 616, 617, 637-40

Krugersdorp Formation, 12

L

L-carbons, 384-5 Laboratories, 1013-29

control, 10 13 group, 1013, 1020-6

equipment, 1022-3 facilities, 1021, 1022 financing, 1021 functions, 1023-5 layout, 1022 reporting, 1021 staffing, 1020-1, 1025-6

Mintek (see under Mintek) on-mine, 1013, 1015-20

advantages & disadvantages, 1020 components, 1016 equipment, 1016, 1017, 1019 functions, 1019 layout, 1015-17, 1018 staffing, 1019-20 storage facilities, 1016-17

university, 1014 Laboratory flotation, 269-72, 1019, 1024

analysis of data, 272 checking of results, 271-2 difficulties

avoiding, 271 equipment-related, 270 sample-related, 269-70 parameter-related, 270-1 reproducibility, 271

methods, 269-71 Laboratory mills (for flotation tests), 270 Laboratory-scale methods (flotation),

269-72 Laboratory testing

of gold ore, 913-17 Ladders, use, safety, 1005 Lamella clarifiers, 323 Langlaagte

chute, 81, 86 feeder, 186 gold discovery, 7

Langmuir adsorption equation, 398, 422 Lap screen, 471, 472 Lashing (ore), 70

1101

INDEX

Laser beam in Microtrac Analyser, 809 in photometric sorter, 109

Launder screen, 471, 472 Launders

construction, 955-6 design, 956 peripheral overflow, 149, 277, 321 shape, 955

Laurite, 34, 35 Law of similitude (for pump speeds), 967 Leaching gold, 277, 291-305

bacterial, 741-3 batch, 295-6 chemical effects, 855-63 chemistry, 854-6 chloride, 866 conditions, 303-4 continuous, 297-300 design calculations, 326-7 dump, 740-3, 1015 factors affecting

antimony sulphides, 860-1 arsenic sulphides, 860 base metal complexes, 861-2 calcium ions, 862 carbonaceous material, 862-3 copper sulphides, 859-60 cyanide concentration, 855-7 fineness of grind, 127, 142-3, 151 head grade, 291 iron sulphides, 858-9 lead nitrate, 857, 860, 861 lead salts, 861 nickel, 858 oxygen, 58, 291, 295, 302, 303 pulp constituents, 857-63 pyrrhotite, 858 sulphur-containing anions, 861 surface active agents, 863

feed pulps, oversize constituents, 459-60

flotation tailings, 238, 723, 727, 734-5 forward, 264 gold losses, 30-2, 58-9, 304-5 heap, 113, 740-1, 1015, 1024 in situ, 740 kinetics, 295-6, 326-7, 449, 450, 454-5,

843 plant

air requirements, 303

bunds, 948 layout, 946-7 mechanical handling equipment,

948 spillage systems, 948

rate (see kinetics) reagents, 291-5 reagents other than cyanide, 863-6 residue retreatment, 727 reverse, 31, 257, 264 simultaneous, gold and uranium, 835 tests, 1019, 1025

rolling bottle, 1046-7 thiocyanate, 865 thiosulphate, 864 thiourea, 864-5, 878 vessels

Lead

air-agitated, 301, 463 air requirements for, 303 drainage system, 948 flat bottomed, 301 interconnections, 947-8 layout, 946-8 mechanically-agitated, 301-3 spillage system, 948

behaviour during silver refining process, 632

bullion, cupellation, 649 effect on reduction of gold cyanide

complexes, 851 refractoriness caused by, 58 salts

in cementation by zinc, 333, 336-7, 866, 868

in leaching, 857, 861 sulphate

behaviour in calcining, 896-7 behaviour in smelting, 897

Lead-bearing ore (Barberton), 50 Lead nitrate

data sheet available, 985 in calcine leaching, 59 in cementation by zinc, 336-7 in gold ore leaching, 857, 861 in zinc-gold slime, 370

Lead-zinc couple in cementation, 333, 336 Leaf clarifiers, 320 Leco sulphur analyser, 266 Leeds & Northrup Microtrac Analyser,

131, 807, 809-10


1102

Leeds flotation cell, 271 Lenses, ore, 70 Lepidocrocite, 51 Leucoxene, 15, 16, 25, 33 Levels, access, to machinery, 942-3 Lewis acid, 836 Lewis, Henry, 1 Liberation of gold, 123, 125-7, 219 Libraries, laboratory, 1022 Lifter arms (grinding mill), 168-9 Lifter bars, 172, 173, 174

spacing, 175 super-elevation, 175

Lifter pan, 139, 153, 154-55, 159, 168, 169

Lifters, 174-5 Lifting devices, thickener rake, 282 Lifts, 943 Ligands, 831-3, 835, 836, 842, 844

donor atoms of, 832, 833 Lighting, 938, 940, 951, 953

inspection of, 1002 Lily fault, 41 Lily mine, 55 Lily syncline, 46 Lime

concentrations in leaching, 291-2, 293 in zinc-dust cementation, 337

consumption rate in leaching, 295 distribution (in-plant), 294, 936 effect on gold adsorption by carbon,

426 handling and storage, 292, 293, 294,

936 in flotation, 246, 255 in thickener feed, 285, 287 on-line measurement, 328, 815 safety precautions, 294 slaking, 294, 936 types available, 292

Linear screen fine carbon recovery, 480 loaded carbon separation, 511 trash removal, 284-5, 286, 460-1

Liner bolts, 174 Liners, grinding mill, 153, 166-78

as gravity concentrators, 228 ball mill, 159 consumption, 162, 175

ball mill, 159 rod mill, 158

INDEX

SAG mill, 162 grid liners, 167, 168 inlet end, 167 outlet end, 167-9 pocketed, 173 renewal, 176-8 rod mill, 158 shell, 170-5

Linnaeite, 20, 52 Liquid level, measurement of, 806

air bubblers, 806 capacitance probes, 806 conductivity probes, 806 differential pressure, 806 float displacement, 806 ultrasonic, 806

Liquid phase effect on thickener capacity, 285

Liquid: solid ratios formulae, 1064-6 tables, 1062-4

Liquid-solid separation, 305-23 Liquids

flow rate, meaurement of, 804-6 sampling of, 778

Liquor, gold-slime dewatering, handling of, 360

Lithium hydroxide, as tracer in flotation, 267

Live load (of ore storage), 77, 78 Load, grinding mill, 153

bulk density, 161, 191, 193, 194, 214 configuration as function of mill

speed, 134, 135 disappearance rate, 196 maximizing transfer of energy in, 196-9 volume related to mill power, 191-3,

200-1 Loading

of conveyor belt, 90 Lock-up

gold

ore

in CIP plant, 399, 401-13 in mill, 789-90 in plant, 790

in bins, 80 in bunkers, 77 in silos, 80 in stockpiles, 79

water in thickeners, 288-9

1103

INDEX

Locking-out, power supply 1004 of conveyor belts, 91 of grinding mills, 176

Log sheets, 958 Longitudinal divergence of grizzley bars,

94 Loss control, 971-1012

accidents investigation and analysis, 975-85 prevention, 973, 974, 977, 982,

985, 986, 993-8 definition, 971 department, 971, 973 Manager's Policy, 974 officers, 973, 977 physical condition standards, 971 programme, 971

steering committee, 974 staff, 971-2

training, 974 Low-level discharge, grinding mill, 139,

153, 168

M

McArthur, 1.S., 333 McKelvey concentrator, 223, .224 Machine guarding, 117, 1004 Magaliesberg

gold occurrence, 1 Magmatic cycles, 39 Magnetic drum separators, for separating

iron from concentrates, 230 Magnetic flowmeters, 786-7, 805-6

calibration, 786, 787, 1019 installation, 188, 806

Magnetic separation testwork, 1024 Magnetic tramp-iron removal equipment,

107 Magnetite

formation in roasting, 16, 52, 346, 347

Magnets conveyor belt, 107 separation of iron from concentrates

with, 230, 369 Main-Bird series, 12 Main Reef, 1, 9, 12,13 Main Reef Leader, 9, 12, 13 Maintenance, ease of

factors in, 938 Manager's Policy

in loss control, 974 Manganese

compounds as coatings on gold, 58 dioxide in smelting flux, 369, 370,

371, 899 Manganese steel

crusher liners, 98 grinding mill liners, 167, 170, 171,

172,173,174, 175 Manhattan Project, 33 Manholes

in grinding mills, 154 in leach vessels, 948

Manifold pipe, for tailings dam cyclone feed, 677

Mantle (crusher), 101, 102, 103 Manual pebble selection, 114 Manual waste sorting, 107-8 Marcasite, 52, 858 Marievale plant, 123 Mass

conversion tables, 1059 operating mills, measurement of, 201

Mass balance, 759 in flotation, 266-7 in CIP plant, 393, 394 in sampling accuracy determination, 759

Mass flow measurement, 780-7, 804 in crusher station, 115-16 in milling plant, 187 moisture determination, 785-6 see also Measurements

Massmeter, integrating electromechanical, 782-5

calibration 782-5 in crusher station, 115 in milling plant, 187 magnetic, 804-6 nuclear, 785

calibration, 785 Materials handling, 936-7, 938

safety, 1005 Mathematical descriptions of size

distribution, 131-5 Mathematical models

CIP, 373-99, 400 cyclone classifier, 205-7 elution, 489-92 flotation, 261-2, 268-9

Matrix, of Witwatersrand reefs, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20

Note: pages 1 - 614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 - 1072 in Volume 2.

1104

Matte, 648 Mauch, Carl, Maucherite, 52 Mean residence time

in CIP, 463 in flotation, 261-2 in grinding mills, 137-9, 198 in leach vessels, 297-8, 327

Measurement errors, 803-4 Measurements

basic physical, 804-10 chemical, 810-15 conversion tables, 1054-70 distribution of, 747-50 liquid level, 806 mass of mills, 201 mass flow rate, 745, 780-7, 804, 806 precision, 746 process, 801-17 repeat ability of, 745, 746, 804 static calibration, 804

Mechanical agitation in adsorption vessels, 463, 468, 469 in flotation conditioning, 264 in leach vessels, 301-3

Mechanical conditioning (flotation), 264 Mechanical draft tube recirculator tank,

301-3,465, 468, 469 Mechanical handling equipment, 936,

938 safety measures, 1005

Mechanized grizzlies, 95 Mechanized waste sorting, 108-11 Medical Bureau for Occupational

Diseases, 987 Medical stations, 985 Megamines, 260 Mercaptobenzothiazole collector, 255 Mercury

condensation, 352-4 distillation, 352, 353 effect on gold-cyanide complex

reduction, 851 gold recovery with, 220-3, 230, 232 hazards of vapour, 353 in Witwatersrand gold, 28, 30 mineralization, in Barberton ore, 50 precautions, 354 weighing, 377

Merriespruit flotation plant, 235 residue retreatment plant, 715

INDEX

Merrill-Crowe zinc dust precipitation (cementation), 333-42

chemistry, 866-9 circuit, 335, 336, 388 clean-up, 341, 342, 355 cyanide and alkalinity levels, 337 de-aeration, 333-6 feed clarity, 333-4 operation, 337-42 Stellar pressure filters, 341-2 vacuum leaf filters (pits), 338 zinc and lead nitrate feeding, 336-7

Metal-cyanide complex adsorption, 426-7 Metal detectors, 107 Metal plate decks (vibrating screen), 96 Metallurgical accounting, 787-90

call system, 788-9 solids, 788 solution, 788

gold call, 788 primary, 789 secondary, 789-90

Metallurgical testwork, 909-17, 1019, 1023-5, 1027-9, 1032-51

Metamorphic grades, 13 Metamorphism

cause of gold recrystallization, 17 contact (in Barberton greenstone belt),

39 Metasilicate, sodium

formation of, in slag, 371 Methanol elution, 481-2, 877 Methylisobutylcarbinol (flotation reagent),

734 Mica, 52 Michenerite, 35 Micron solvent-distillation process, 893 Micropanner, 916 Microprobe analysis, 51, 911, 1025

of Barberton gold in-situ, 56 of PGM metals in Witwatersrand ore,

34-5 of Witwatersrand gold in-situ, 28-30

Microprocessors, 201, 823 Microscopy

in gold distribution studies, 26-7 in mineralogical examination, 911

Microtrac Analyser, 131,807, 809-10 Middelvlei Reef, 12 Migmatites, 39, 41 Milk of lime, 294, 305 Mill gold, analysis, 370

1105

INDEX

Mill, grinding autogenous, 160-2 ball, 123, 158-60 breakage in, 135-7 capital and operating costs

conventional v. ROM, 161, 162 design, 212-16 feeders, 163-6 grinding media, 178

balls, 179 pebbles, 179, 182 rationing, 183-4 rods, 178-9 wear, 179-83

hold-up, 138, 153 liners, 166-78

as concentrators, 228, 232 load, 153, 161, 189

culling, 58 density, 161, 191, 193, 194, 214 motion, 135 volume, 191, 193 volume, control of, 191-3, 200-1

low-level discharge, 153-4 motion of ore through, 137-9 overflow-type, 153 pebble, 121, 160-1, 162, 163 power draft, 161, 175, 189-95, 198,

212-16 formulae, 214, 215

rod, 157-8 speed, 139, 157, 158, 159, 162, 190-1

critical, 135, 1068 types, 152-3

Miller, F.B., 615 Miller chlorine process, 615, 621-3

Millerite, 52 Milling, 121-201

autogenous, 160-2 automatic control, 199-201 continuous, 137

design methods, 212-16 multi-stage, 162-3 objectives, 189 operating principles, 189-99 pebble, 121, 160, 161, 162, 163, 192 rod, 157-8 run-of-mine (ROM), 124, 160, 161,

162, 163, 192, 194, 195, 196 semi-autogenous (SAG), 161, 162,

193, 194, 195, 196

stage, 145 tests, 210, 211, 914, 1019, 1024, 1034-5 theory, 125-47 three-stage plants, 123 transport in mill, 137-9 two-stage plants, 123, 213

Mineralogical examination (in ore testing), 911, 1023, 1025

Mineralogy Barberton ores, 49-58 Witwatersrand ores, 15-30

Mineralogy, equipment, 1023 Minerals

troublesome, identification, 911 Minerals Research Laboratory, 1026 Mines & Works Act, of 1911, 122-3 Mines and Works Act (Act No. 27 of

1956), 91, 106, 117, 665, 666, 698 statutory holidays, 922

Minicomputers, 822-3 Mintek, 50, 1013, 1021, 1022, 1026-9

see also Council for Mineral Technology

Mintek carbon activity meter, 815-17 Mintek carbon-in-pulp pilot plant, 445-6,

449, 470 elution, 489-92, 505 elutriator design, 512

Mintek on-line instrumentation, 265 carbon and resin concentration, 815 gold in solution, 813 pulp level, 265

Mintek steel wool cell, 554, 559, 891 operating experience, 561-70

Mixed potential electrochemical model of gold dissolution, 854-6

Mixing in tumbling mills, 138 theory of, in stirred vessels, 297-9

Mixing equipment for CIP, 463-9 air mixing, 463 carbon breakage by, 581-3 draft tube circulators, 463 mechanical mixing, 463-9 open tank, 463, 468

Modder Deep flotation plant, 235

Modderfontein, 74 residue retreatment plant, 716

Models as aids in plant design, 941


1lO6

Modified guar depressant, 247, 255, 734 flocculant, 313

Moisture content, effect on screening, 97 determination, for mass measurement,

785-6, 1019 Moisture trap

of filtrate system, 309 'Molasses number', 384 Monarch Reef, 12, 15 Monazite, 16, 33 Moncheite, 35 Mono-modal size distribution, 136 Moodies

group, 37, 39 Hills, 46-7

Motor truck transport ore, 76 waste, 112

Mould trolley, 372 Moulds

bullion, 366-7, 368-9 'button', 364, 368, 372

Movable chutes (for pebble selection), 115 Moving belt feeder, 83, 184 Moving jaw (jaw crusher), 98, 99 Muffle roasting laboratory, 1048 Multi-deck shaking tables, 228 Multi-stage milling, 162-3 Multiple tray calcining furnace, 361, 362 Murchison Range

gold occurrence, 1 Muscovite, 15, 20, 27, 52, 257

N

N atalia Reef, 1 National Institute for Metallurgy, 50,

1026 Needle valves, 817 Nernst equation, 551, 837 Nett Present Value

as affected by waste sorting, 113-14 calculation of, 928-33

Neutron activation analysis of Witwatersrand gold, 30

New Consort gold mine, 45, 46, 52, 54, 56

New Machavie mine, 26 Newitt correction

for heterogeneous flow, 965 for homogeneous flow, 966

INDEX

Ni-hard, 171, 175 Niccolite, 52 Nickel, 17, 30, 33, 56, 497

adsorption by carbon, 426, 603, 604, 608

effect on cyanidation, 858 elution from carbon, 481 recovered by solvent-extraction

process, 885 Nicrofer, 519 NIM graphite cell, 557-9 NIMCIX column adsorption system, 594,

595-8, 603-7 advantages & disadvantages, 598 operation, 595, 598 shortcomings, 595

Nitre in smelting calcined cathodes, 373, 899 in smelting flux, 371

Nitric acid treatment of osmiridium concentrates,

230, 232 Noise

control, 119, 1003 -induced deafness, 989-91

Noise level target, 119 Noise pollution, 989 Noise suppression, 119, 989 North Reef, 12 Nuclear conveyor belt massmeters, 784-5 Nuclear density gauge, 266, 284, 807 Nuclear Development Corporation, 33 Nuclear Fuels Corporation of South

Africa, 723

o Observation, task

informal, 999 planned, 999-1001

Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act, 987

Odendaalsrus district gold prospecting, 2

Off-gases from roasters, treatment of, 350-1

Oleum, 723 OLGA Mark III Gold Analyser, 811 Olifants River

gold find, 1 On-line determination

of alkalinity, 328, 815 of carbon concentration, 815

11 fV'" .l.lVI

INDEX

On-line determination (cont.) of cyanide, 328, 814-15 of gold, 811-13 of pH, 328, 815 of sulphur, 266

On-line measurement of reagent concentrations, 294-5

Onverwacht group, 37, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 49

Open circuits flotation, 263 milling, 143

Open-end discharge, 153, 154, 155, 169 Open tank mixers, 303, 463, 468 Open top cyclones, 208 Operation, ease of

factors in, 937-8 Opportunity cost, of money, 928 Optimization, non-linear, 791 Optimum load volume, grinding mill,

191-2 Orange Free State

gold mines, production, 2-4 Orangite, 33 Ore

crushing, 98-107 feed sizing

effect in ROM milling, 192, 195-6 significance for grinding media

size, 179-81 feeders, 80-5, 184-6 fracture, 128-9 lock-up, 77, 79, 80 run-of-mine, sizing, 179, 180, 181 storage, 76-80 stream

deflection of, for pebble supply, 115

testing, 909-17,1019,1024-5,1027 transport, 70, 75-6, 87-91 washing, 72, 74, 91-4 see also Refractory ore

Orebody sampling of, 909-10

Ore-dressing, laboratory equipment, 1022-3

functions, 1023-6 Ore-pass system, 70 Organic cellulose fibres (as filter aids),

319 Organic molecules

adsorption onto carbon, 386, 431-5, 456, 531

Organic solvent, in elution, 481-3, 486 Orifice plate

for control of leach-vessel air, 302 for fluid flow measurement, 804

Orpiment, effect in gold leaching, 860 Osarsite, 35 Osborn bar liner, 159, 170, 175 Osborn liner bars as grizzley bars, 94 Osmiridium, 34-5, 173, 222, 228, 230,

232, 366, 369, 370, 619, 620, 626 Outlet end liner, 167-9 Outlet trunnion, 153 Outokumpu

flotation cells, 260 Outputs, control, 797 Overalls, 375, 377, 992, 997, 998 Overflow classifier, size distribution, 159,

200,207, 920 Overflow dam, 953 Overflow density, cyclone, 151, 198, 920,

922 Overflow launder, peripheral

classifier, 149 thickener, 277

Overflow-type tumbling grinding mill, 153 Overflow water, thickener, 284, 289

collection system, 946 Overflow weir

classifier, 148 tailings dam, 681, 684, 701, 703, 704 thickener, 279, 284

Over-grinding, 151 Overhead ropeways, 76 Over-inspection, 974-5 Overload protection, thickener, 281-2 Overloading, grinding mill, 198, 199 Oversize particles

in CIP plant feed, 459-60 Oxidation

of base metals during calcining, 361, 896

of base metals during smelting, 363, 899

role of activated carbon, 387, 389, 392-3

state, gold complexes, 831-3 Oxides of iron

as coating on gold, 32, 58, 59, 219, 222, 304


1108

Oxides of iron (cont.)

in Barberton ore, 58 in Witwatersrand ore, 15

Oxidized gold ores Barberton, 54-5, 58 Witwatersrand, 32

Oxygen adsorption by carbon, 437 adsorption during roasting, 347 enrichment, in blast furnace, 646 in carbon activity, 385, 427-9 in gold cementation, 333-4 in leaching, 291, 295, 303, 851, 854,

856-7 in pyrite roasting, 347 partial pressures, 230

Oxygen-consuming constituents of gold ores, 58, 857, 858, 860

Oxygen, reduction, cathodic, 851-4, 867 in electrolytic cell, 894

Ozone, 866

p

Pachuca tanks, 122,295,298,299, 300, 301, 321

P acked-bed electrowinning cells, 554-61, 891

Paddock system, of tailings dam construction, 658, 669, 670-1, 677, 682-3, 686

Pan conveyor, 83-4, 186 Pan furnace, 649

smelting in, 649-51 Paragenesis

of Barberton ore minerals, 57-8 Parallel rod screening surface, 95-6 Particle Size Monitor, 131, 807-9

air eliminator, 808 Particles, gold

size distribution, 21, 22, 125, 126,237 Particles, ore

size distribution, 129-35, 179, 180, 181 determination of, 129-31, 1036-40 on-line determination of, 131,

807-11 relation to grinding media size,

143-4, 179-81 size effect on settlement rate (Stokes'

law), 147-8 in thickeners, 287

size of flotation feed, 127, 250 size reduction in milling, 125, 127,

INDEX

128, 129, 135-6, 139-43, 181-3,

195-6 Passivation, 847-8, 857, 865, 866

in electrowinning, 894 Pay shoots, 27 Peak-seeking technique

in mill power control, 200-1 Pebble competence testing, 210-11,914 Pebble consumption rate, 179, 182 Pebble feed control

automatic, 200-1, 825 Pebble feeders, 185-6 Pebble milling, 72, 113, 121-3, 124, 144,

160-2, 179, 182, 192-6 design, 212-14 operation, 192, 196-9 see also Milling

Pebble selection, 72, 73, 74, 114-15 Pebble storage, 115 Pebble transport, 115 Pebble wear rate in milling, 179-82,

192-4, 196, 199 Pebbles

in conglomerates, 14, 15 Pendulum crushing, 210 Penstock decants, 671, 680-2, 683, 684,

701-5 Pentlandite, 13, 16, 20, 23, 52, 53, 57 Periodic table, of the elements, 1071 Peripheral discharge, grinding mill, 139,

153-4, 169 Peripheral overflow launder

classifier, 149 thickener, 277

Periphery screens, CIP, 471 pH value

automatic control of, by CYCAD system, 328, 815

changes at electrodes in electrowinning, 551-2

effect on calcium fouling of carbon, 437-8

effect on electrowinning, 566 on anode corrosion, 566

effect on cementation of gold, 868 effect on elution column corrosion,

519 effect on flotation pulp conditioning,

264-5 effect on gold adsorption, 423, 425, 426 effect on gold dissolution, 838-42, 862 of flotation pulp, 243-5

11 nC\ iiV;/

INDEX

pH value (cont.)

measurement of, 265, 328, 815 potential-pH diagrams (Pourbaix

diagrams), 519-21, 838-41 Phenolic surface oxides, of carbon, 385 Photogrammetry

aerial, 712-14 terrestrial, 714

Photometric sorting, 109, 11 0 Phreatic surface

of tailings dam, 685, 686, 687-9, 691, 692, 694-5

Phyllosilicates, 13, 15, 20, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31

Physical Condition Rating Programme, 973

Physical Condition Ratings checklist, 1002-12

Pier-mounted thickener drives, 281 Piezometers, 696-8 Pigg's Peak

area, 41, 49 mine, 49

Pilgrim's Rest gold prospecting, 1

Pilot plants, 917, 1014, 1029-33 design of, 1031

computer-aided, 1031 instrumentation, 1030 investigation, types of, 1032-3 mobile, 1032 operations, 1024, 1031 reasons for, 1014, 1029 scale-up, 261, 1030-1 siting, 1014, 1031-2 staffing, 1014 testing, 917

objectives, 1029-30 types, 1030

Pinch valves, 188, 817 Pine oil, 242-3 Pinions, grinding mill, 155, 157 Pipe racks, 937 Pipe sampler, 776-7 Pipeline

descaling, 189, 956 design, 956, 963-6 equivalent length, 967

of fittings, 967 friction loss, 965, 967, 968 materials, 685, 956

milling plant, 188, 189 rubber lining, 188, 676, 956 siting, 937 tailings, 976-7 transportation, 935-6 velocity

actual, 965 limiting, 963

Piping, acid treatment, 189, 956 Piping and Instrumentation Diagrams, 957 Pitman (jaw crusher), 98, 99 Placers, 5, 13-16 Plane table concentrator, 221, 225-6, 232-3 Planned Maintenance Department, 975 Planned task observations, 971, 973,

999-1001 Plant acceptance tests, 961 Plant commissioning

cold, 958-9 hot, 959 importance of punctuality, 907 personnel, 958 practical tips, 960-1 safety, 958

Plant construction metallurgical involvement, 957 organizations for, 907-8

Plant control procedures development, 820, 1019

Plant design computer-aided, 941 details, 941-57 general arrangement, 933-41 importance of good design, 907 metallurgical involvement, 908, 917 organizations for, 907-8 procedure, 908-33 use of models in, 941

Plant drainage, 953 Plant expansion

provision for, 940-1 Plant layout

principles, 935 Plant lighting, natural, 953 Plant manager designate

involvement in design and commissioning, 957-9

Plant security, 376-7, 939-40, 985-6

Plant site selection, 934-5 survey, 933-4

Note: pages 1 - 614 are in Volume I, pages 615 - 1072 in Volume 2.

1110

Plant structural steelwork, 953 Plate-and-frame filter press, 355, 357, 358 Plate-and-frame heat-exchangers, 527 Plate-type screening surface, 96 Platforms, operating, 943 Platiniridium, 34 Platinum group metals, 16, 20, 26, 33,

34-5 cause of bullion assay errors, 620 in electrolytic gold refining, 627 refining by solvent extraction method,

887-8 research, 1013

Platinum plant tailings, size distribution, 668-9

Plies, conveyor belting, 88 Plough discharge, conveyor belt, 90 Plough feeders, 84-5 Plug flow, in grinding mills, 138 Plug-type valves, 188, 817 Pocketed liners, 173 Pollution

control, development, 1019, 1024 control, tailings dams, 663-5, 666-8 from sulphide roasting, 346 see also Air pollution

Polyacrylamides, 287, 313 Polyglycol ether, 734 Polymer matrix

in ion exchange, 877-8 Polymers, 24, 287-8 Polymetron system, 294 Polypropyl glycol ethers, 242-3 Polypropylene

in electrowinning cell construction, 561-2

Polythionates, 858, 861 Polyurethane

in reciprocating plate feeder, 82-3 on screen decks, 96, 97, 119, 460 on shaking tables, 228

Pongola Sequence, 37 Potassium-bearing phyllosilicates, 27 Potassium cyanide

in elution, 481 in intensive cyanidation, 857

Potassium nitrate (nitre) in smelting flux, 369, 371

Potential, mixed, 854, 866 Potentiometric titration system

CYCAD, 328, 815 Pourbaix diagrams, 519-20, 838-41

INDEX

Power availability maximization, 189-91 autogenous (ROM) mills, 192-3, 200-1

ball mills, 191-2 composite load mills, 193-5 pebble mills, 192 rod mills, 191-2

automatic, 200-1 effect of feed size in ROM and SAG

mills, 195-6 Power draft

tumbling mills in general, 161, 189, 190-1, 198,214

autogenous mills, 161-2, 215 ball mills, 159, 214 composite load mills, 161, 214 pebble mills, 214 rod mills, 214

Power utilization maximization, 196-9 automatic, 201

Pre-aeration to oxidize reducing substances in pulps, 59, 304, 859

Precipitated gold, in Witwatersrand ores, 24

Precipitation kinetics, 843, 849, 854, 867-9

Precipitation, chemical of gold, 889-90

Precipitation, electrolytic, 332, 550-70, 890-4

Precipitation feed solutions characteristics, 331, 332

Precipitation process, zinc dust, 333-42 monitoring, 342 pressure candle filter precipitation,

341-2 solution preparation, 333-7

alkalinity level, 337 clarification, 333 cyanide level, 337 de-aeration, 333 lead addition, 336-7 zinc addition, 336-7

vacuum leaf (Merrill) precipitation, 338, 339

Precipitation units siting of, 951

Pre-coat filtration for solution clarification, 319-20 for zinc-gold slime de-watering, 358-60

Pre-coat mixing tank, 359 Premises

planned inspection checklist, 1002-4

1111

INDEX

Prentice, T.K. ball wear theory, 182-3

Present Value, calculation, 927-33 President Brand carbon-in-pulp plant

AARL elution procedure in, 493 calcine treatment, 455-6

President Brand gold mine residue retreatment, 731-5

President Steyn gold mine, 2, 21, 124 gravity concentration circuit, 231-2 residue retreatment, 731

Pressure candle filters in clarification, 320-1, 322 in zinc dust precipitation, 341-2

Pressure precipitation, 341-2 Pressure pre-oxidation (as alternative to

roasting), 229, 237 Pressure sand filters, 318-19 Pressure transducer, 818 Primary concentrator, 221, 224, 232 Primary crushing, 73, 74, 100 Primary mill discharge pulps, pumping

of, 187 Primary mills, 157, 159, 161, 162, 197 Primary screens, 73, 74, 93 Prince Albert district

gold occurrence, 1 Probability of loss, 995 Process control, 745, 793-829

analogue, 821-2 automatic, 820 computer, 822-4 history, 794 manual, 820 objectives, 795-6 principles, 795-801 system design, 819-28

Process evaluation, 745-92 components, 745-6 definition, 745 mass measurement, 780-7 metallurgical accounting, 787-90 sample preparation, 778-80 sampling

practice, 759-78 theory, 751-9

statistics, 746-50 use of computers in, 790-1

Process measurements, 801-17 Process variables, classification of, 796-7

inputs, 797

outputs, 797 Product size distributions, mill, 196

automatic control, 199 Profile

of mill liner, 171, 172, 174-5 Profitability, maximization, 927-33 Programmable logic controllers, 823, 824,

825 Project team, plant design and

construction, 908, 957 Promise Reef, 7 PROSCON supervisory system, 824, 825,

826, 827 Protective clothing, 375, 377, 991-2, 998

Protective equipment personal, 971, 991-2, 997, 998,1010

Proterozoic basin, 37 Pulleys, conveyor, 87, 88 Pulp, 301-3

aeration, 301-3 conditioning, for flotation, 264-5 density

conversion tables, 1062-4 effect on cyclone size splits, 151,

205-7 in flotation, 265-6 in leaching, 303-4 in rod milling, 158 in tailings dam construction, 675-6 measurement of, 807-9 thickener feed, 284

density control in flotation, 265-6 in milling, 191, 197-9 in thickening, 283-4

depth in flotation, 249 measurement of, 265

dilution (see density) filtration rates

measurement of, 1044-6 filtration system for extraction of

solution sample, 328, 813-14 mass flow measurement, 786-7 mean residence time

in flotation, 249, 261, 262 in grinding mill, 13 8, 198 in leaching, 297-8

moisture content, conversion tables, 1062-4

paramaters formulae, 1064-6


111" .1..1..1."'"

Pulp (cont.) pH control, 265, 810, 815 pre-aeration, 59, 304, 859 residence time (see mean residence

time) sample preparation, 778-80 sampling of, 771-7 settlement rates, 324, 325

measurement of, 1041-4 size distribution, 129-35, 157, 159,

199, 207 determination of, 1036-40 of cyclone products, calculation,

205-7 transport of, 935-6 trash removal from, 284-5, 459-61 viscosity of, 283 water:solid ratio

conversion tables, 1062-4 measurement of, 807

Pump selection, 956-7, 967, 969 Pumping

water, 936 Pumps

carbon transfer, 479 breakage in, 575-81 recessed imp ell er, 479

impeller tip speeds for various materials, 967, 969

milling plant, 187-8 tailings, 676, 677 thickener underflow, 283 vacuum, 313-14

Punch lists, 959 Punched plate screening surfaces, 96 'Purple of Cassius' test, 338, 342 PVC gloves, 992 Pyrite

as cause of refractoriness, 31, 58, 219, 237, 345

concentrates bacterial leaching, 237, 743 CIP treatment, 455 roasting, 253, 257, 345-52

effect on gold leaching, 858-9 flotation of, 251-66, 345-6 gravity concentration of, 219-28, 23 1-3 in Barberton ores, 44, 47, 48, 50,. 5 I,

52, 53, 54, 57 in Witwatersrand ores, 13, 14, 15, 20,

25,26,27-8,31,33,35,50,51, 52

preferential grinding of, 123 Pyrometallurgy

definition, 345 of gold, 345-77

Pyrophyllite, 15, 27

INDEX

depression of, in flotation, 246, 247 effect of pH on flotation of, 243-4,

245 Pyrrhotite, 13, 14, 16, 20, 23, 25, 26, 32,

50, 51, 52, 57, 237, 345 effect on leaching, 858

Q Quartz, 14, 15,20,25,26,31,33,43,46,

47,51,52,53,54,55,246 Quartzite, 13, 25, 43, 54, 70, 71, 179 Quinone-hydroquinone couple, in

reducing property of carbon, 386, 392

Quinone-type carbonyl on carbon surface, 863

R

Rabble arms, 348 Rabbled hearth roaster, 348-9 Radial doors

of chute feeders, 80, 81, 184 Radioactive constituents of Witwatersrand

gold ores, 21-4 Radioactive tracer tests

in flotation, 267 Radioactivity in gold ore

use in waste sorting, 110-1 I Radiometric sorting, 110, III

in waste rock re treatment, 738 Rail liners

in grinding mills, 170 in silos, 79

Rail transport on mines, 75

Rake classifiers, 94, 122, 123, 124, 149, 150, 163

Rakes, classifier reciprocating, 149 spiral, 150

Rakes, thickener, 279, 280-2 drives, 281

power, 281 torque rating, 28 I

hinged, 281-2 lifting devices, 282 monitoring, 290

1113

INDEX

Rakes, thickener (cont.)

overload protection, 281-2 Rand Mines Milling & Mining, tailings

retreatment plant, 715-16, 724-31, 1015

flowsheet, 724-6 operating problems, 730-1 operating results, 731 solution balance, 730

Rand Refinery, 363, 367, 369, 371, 373, 374, 375, 894-5

bullion acceptance procedure, 619-20, 894-5

bullion, crude, initial weighing, 619 bullion, crude, melting and sampling,

619-21 by-products treatment, 641-52 (see also Rand Refinery, by-products

treatment) chlorides, degolding of, 626 coin blank production, 637-40 (see also Rand Refinery, coin blank

production) computerization, 652 functions, 616-17 furnaces, 621, 623, 625, 626, 637, 639,

648, 649 Gold Refining Branch, 618-30

fume recovery, 627, 628-30 history, 615-16 metallurgical control, 617 metallurgical surplus, distribution of,

617 percentages of gold and silver credited

to depositors, 617 refining process, gold

chlorine (Miller), 621-6 electrolytic, 626-8

refining process, silver, 630-7 sampling, 619-20, 623, 639, 641-3 Silver Refining Branch, 630-7 smelter, 641-52 sweep treatment, 630 see also Gold refining

Rand Refinery, by-products treatment; 641-52

bag filters, 651-2 blast furnace smelting, 644-8 blending, 643 cupellation, 648-9, 650, 651 fume collection, 651-2

furnace charge, composition of, 643-4 modernization, 652 pan furnace smelting, 649, 651 sampling, 641-3 sintering, 643-4 smelter, 641-52

Rand Refinery, coin blank 'production, 637-40

continuous casting of strip, 639 grinding, 639 history, 637-8 inspection, 640 punching, 639 strip rolling, 639 weighing, 639-40

Randfontein Estates gold mine Composite Reef, 27 Cooke gold plant control system,

825-7 Rate constant

adsorption, 393, 394, 395, 396, 399, 401,419-20,422,425,429-31, 433, 434, 439-43, 444, 448, 871-2

desorption, 399 elution, 489, 490, 491 flotation, 261, 262, 272 in regeneration, 534-7 leaching, 449

Rattle, of grinding mills, 198 Reactor clarifier, 321-2 Reactor mixing theory, 261-2, 297-9, 490 Reagents, flotation, 239-47, 253, 255,

257, 734 effect on adsorption, 435, 456 effect on electrowinning, 568-9 evaluation, 734 flow control, 266

Reagents, leaching, 291-2 addition methods, 293 consumption, 295 distribution, 936 interruption of supply, 305 monitoring of concentrations, 294 on-line measurement, 294, 328, 814, 815 storage, 936 strength, 291 types available, 292

Realgar, effect on leaching, 860 Reciprocating exhaust pumps (filter

vacuum), 313-14


1 1 1 It 111"+

Reciprocating mechanical rakes (classifier), 149

Reciprocating plate feeder, 82-3, 185, 186 Recleaner cells, 255, 256, 258, 263 Record keeping

in rod and ball mill load level control, 192

of gold-bearing products, 377 of new plant, 958-9

Recrystallization of gold, 17, 20, 25, 27

Rectangular chutes dimensions, 85

Redox system, 386, 567 Re-dressing, of concentrates, 228 Reduction ratios

in crushing, 72, 102 in rod mills, 158

Reef picking, 111 Reefs, definition, 5, 69 Refined bullion

see Bullion Reflectivity

in photometric sorting, 109 Refractory ore

Barberton area, 51-4 causes of refractoriness, 51, 219, 237,

304 definition, 50, 345 gold particle size in, 237 methods of treatment, 58-9, 220, 237,

345 see also Ore

Regeneration, chemical carbon, 530 ion exchange resins, 883

Regeneration, thermal, of carbon, 531-50 carbon breakage in, 583 furnace atmosphere, 534-7 oxidation of carbonaceous residues,

533 principles, 531-33 response of adsorbates, 532, 533 Rintoul kilns, 547-50 rotary kilns, 541-7

carbon temperature, 542-4 heat transfer, 545 materials of construction, 546-7 quenching, 546 retention time, 545-6

stages in, 531 structural changes during, 539-41

INDEX

temperature and residence time, 537-41

Regrind mills, 159, 216 Reichert spirals, 233 Reject fraction

in waste sorting, 109, 110 Reject rock

disposal, 111-13 Relining methods, grinding mills, 175-8 Remedial action, responsibilities, 974 Replacement

of matrix material by gold, 20 Reproducibility

of laboratory flotation results, 271 Repulper, 311, 718, 719, 950 Repulper feed conveyor, 309, 718-19, 950 Repulper tank, 311 Research programme,

steps in, 1029 Reserve Bank, 617, 618 Residence time

carbon-in-pulp adsorption, 405, 407 in continuous leaching, 297-99, 305 in flotation, 248-9, 257, 260, 261, 262,

267,268 in grinding mills, 137-9, 198 of ore in plant, 789

Residue dams area required, 934-5 siting, 934 see also Residue dumps; Slimes dams;

Tailings dams; Tailings dumps Residue dams, reclamation

bucket-wheel excavator, 716-19 monitor guns, 721 monitoring, hydraulic 716, 721, 726 operations, 720-4, 726

Residue dumps retreatment

at Blyvooruitzicht, 715, 716-19 at Chemwes, 715 at East Rand Gold (ERGO), 715,

719-24 at Joint Metallurgical Scheme

(JMS), 715, 731-6 at Merriespruit, 715 at Rand Mines Milling & Mining,

715, 724-31 role of mine surveyors in assessing,

709 sampling, 709-10, 720, 910-11 Sandrill sampling, 710, 711

1115

INDEX

Residue dumps (cont.) surveying

tacheometric, 711-14 values, determination of by Digital

Terrain Model (DTM), 714 volumes, determining of, 712, 714,

720, 721 Residue dumps, reclamation

bucket-wheel excavator, 716-19 hydraulic monitoring, 716, 719, 721,

726 pipelines, 720 pump stations, 720

overflow catchment area, 720 repulper, 718-19 sand, 726-7 trash removal screens, 719, 720, 726

Residue retreatment, 707-43 acid production, 716, 723, 731, 735 bacterial leaching, 741-3 carbon-in-pulp, 455-6, 457, 716, 723,

726, 727-9, 731, 735-6 leaching, 723, 727, 734-5 operating problems, at RM3, 730-1 operating results, at RM3, 731 plants, 715-36

Blyvooruitzicht, 715 Chemwes, 715 City Deep, 716 ERGO, 715, 722-4 Joint Metallurgical Scheme, 715,

716, 731-6 M erriespruit, 715 Rand Mines Milling & Mining,

715-16, 724-31 pyrite concentrates, 723, 729, 735 roasting of pyrite concentrates, 723,

735 calcine treatment, 723, 735-6

sand process development, 724-6 reclamation, 726-7 treatment, 727

solution balance, at RM3, 730 sources of feed, 707-8 treatment of flotation concentrates,

723, 727, 729, 733-4, 735 treatment of flotation tailings, 723,

727, 734-5 uranium extraction, 715, 716, 723,

731, 732

Residues disposal, 655-706, 934 pumping, 676-7, 934-5 use of mine backfill, 112

Resin concentration meter, 815 Resin-in-pulp process, 884-5

research in, 1028 Resins, ion exchange, 877-8, 882-3 Resuscitation equipment, 985 Retention time

see Residence time Retort boats, 352, 353 Retort furnace, 352-3 Retorting

of gold amalgam, 220-1, 352-4 of iron, 231 weighing of the amalgam, 377

Return dams recycling of gold, 328, 584

Return idlers, 87, 88 Return water, tailings dam

management, 677-80 system, 657, 660,680-3, 706

Return water tank, 277, 289, 946 Reverberatory furnaces, 364, 369, 370,

371-2, 649 Reverse leaching, 31, 257, 264 Rhenosterhoek Subgroup, 6, 7, 8 Rhodesian craton, 35 Rhodium, 34 Rhodium sulphide, 35 Riding ring, grinding mill, 154 Riffle belt concentrator, 221, 226-7, 231,

232 Riffler, spinning, 762, 778-9, 1022 Riffles, 220, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228 Riffling, 913 Ring main, 294, 936 Rintoul kilns, 547-50 Risk areas, dust, 987 Road transport

concentrates, 735 reagents, 292, 293 rock, 76, 112 stores, 936, 939

Roads, in-plant, 939 Roasters

duplex, 348 Edwards, 59, 228, 253, 348-9 fluid bed (fluosolids), 228-9, 347,

349-50, 723


1116

Roasters (cont.) rabbled hearth, 348-9 simplex, 348

Roasting, muffle (laboratory), 1048-9 Roasting process

adsorption of oxygen, 347 chemistry, 346-7 physical reactions, 347 refractory ore, 58, 59, 235, 345-6 testing, 916, 1025, 1032 treatment of gases, 350-1 two-stage, 350 types of furnace, 348-50

Rock dumps waste construction, 111-12 reclamation, 738-9 retreatment, 708-9, 736-40 sampling, 910, 912 siting, 934, 941

Rock mattresses, 701 Rod mills

automatic control, 200 description, 157-8 design, 212-14 history on South African goldfields,

123-4 liners, 158, 167, 172, 175 maintenance requirements, 157-8 power

draft (formula), 214 maximization, 191-2

Rod samples (of by-products), 642, 777 Rod tangles (in rod mills), 158, 214 Rods, grinding

description, 178 specification, 179

Roll feeders, 84 Rollers (idler), 87 Rolling bottle cyanidation test, 915,

1046-8 Rolling mill, gold alloy, 639 Roofs, materials, 953 Rope haulage

ore transport, 75 pebble transport, 115 waste disposal, 111-12

Roping (of cyclone classifier), 198 Rose, Sir T.K., 615 Rosin-Rammler equation, 133 Ross chain feeder, 80-1 Rotary converter, 652 Rotary drum filter, 305-7, 309-12, 317

INDEX

cake discharge system, 309-11 capacity, 317 cloths, 306, 312-13, 317 drainage systems, 311 feed system, 309, 314 filtrate system, 309 maintenance, 316-17 soluble loss, 313

calculation, 316, 328-30 effect of wash ratio, 315, 316

vacuum, 313 pumps, 313-14

washing, 314 Rotary drum precoat filter, 358-60 Rotary filter cycle, 314-15 Rotary header valve (filter), 306 Rotary kilns, carbon regeneration, 541-7

carbon temperature, 542-4 heat input, 544 heat transfer, 545 quenching of carbon, 546 retention time, 545-6 slag formation in, 545 temperature profile, 543-4 temperature zones, 542 tube material, 546-7

Rotary sampler, 773-4 Rotating bowl,

pulp distributor, 188 Rotating tubular bed reactor, 891 Rotoscoop dewaterers, 94 Rougher cell concentrates, 255, 257, 263 Rougher cell sizes, 253, 254, 256, 260 Rougher flotation banks, 252, 253, 254,

256, 257, 258, 259, 263 Routine plant control, sizing

analyses for, 131 Rubber casing (of conveyor belting), 88 Rubber coatings

on screen decks, 96 Rubber lining

feed hoppers, 166 of mill end liners and discharge

screens, 174, 175 of mill shell, 172, 174 of pipes, 188, 676, 956 of pumps, 187, 188 of valves, 188

Running time meter, 192 Running time, estimation, 922-4

available, 923-4 losl, 922

1117

INDEX

Running time (cont.) scheduled, 922

Run-of-mine milling, 72, 113, 124, 157, 160-2, 163

costs, 161 effect of feed size distribution, 195-6 feeders, 185-6 history, 124, 162 start-up, 960 testing, 1032

Run-of-mine ore constituents, 15-16 crushing, 100, 106 feeders, 80-5, 185-6 sampling of, 116, 761-70, 909-10

automatic, 766-70 manual preparation, 780 mechanized preparation, 780,

912-13 size distribution, 179, 180, 181,213 storage, 78-80 see also Ore

Ruthenarsenite, 35 Ruthenium, 34 Rutile, 16

Saaiplaas plant, 124 Safety

s

maximization of, in plant design, 940 training, 974, 983, 985

Safety boots, 375, 992 Safety factor

allowance in equipment selection, 925 Safety helmets, 992 Safety management, 971-1012 Safety Regulations, 91,106,117,973 Safety shut-down, 822, 983, 986-7 St Helena carbon-in-pulp plant, 418, 419,

470,478 elution procedure, 503, 508, 510, 511,

512 St Helena gold mine, 2 Sala unit flotation cell, 273 Sample

analysis, 745 compositing

effect on sampling precision, 764-5 crushing, 765, 780, 913 cu tters, 771-6

cross-stream, 771-3

precision of, 774-5 rotary, 773-4

dispenser, 811, 813 increment, 746 mass, in relation to maximum particle

size, 765 preparation, 745, 778-80, 912-13,

1016, 1024, 1036-7 equipment, 778-80 high grade materials, 778-9 procedures, 912-13, 1019, 1036-7 pulp, 778 run-of-mine ore, 780, 912-13

primary, 912-13 secondary, 913 storage, 269, 1016

Samplers cross-stream, 771-3 injector, 777 non-probabilistic, 775-6 pipe, 776-7 rotary, 773-4 spinning disc, 770

Sampler's picks, 373 Samples

composite, 746, 764 obtaining for ore testing, 909-11 quantities required for tests, 916-17 transport of, 937

Sampling accuracy of, 746, 758-9, 760-1 auger, 710, 911 automatic, 766-7

tests for bias, 766-70 t-tests, 766-70

bias in, 746, 751, 759, 766-70, 780 bullion, 374, 617, 619-20, 623, 778 by-products, 641-3 coarse rock dumps, 738, 910, 912-13 confidence limits, 746-7 crusher products, 116, 770 data adjustment, 791 error, fundamental, 751, 752, 753 flotation

laboratory, 269-70 plant, 269

liquids, 778, 811, 813, 814 non-probabilistic, 776 orebody, 909-10 practice, 759-78 precautions against dust loss, 912

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages·615-1072 in Volume 2.

1118

Sampling (cont.)

precision, 746, 751-8 calculation of, 751-8 geostatistical methods, 756-8 Gy's 50-piece experiment, 756 Gy's formula, 751-5 probability theory, 751-3

probabilistic, 776 probe, 814 Rand Refinery, 617, 619-20, 623,

641-3, 777-8 residue dumps, 709-10, 720-1, 910-11

channel, 709-10 grab, 709 groove, 709-10

rock dumps, 736, 738, 910 rod, 642-3, 777 run-of-mine ore, 761-70, 780

automatic, 766-70 manual, 780 mechanized, 780

sand dumps, 710, 910-11 slimes dams, 709-10, 910-11 statistical concepts, 746-50 stop-belt, 761-6

accuracy, 765 crushing, effect of, 765 mass, of sample, 765 precision, 762-5

surface dumps, 709-10, 910-11 theory, 751-9 variance, fundamental, 753

Sand filtration, 318-19 in clarification, 317-19 in smelting flux, 371, 373, 897-8 in thickeners, 289 reclamation, 715, 716, 726-7 residue retreatment, 724-6, 727-9 treatment, 122

Sand bed clarifier, 318 Sand dumps, 707-8

assay values, 707-8 sampling, 709-10, 910-11

Sand-slime ratio, 122 retreatment operations, 715-36 separation, 121

Sand tank clarifier, 318 Sandrill, 710-11 Scale-up method

for flotation plant, 261-3

INDEX

Scatter angle in Microtrac Analyser, 809

Scavenger flotation banks, 254, 255, 256, 257, 263, 274

Schmitt feeders, 164 Scintillometers, 110 Scoop feeders, 163 Scoops, mill discharge, 153 Scotsman fault, 41 Scraper

of rotary drum filter, 309, 359 Screen

calibration laboratory procedure, 1038-40

cloths, 96-7, 473-6 correction factors, determination,

1038-40 decks, 95-7, 460

Screen-and-lifterpan mill discharge, 139, 153, 154, 168-9

Screening carbon-in-pulp process, 379, 381,

458-61, 470-8, 479, 480, 511 dry, laboratory procedure, 1038 in sorting and crushing plants, 72, 73,

74, 93, 95-8 interstage, 381, 470-8, 479 laboratory procedure, 1036-40 loaded carbon, 480, 511 oversize particles, 97, 459-60 prescreening of CIP spillage, 480 sorting by, 108-9 surface

parallel rod, 95-9 plate-type, 96 woven wire, 96-7

theory, 97 waste sorting by, 108-9 wet, laboratory procedure, 1037-8

Screens, Linear, 284-5, 286, 460-1, 480, 511

Screens, mill discharge, 139, 153, 154, 168, 169

Screens, vibrating, 73, 74, 93, 95-8, 108-9, 114-15, 284, 286, 381,460

capacities, 97-8 primary, 73, 74, 93 secondary, 73, 74 testing, 1024 theory, 97

Screw feeder, 293 Screw take-ups, 89

INDEX

Seals hopper feeder, 165-6 liner bolt, 174 pump shaft, 187

Seatings (jaw crusher toggle plate), 98, 99 Secondary concentrator, 221 Secondary cone crusher, 73, 74 Secondary crusher bin, 73, 74 Secondary grinding circuit, 74, 123, 163,

213 Secondary screens, 73, 74 Security

maximization of, 939-40 risk, in gravity concentration, 222 smelthouse, 376-7, 940, 951-2

Security fence plant, 939 tailings dam, 698-700

Sedimentation, 277 rate, measurement of, 1041-2 Stokes' law, 147-8

Sediments of the Witwatersrand Triad, 5, 7-9

Self-aligning idlers, 88 Self-generating flaws (in brittle material),

128 Semi-autogenous run-of-mine milling

(SAG milling), 161-2, 187, 193, 194, 195

automatic control, 200-1 maximum steel content of load, 194 see also Autogenous mills; Milling

Semi-open flotation circuits, 263, 264 Semi-variogram, 756-8

calculations, 762-3 de Wijsian model, 758 estimates of variance from, 757-8 nugget effect, 757, 762 range, 757 sill, 757 spherical, 758

Senmin R55, 255 Sensitivity analysis

in Present Value estimation, 933 Separators, magnetic, 230, 1024 Sericite, 25, 52, 53 Serpac clarifier, 323 Set-points, in process control, 796, 797,

798 Settlement

in gravity classifiers, 147-8 rate of, in thickeners, 285, 324-5

measurement of, 1041-2 Settling velocity, terminal, 147-8, 965 Shaking tables, 221, 227-8, 229, 1024 Shale, 7, 12,13,39,44,47,70, 108, 179

grinding media, 179 Shear

breakage of rock particles by, 135, 136

Shears (tectonic), 47 Sheba Fault, 43, 44 Sheba Hills, 40, 41, 44 Sheba mine, 35, 36, 42, 43, 44, 52, 54,

56, 232-3 gravity concentration circuit, 232-3

Shell and tube heat-exchangers, 527 Shell, grinding mill, 152, 153

ball mill liners, 159

liners, 170-8 rod mill, 157, 158

liners, 158 liners, 170-8

Shield Southern African, 35

Short-circuit, in leaching, 296, 297, 298, 299

minimization of, 299 Shower, safety, 985 S I prefixes, 1068 Siderite, 52 Siemens-Halske electrowinning process,

332, 890, 891 Sieve series, 129, 130, 131, 1069-70 Sieving

to determine size distribution, 129, 131, 1036-40

Silex blocks, 121 Silica, 18, 364, 370

component of flux, 231, 371, 898 component of slags, 363, 897-8 grit removal, 459-60 reactions in smelting, 897-8

Silicates, 20, 25 depression, 246 formation of, in slag, 371

Siliceous chemical precipitates (geological), 39

Silicosis in gravity clarifiers, 321 precautions against, 117-18


11 "lA ..l...L&-.V

Sills geological, 7 semi-variogram, 757

Silos, 79-80 Silver, 17, 27, 28, 29, 30, 51, 52, 56, 57

adsorption, effect of ionic strength, 421, 873

chloride behaviour of copper and lead in

leaching of, 632 coating on gold in ore, 58 crude, analysis, 630-1 de-golding of, 626 leaching of, 630-3 reduction by zinc, 632

cyanide adsorption onto carbon, 389-91,

426, 873 determination by X-ray spectrometer,

623 elution, 481, 497, 503, 509 gold-silver alloy, 363 in direct-smelted bullion, 369 in mill gold, 370 recovery by chloride leaching, 866 recovery from by-products, 615,

641-52 refining, electrolytic, 633-7

analysis of electrolytic silver, 637 melting furnace, 637 Moebius cells, 633 operation, 634-6 Thum cells, 633

Silver Refining Branch, Rand Refinery, 630-7

Simpson's Rule in calculating dump volume, 712

Single-pot furnace, 366, 367, 369, 370, 373

Single-stage milling, 124, 213 see also Milling

Sink-float tests, 916, 1024 Sintering, 643-4, 652 Site selection

dumps, 934 plant, 933-4 tailings dams, 660-8, 934-5

Size analysis, 129-31 procedure, 1036-9 reporting, 1038-9

Size distribution ball mill loads, 184

INDEX

bi-modal, 136 crusher products, 116 determination and reporting, 129-33,

1036-9 feed, effect in ROM milling, 196, 199 gold particles in ore, 21-2, 125-6, 237 mathematical descriptions, 131-5 milled products, 136-7, 157, 159, 196,

199 mono-modal, 136 run-of-mine ore, 180-1 on-line measurement, 131, 807-10 overflow, cyclone, 200, 207

Size fraction, definition, 131 Size of separation in cyclone classifiers,

205 Size reduction

mechanisms in milling, 135-7 types in autogenous milling, 195-6

Size segregation of coarse ore, 79, 960 Sizing

equipment, 926 flotation cells, 261 ore, 72, 94-8

testing, 1024 Skips

rock hoisting, 70, 75, 79 waste dumping, Ill, 112

Skirt plates, 86 Skirtings, 86

Slag blast furnace, analysis, 647 composition, 354 formation during smelting, 363, 648-9,

897-9 granulation, 366, 375, 951 handling, 372, 375,951-2 pouring, 366, 372 removal from bullion bars, 373 sampling, 375, 641-3 smelting of, 641-8 storage cone, 375, 952

Slags, antimonial treatment by chlorination, 866

Slaking lime, 294

Sleeve bearing (gyratory crusher), 101, 102

Slide gates, 184 Slime treatment

history, 121-2, 707

1] 21

INDEX

Slimes dams assay values, 708 bacterial leaching of, 741-2, 743 construction and operation, 655-706 retreatment, 31, 253, 715-36 sampling, 709-10, 910-11 siting, 660-8, 934 see also Tailings dams

Slimes tailings, delivery pipeline, 676-7 closure, 701

Sliming, in thickeners, 284

Slip, in grinding mills, 134, 135, 191, 198 Slipper bearings, 154, 155, 169 Sludge valves, on hopper clarifier, 321-2 Smelter department, Rand Refinery,

641-52 Smelthouse

change rooms, 377, 940, 952 construction, 376, 377, 940, 951, 952 design, 951-2 illumination, 376 precautions against gold theft, 376-7 safety hazards, 375-6 security, 376-7, 940, 952 strongroom, 952 ventilation, 952

Smelting blast furnace, 644-8

oxygen enrichment, 646 slag analysis, 647

by-product (at Rand Refinery), 641-52 calcined slime, 370-2 chemistry, 645, 646, 896-9 gold bearing material, on-mine, 363-76 gravity concentrates, 228

direct, 369 steel wool cathodes, 372-3

Snellen E test chart, 987, 988 Snub pulleys (conveyor belt), 87, 88, 89 Socket (gyratory crusher), 102, 103, 104 Soda

as a component of smelting flux, 371, 898

Soda ash (in gravity concentrate smelting flux), 369

Sodium carbonate in de-golding of silver chloride, 626 in smelting flux

for calcined slime, 371 for steelwool cathodes, 373

Sodium cyanide, 291, 292,422,481,482, 483, 488, 493, 498, 499, 501, 502, 503, 857, 877

Sodium hydroxide, 481, 493, 498, 501, 502, 503

Sodium isobutyl xanthate, 255 Sodium mercaptobenzothiazole, 240, 253,

734 Sodium nitrate

in smelting flux for steel wool cathodes, 899

Sodium silicate (flotation depressant), 246 Sodium sulphide (gold elution by), 481 Soil

survey, 662-3, 933-4 Solids, flow rate, measurement of

see Mass measurement Soluble gold loss (in filtration), 313-16

calculation of, 328-30 comparison with CIP, 382-3 see also under Gold

Soluble lead salts in cementation, 333, 336-7, 866, 868 in leaching, 860, 861

Soluble sulphides, 331, 860, 861 Solution trench, 656, 660, 702

maintenance, 699, 700-1 Solvent extraction, 885-9

by anion exchange, 886 by cation exchange, 886 by physical distribution, 886 by solvation, 886 comparison with ion-exchange, 887 in OLGA gold analyser, 811 in platinum-group-metal refining,

887-8 Sorted waste bins, 73, 74, 111, 112 Sorting, waste, 70, 72, 74, 107-11

absolute potential for, 113 by screening, 108-9 economics, 113-14 manual, 107-8 photometric, 109-10 radiometric, 110

Sound-proof cubicles (for audiometric tests), 989-90

South African Mint, 615, 617, 637, 640 South Reef, 12 South Reef Leader, 12 Soutpansberg

gold mining, 1

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 1072 in Volume 2.

1122

Spacer bars (in Osborn bar liner), 170 Species balance (in flotation), 266 'Spectator' cations, 388 Spectrophotometric analysis, 811-15 Speed-reducing gearboxes

in conveyor belt drives, 87 in grinding mill drives, 157 in thickener rake drives, 281

Sperrylite, 34 Sphalerite, 13, 14, 16, 20, 23, 25, 26, 52,

53, 57, 237 Spider (gyratory crusher), 101, 102 Spigot (cyclone classifier), 151, 152, 198,

208 Spigot system of tailings dam

construction, 673-5, 677, 683, 686 S piling bars, 186 Spillage handling, 449, 480, 945, 952-3 S pillage system, 89

CIP plant, 480 crusher station, 89 filter plant, 950 leach plant, 948 thickener, 944, 945

Spillways, 701, 703 Spinning disc sampler, 770 Spiral concentrators, 1024 Spiral ramp

thickener rake lifting, 282 Spitzkasten, 121, 149 Sponge gold, 230, 352

melting of, 364, 369-70 see also Gold

Spontaneous disintegration, of stressed brittle solids, 128-9, 140

Spout feeders, 164-5 S pray nozzles, 93 Spreader conveyor, 112 Spur-rings, 155, 158 Stage grinding, 123, 143-6 Stairways, 943

handrails, 954 treads, 954

Stamp mills, 121, 122, 161, 707, 708 Stamp weights, 121 Standard deviation, 746-7

properties of, 747-8

Standard flotation circuit configuration, 263

Standard reduction potentials, 838-43 Standby pump sets, milling circuit, 188 Stand-pipe, in mill water system, 189

INDEX

Starch (flotation depressant), 247 Static grizzlies, 94-5 Static head, determination of, 967 Statistical analysis facility

in PROS CON system, 827 Statistics, concepts in, 746-51

confidence intervals, 747-8 distribution of values, 746-50

effect of particle size, 750 kurtosis, 749-50 log-normal, 750 normal, 748-50 skewness, 748, 749, 750

histogram, 750 population, 746 sample increment, 746 standard deviation, 746-7 variance, 746-8 variation, coefficient of, 746-7

Statistical technique for calculation of bias in sub

sampling, 780 S teady-head tank, 189 Steam locomotives

for ore transport, 75 Steel

for building construction, 953-4 for elution column construction,

518-22 for regeneration kiln construction,

546-7 Steel addition

in autogenous milling, 193-5 Steel bars

grizzley, 94 mill liners, 121, 170

Steel cord construction (conveyor belting), 76, 88

Steel-frame bins, 80 Steel grinding balls, 179 Steelwool cathodes, 554, 555, 556, 558-9,

561, 566, 891 acid dissolution of, 373, 896 smelting of, 372-3

Stellar candle filter da'rification, 320-1 zinc-gold slime recovery, 333, 335,

337, 340, 341-2, 355 Steynsdorp goldfield, 41, 48-9, 50 Stibiopalladinite, 35 Stibnite, 52, 57, 236, 345, 831, 832, 860 Stilfontein gold mine, 236, 255, 260

1123

INDEX

Stockpiles, 73, 74, 78-9, 960 Stock solution

of flocculant, 288 Stokes' law, 148, 287

drag force, 204 terminal settling velocity, 147, 965

Stop-belt sampling, of run-of-mine ore, 761-6

accuracy of, 765 precision of, 762-5

Stopes, 69, 70 support of, 69, 112

Stoppages, plant, 78, 922 adsorption vessels, 466, 468

Storage start-up considerations, 960 safety, 1003-4

Storage areas, in-plant, 936-7 Storage tanks

for cyanide, 292 Stormwater

catchment paddocks, 657 diversion system, 657 management, 683-5, 689-90, 701-5

Stratification of deck load (of vibrating screen), 97

Streaks (pay-shoots), 27 S tress (in rock breakage)

level of, 136 tensile, 128

Stringers (conveyor belt), 87, 88 Strip production, gold alloy, 639 Struben, Frederick Pine Theophilus, Submerged arc furnace, 364-6

smelting in, 372-3 Submerged hopper clarifier, 322-3 Sub-sampling, 778-80

quantification of bias in, 780 Substandard performance, identification,

999 Substandard safety conditions,

identification, 974-5 Sudburyite, 35 Sulphates, decomposition products of

iron sulphides, 858 Sulphide concentrates

laboratory muffle roasting of, 1048 roasting, 345-52

Sulphide ions effect on gold electrochemistry, 851 effect on gold leaching, 861

Sulphide flotation, 235-74, 345-6, 916 Sulphide ores, Barberton, 51-5

treatment for gold recovery, 58-60 Sulphides

bacterial leaching, 237, 741-3 effect in gold leaching, 858-61 flotation, 235-74, 345-6, 916 mineralogy, 13, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 23,

25,31,32,33,35,44,45,49, 51,53,56,58,71,123

pressure leaching, 237 roasting, 345-52 soluble, 331, 336

Sulphidic-type reefs, 44 Sulphur

oxidation of, during chlorination, 866 Sulphur analyser, 266 Sulphur concentrations

in Witwatersrand ore size fractions, 71 Sulphur-containing anions

effect on gold leaching, 861 Sulphur dioxide, recovery from, 346, 349

roaster off-gas, 350-1 Sulphur grade

of flotation concentrates, 253, 255, 257

Sulphur trioxide, in roaster off-gas, 351 Sulphuric acid

data sheet available for, 985 manufacture, 33, 229, 235, 236, 253,

255, 350, 351, 916 treatment of coated gold, 229 treatment of steelwool cathodes, 373 treatment of zinc-gold slime, 355,

356-7 Sumps

capacity, 954-5 construction materials, 955 design, 954-5

Superelevation, of lifter bars, 175 Supergene gold enrichment, 55, 57 Supervision

maximizing ease of, 938-9 Surface breakage of rock particles, 195,196 Surface dumps, waste rock

construction, 111-12 retreatment, 736-40 sampling, 910 siting, 934

Surface energy, change in, during comminution, 129

Note: pages 1-614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 - 1072 in Volume 2.

1124

Surface oxides, of carbon, 385 Surge capacity, of ore storage, 78 Surge tank, pregnant solution, 322 Sutherland, J ames, I Swaziland, gold in, 41, 49 Swaziland Supergroup, 37 Sweep treatment, 630, 641 Swing Lift thickener rakes, 282 Swing stock (jaw crusher), 98, 99 Syferfontein Subgroup, 6, 7 Symons Short Head cone crusher, 103-4,

106 Symons Standard cone crusher, 103, 104,

105 T

Table concentrate treatment of, 228, 232, 233

Tacheometric survey, 711-12 Tail drum (belt conveyor), 87 Tail pulleys, 87

crowned, 88 Tail values, in laboratory flotation, 271 Tailings

delivery to dam, 675-7 pumping, 676-7 surface disposal, 655 underground disposal, 655 see also Tailings dams

Tailings dams, 311, 655-706, 934-5 see also Residue dams; Slimes dams abandoned

problems, 691 area requirements, 657-60

for deposition, 657-9 for return water system, 660 for services, 659-60 total, 660

barge decant systems, 680, 682-3 berms, 684-5 berm penstocks, 684 buttressing, 692-3

cycloned, 693 hydraulic, 693 mechanical, 693

catwalks, 682 characteristics of settled solids, 685-7 closure, 698-706

access roadways, maintenance, 700 boundary fence, 698-700 catchment paddocks, preparation,

701 penstocks, sealing, 703-5

INDEX

procedures, 698 return water dam, preparation, 706 solution trench, maintenance,

700-1 statutory requirements, 698 storm water control, provision for,

701-3 tailings delivery columns, sealing,

701 top surface, preparation, 703 underdrainage, maintenance, 700 walls, preparation, 701, 703

components, 656-7 access roads, 656-7, 700 containment wall, 656, 657, 670,

671, 674, 690 decant system, 657, 671, 680-3 delivery system, 657, 675-7, 678,

693, 701 return water system, 657, 677-80,

706 storm water catchment paddocks,

656,657,660,701,702 stormwater diversion system, 657 toewall, 656, 657, 670, 671, 692 underdrainage system, 656, 657,

670, 671, 674, 687-9, 690 condition monitoring, 695-8

factors to be monitored, 696 formal procedures, 696 instrumentation, 696-8 record-keeping, 698 senior management involvement,

696 surveyor's duties, 696

construction, 668-75 cyclone method, 669, 671-3 factors affecting choice of method,

668-9 mechanical method, 675 paddock method, 669, 670-1 spigot method, 673-5

decant systems, 680-3 barge system, 682 catwalks, 682 penstock system, 681-2 pool walls, 682-3

delivery to, 675-7 distribution, 677 pipelines, 676-7 pulp density, 675-6 pumping, 676-7

111(:' .l.l~..J

INDEX

Tailings dams, delivery to (cont.) valves, 676

design, 668-90 effect of operation method, 669 pumping and piping systems, 676-7 slope stability, 685-90

environmental impact, 666-8 assessment, 666-7 control, 667-8 remedial measures, 667

freeboard, 670, 674, 679, 684 improving, 683

in-wall delivery branches, 677-8 instrumentation, 696-8

inclinometers, 697 piezometers, 696, 697, 698

licensing, 666 life, 659, 934

remedial measures, 693-5

repair, 691-5 return water

evaporation system, 678 management, 677-9 systems, 680-3 treatment by reverse osmosis,

ring main slimes delivery, 677 rock buttressing, 687, 692, 693 safe slope angle, 688, 689-90 seepage, 679, 680, 687, 691 settled solids density, 657, 721 site selection

evaluation, 662 exploration, 662-3 fatal flaw analysis, 661 pollution control, 663-5 regional screening, 660-1 soil survey, 662-3

sizing, 657-60, 934

1033

method of formation, 668-75 cyclone system, 671-3, 677 factors affecting, 668-9 mechanical system, 675 paddock system, 670-1 spigot system, 673-5, 677

slope drainage, installation in existing wall,693-5

observation and c~ntrol, 695-8 old

slope geometry, 688, 689-90 adjustment of, 693 influence of, 689-90

slope stability, 685-90 problems, 691 analysis, 690

operation, 668-75 foundation soils, influence of, 685 cyclone system, 671-3 phreatic surface, influence of, 685, effect of pulp characteristics, 668-9 687-9, 691 mechanical system, 675 rate of rise, influence of, 657-8, paddock system, 669-71 687, 688, 689 penstocks, 681 spigot system of construction, 673-5, problems, 691 677, 683, 686 remedial measures, 692-5 statutory requirements, 665-6 return water management, 677-80 stormwater management, 683-4 spigot system, 673-5 on side slopes, 684 stormwater management, 683-5 regulations, 683

penstocks, 680, 681-2 surge capacity, calculations, 684 access to, 682-3 surge capacity, provisions, 684 berm, 684 tailings delivery, 675-7, 678

permeability, effect on slope stability, pipelines, valves, 676-7 686 pumps, 676

permits, 666 relative density of tailings, 675-6 planning, 665-6 siting, 677 pool, 656, 670 spacing, 677

relocation, 693, 694 tailings product characteristics, pool wall, 656, 670, 682-3 influence of, 685-7 push-down drains, 695 underdrains, 656, 657, 687-90 rate of rise, 657-8, 687 water reinstatement, 691-5 balance, 679-80


1126

Tailings dams, water (cont.)

management, 679 network, 680 storage, 679

see also Residue dams; Slimes dams Take-ups, conveyor belt, 89-90 Talmage and Fitch method

in thickener design calculations, 324-6 Task analysis, 993-8

worksheet, 997 Task instruction techniques, 983 Task observation, planned, 971, 973,

999-1001 Task procedures, 993 Tell-tale gold analyser, 811 Tellurides, gold, 831, 832 Tellurium compounds, as cyanide

consumers, 219 Telsmith Gyrasphere crusher, 104-5 Temperature

as factor in filter duty, 312 as interfering control input, 803 effect on acid treatment of carbon,

573 effect on cyanide decomposition,

487-8 effect on electrowinning, 894 effect on elution, 483, 484, 490, 500,

505, 506, 876 effect on flotation, 251 effect on gold adsorption on carbon,

422-3, 424, 425 effect on regeneration, 537-41 effect on thickener capacity, 285, 287 of carbon in regeneration, 542-4

Temporary door covers in mill relining, 177

Tensile stresses as cause of rock breakage, 128

Tensioning of screen cloths, 97

Terminal settling velocity equation (Stokes' law), 147-8

Tertiary ball mills, 159 Tertiary cone crusher, 73, 74 Tertiary crusher bins, 73, 74 Tertiary cyclone under flow,

particle size of gold in, 21 Testing

audiometric, 989-91 eyesight, 987-8

Testing-sieve series

INDEX

A.S.T.M., 130, 1069-70 British Standard, 130, 1069-70 D.I.N., 130 S.A.B.S., 130 Tyler, 130, 1069-70

Tests, plant acceptance, 961 Testwork, metallurgical, 909-17, 1013-51 Tetrahedrite, 345 Thallium

effect on aurocyanide reduction, 851 Thermal regeneration

of carbon, 381, 531-50 Thickener area

determination of, 324-6, 1041-4 Thickeners, batch (collectors), 277-8 Thickeners, 278-90

access tunnels, 945-6 bridges, 279, 946 capacity, feed, 285

factors affecting, 285, 287 specific, 287

capacity, storage, 285, 1043 circulation, 289 crusher station, 73-4 design calculations, 324-6, 1041-4 drainage systems, 945 draining of, 290 feed pulp, 284-5 feed systems, 943, 945

materials, 946 feedwells, 282-3 final density of settlement

determination of, 1041-2 flocculants, 287-8

feeding, 288 mixing, 288

guard cyclones, 945 high rate, 290 layout, 943-6 liquid/ solid interface level,

measurement of, 806 operating procedures, 288-90 overflow system, 946 overflow water, 284, 288-9 rakes, 280-2

drives, 281 construction, 281 overload protection, 281-2 speed, 281 torque rating, 281

sliming, 284 spillage systems, 945

1127

INDEX

Thickeners (cont.) start-up, 288-9, 960-1 tanks, 279 underflow density control, 283-4 underflow systems, 283, 945 use as return water collectors, 946

Thickening tests, 324-6, 914, 1019, 1024, 1041-4

Thioantimonites, 860 Thioarsenite, 861 Thiocyanate

as cyanicide, 58 complexes, 835, 876

adsorption by carbon, 876 elution from carbon, 877

eluant in resin-in-pulp technology, 883

formation of, 861 ions, 842-3, 858 leaching, 865, 1033

Thiol-type collectors, 240, 241 effect on cyanidation, 863

Thiosulphates chemistry of, 842, 843, 858, 858 effect in cyanidation, 58, 861 leaching with, 835, 864

Thiourea aurous complex, 835, 842, 843

adsorption by carbon, 876 leaching, 864-5, 878, 1033 solution, anodic behaviour of gold in,

845-6 Third Theory of Comminution, 140-2 Three Sisters region, gold in, 47 Three-stage milling plants, 123, 163 Throw-away tails (flotation), 273-4 Thrust bearing (gyratory crusher), 101,

102 Thucholite, 14 Timber bins, 80 Tipping-face, of waste dump, 111-12 Titanium-uranium minerals, 21 Tjakastad Subgroup, 37, 38 Toewall (of tailings dam), 656, 657, 661 Toe zone

of mill load, 135, 136, 137 Toggle plates (jaw crusher), 98, 99 Tools, hand

safety, 1005 Topaz, 46 Torque rating

of thickener drives, 281

Total work (in comminution) definition, 140

Tourmaline, 16, 20, 46 Toxic substances, data sheets

availability, 985 for cyanide, 986

Tracer tests in flotation, 267-8 in leaching, 298, 1019

Traction rake drive (thickener), 281 Training

belt conveyors, 88 Training idlers, 88 Tramp iron

as cause of gold coatings, 32 removal equipment, 107

Tramp metal detectors, 107 Tramp oversize material

in cyclone overflow, 204 in mill liner concentrates, 232

Tramp steel prevention of settlement in pumps,

187 Transducers, piezoelectric, 815 Transport of ore particles

within tumbling mills, 137-9 Transportation, in-plant

minimization of, 935-7 Transvaal Chamber of Mines, 615 Transvaal Gold Mining estates

flotation plant, 235 Transvaal Sequence, 13 Transverse divergence

of grizzley bars, 94 Trapdoors

for pebble selection, 115 Trapezoidal Rule

in calculating dump volume, 712 Trash removal

from pulp stream, 284-5, 459-61 Traube's rule of adsorption, 386 Travelling ways, safety

inspection of, 1002 Triethoxy butane (flotation frother),

242-3 Trip wires, conveyor belt, 91 Trippers

belt unloading, 90 for pebble delivery, 115 for pebble selection, 115

Note: pages 1 614 are in Volume 1, pages 615 -1072 in Volume 2.

1128

Trommel grinding mill, 122 washing, 92-3

Troughing idlers, conveyor belt, 87, 88 Trunnion

drum filter, 305 grinding mill, 152, 153, 163

liners, 166-7 Trunnion bearings

drum filter, 305 grinding mill, 152, 153

Tube mills introduction to Witwatersrand, 121,

122, 708 Tumbling mills

automatic control, 199-201 descriptions, 152-63 design, 212-16 operation, 189-99 power draft

factors controlling, 190-1 formulae, 214, 215 maximization of, 189-96, 198

speed, 135, 190-1 critical, 135, 1068

Tungsten recovery, solvent extraction process,

885 Tungsten carbide (in osmiridium

concentrates), 230 Turbidity meters (thickener overflow), 284 Turffontein Subgroup, 6, 12, 13 Turning tube divider, 778-9 Two-stage cycloning, 151 Two-stage milling plants, 123, 163, 213 Two-stage pumping, 187-8 Tyler

testing sieve series, 130, 1069-70

u Ultrasonic

carbon concentration meters, 815 level detectors, 265, 806 particle size meters, 807-9

Ulundi Syncline, 42, 43, 44-5 U nderdrainage system, tailings dam, 657,

670, 674, 687-9, 690, 700 Underflow

classifier, 149, 150, 197, 198,204, 206-7

density, 197, 198 thickener, 278, 283

density, 283 density control, 283-4, 290 monitoring, 289 pumps, 283, 945 systems, 945

INDEX

Underground disposal of waste rock, 70, Ill, 112-13

Underground slime treatment of, by CIP, 457

Underground waste sorting, 70 U nderloading

effect on screen efficiency, 97 Undersize particles

'difficult' particles, 97 effect on efficiency, 97 in screening, 97

U ndissolved gold tailing, effect of head grade

equation, 291 U nisei gold mine, 2 Unit cell (flotation), 273 University of the Witwatersrand

Minerals Research Laboratory, 1026 Unloading

conveyor belt, 90 UNS N10276, alloy for elution

column construction, 519 Upflow bed contactors (for carbon

treatment of solutions), 381 U pflow sand bed clarifier, 318 Upper Monarch Reef, 12 Uraniferous kerogen, 14, 16, 21, 23, 24,

31, 33 Uraninite, 14, 16,21, 23, 25, 27, 31, 33,

236 Uranium

correlation with gold, 27, 110 flotation, 237, 264

see also recovery from gold plant tailings

leaching, 719, 723, 735, 835 on-line analysis, 266 radioactivity

in Witwatersrand gold metallogeny, 24

in radiometric sorting, 110 recovery from gold plant tailings, 253,

715, 716, 719, 722, 723, 731, 732, 733, 735

simultaneous recovery of gold, 835, 885 solvent extraction process, 885 titanium uranium minerals, 21

1129

INDEX

Uranium oxide, recovery from South African gold ores, 235

Uranium plant gold recovery from the primary

filtrate, 584-5 U ranothorite, 33

V

Vaal Reef, 8, 12, 23, 24, 27 Vaal Reefs mine

Elsburg reef treated at, 13 elution procedure, 493, 499, 503 laboratories, 1015 No. 9 Shaft control system, 827-8

Vaal Reefs screen (CIP interstage), 471, 472

Vacuum box in horizontal belt filter, 307, 312, 360

Vacuum de-aeration of precipitation feed solution, 333-6

Vacuum extraction system, filter, 306, 307, 309, 310

Vacuum leaf filters (Merrill filters), 333, 337

Vacuum leaf precipitation, 338-41 Vacuum pumps, filter, 309, 310,313

sizing, 314 Valve hysteresis, 817 Valve positioners, 818 Valves

control, 817-18 ball, 817 diaphragm, 817 diverter, 817 globe, 817 needle, 817 plug, 188

flow characteristics, 817-18 gate, 188 in mill pulp circuits, 188 in mill water circuits, 188 in tailings delivery systems, 676 pinch, 188, 817 plug, 188 rotary header, filter, 306 sludge (hopper clarifier), 321-2

Vanadium recovery, solvent extraction process,

885 Van der Waals' forces, 385 Van Deventer's model

of adsorption, 396-8 Vapour adsorption by carbon, 379 Variable-speed belt feeders, 83 Variable speed drive, 819

of pumps, 187 Variables, process, classification of, 796-7

input, 797 manipulated, 797 output, 797 true value, 803

Variance analysis of, 774-5 calculation of, 751-3, 757-8 properties of, 747-8 nested analysis ANOV A experiment,

780 properties of, 747-8

Variation, coefficient of, 747 calculation in stop-belt sampling,

762-5 Vehicles, safety, inspection, 1009-10 Ventersdorp Contact Reef, 8, 9, 13, 14,

16, 20, 25-6, 27, 126 Ventersdorp lava, 7 Ventersdorp Supergroup, 5, 6, 13 Ventersdorp System, 5 Venterspost mine, 2, 17, 27 Ventilation

crusher station, 117 inspection of, 1002-3 lime slaking plant, 294 plant, 940 Rand Refinery, 628, 651 smelthouse, 357, 354, 375, 376, 952

Vermiculite (as filter aid), 319 Vezin sampler, 766 Vibrating feeder, 82, 184, 186, 293, 819 Vibrating grizzlies, 95 Vibrating screens, 93, 95-8

capacity, 98 CIP plant

carbon sizing, 575 interstage, 381, 470 fine carbon recovery, 480-575 pre-screening, 459-60

pebble selection, 114-15 screening surfaces, 95-7 theory, 97 trash removal, 284, 286, 459-60 washing on, 93

Village Main, residue re treatment, 716

Note: pages 1-614 are· in Volume 1, pages 615 -1072 in Volume 2.

1130

Virginia gold mine calcine plant, 455, 456 flotation plant, 235, 255, 256

Viscosity apparent, 965-6

of flocculant solutions, 288 of pulps, 147,205, 283, 965-6 units, 1067

Vogelstruisbult mine flotation plant, 235

Von Maltitz, Count (inventor of stamp mill), 121

Von Rittinger, P.R. comminution law, 139, 140

Vortex finder, 150, 151, 197, 199,208

w Walls, building, materials of construction,

953 Wash box, conveyor belt, 89 Wash solution, filter, 306-7, 314, 316,

329 Wash sprays, 89

conveyor belt, 89 filter, 306, 311, 315, 950 rock washing, 73, 74, 91, 92, 93

Wash troughs, drum filter, 950 Washing

conveyor belt, 88-9, 950 rock, 72, 74, 91-4

Washing-out, grinding mill, 176 Washing tower, 93 Washings handling system, 89, 94, 118 Waste rock, 69, 70, 71, 116

dumps construction, 111-12, 655 reclamation, 708, 736-40 retreatment, 736-40 sampling, 738, 910 siting, 934

Waste sorting, 70, 72, 74, 107-14 economics of, 113-14, 928-9 gold loss in, 114, 929 manual, 107-8 mechanized, 108-11

Water

photometric, 109 radiometric, 110, 111, 738 screening, 108-9

in electrolytic cell oxidation, 894 reduction, 867, 894

INDEX

pumping, in-plant, 936 quality, in flotation, 247-8, 270 treatment with carbon, 379

Water Act (Act 54 of 1956), 665-6, 698 Water drainage

from washed ore, 93 from tailings dams, 657, 662, 686,

687-9, 693-4 see also Drainage

Water pressure at rock-washing sprays, 93

Water reticulation, 189, 937 Water-seal pump shaft glands, 187 Weathered ore (Barberton area), 51, 54-5 Wedge bars (grinding mill liner), 172

super-elevation of, effect on mill power, 175

Wedge block jaw crusher gap adjustment, 100

Wedged block liner (grinding mill), 170-1 renewal, 176-7

Weighbridge, in-motion train weighing system, 781-2

Weighbridge, static, 781 as calibration standard for other

weighing equipment, 781 Weighfeeder, 819 Weightometers, 115, 187, 782-5, 950

accuracy, 187, 784-5 calibration, 115, 187,783-4

bulk load, 783-4 chain, 783 dead weight, 783 electronic, 783 nuclear, 785

effective weighlength, 783 nuclear, 785

Weights, stamp, 121 Welding equipment, safety, inspection,

1005 Welkom gold mines, 2, 13 Wemco flotation cells, 253, 255, 260 West Rand goldfields, 5, 7, 12, 15 West Wits Line goldfield, 2, 12, 13 Western Areas mine, 20 Western Reefs mine, 2 Wet drilling, in stoping, 69 Wet scrubber

dust extractor, 118, 292, 349, 376 for arsenic recovery, 351

White iron (in mill liners), 170, 175 White Reef, 12

1131

INDEX

Wick drains (tailings dam), 695 Williamson controller, 201 Windows, materials, 953 Winze-raise connections (in mine

development), 69 Witwatersrand Basin, 7, 10, 25, 33 Witwatersrand Co-operative Smelting

Works, 615, 616 Witwatersrand gold mines

history, 1-2, 3 location, 11 production, 2, 3, 4

Witwatersrand Triad, 5-35 gold in, 5-33 PGM in, 34-5 sulphides in, 35 uranium in, 21, 23, 27, 31, 33

W ohlwill electrolytic process, 627-8, 629 Wood chips, 284, 459-60, 480, 512-13 Worcester gold mine, 45 Woven wire screening surfaces, 96-7,

473-6, 477

x Xenotime, 16, 33 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

investigation into gold cyanide adsorption, 392

XRF techniques, for on-line uranium determination, 266

Xylene, 916

y

Yuba jigs, 224

z Zadra

electrowinning, cell, 554, 555, 559, 891, 892

elution procedure, 481-2, 485, 486,

491,503-11,526,527,528,529, 553, 561

Zandpan flotation plant, 235

Zinc Corporation of South Africa Ltd, 1013

Zinc anodic reactions, 848-9 cementation of gold

chemistry, 866-9 Merrill-Crowe process, 331-41

pressure candle filter process, 341-2 -cyanide complex

adsorption by carbon, 426 elution from ion-exchange resin,

883 loading onto ion-exchange resin,

883 data sheet available, 985 dissolution in cyanide solution, 848-9 -gold slime

acid treatment, 356-7, 895-6 calcining, 361-3, 896 clean-up, 355 composition, 354 de-watering, 357-60 smelting, 370-2, 896-9

-lead couple, 333, 336, 866, 868 passivation, 848-9 recovery by solvent extraction process,

885 shavings, 333, 866 sulphate, decomposition in calcining,

896 ZINCOR

see Zinc Corporation of South Africa Ltd

Zircon, 16, 20, 33 Zirconium, 27 Zwartkoppie Formation, 38, 44, 45


1132

Index [] · elution from ion exchange, 882-3 extraction by ion exchange resins, 878-82 extraction by resin-in-pulp process, 883-5 extraction by solvent extraction process, 885, 889

Documents