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Abalonia, 515. Abd alAziz, 636. Abstention, and strategy, 147. Abyssal Plain, 389-91, 405. Academic freedom, viii. Acheson, Dean, 24, 49. Aden Protectorate, 587. Adjacency, 466,541.
African bloc, 189. African States Regional Seminar on the Law of the Sea, 611. Agar-agar, 411. Age/Ida for the Nation, 128. Aggression: 146,327,378,418,551,558,601-602,604-605,619; and U.S.S.R., 73-74, 80,107. Agreement for Co-operation in Dealing with Pollution of the North Sea by Oil, 228n. Aircraft, 210, 234-35, 271, 295, 300-301, 317-18, 330, 347,462-63, 507,559,566-69,589,592-94,
577. See alro Overflight. Air transport, 240-41. Air zone, 311. Alabama, 54. Alabama Claims Arbitration, 54. Alaska, 212, 214, 271, 273-74, 286, 339, 354, 388, 391, 393,411, 509. Alaskan king crab, 214. Albania, 59, 336-37, 371-72, 374, 608n, 618. Alexander, 150. Algeria, 478, 536, 544, 642. Alginates, 411. Alginic acids, 411. Aliens, 39, 87. Alphonse-Gaston, 220. Alsace, 118. AI/mark, 376-77. Aluminum, 268, 521. Ambon Bay, 348. America, 267. See also United States. American Institute of International Law, 339. American JOllrnal of International Law, 61, 341. American Revolution, 51. Americas, 151,200,405. American Society of International Law, vii. Amin, Idi, 596. Ammoun,}udge, 647n. Amtorg Trading Corporation, 67. Anchovy, 435.
margaret.maurer
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International Law Studies - Volume 61 Role of International Law and an Evolving Ocean Law Richard B. Lillich & John Norton Moore (editors)
margaret.maurer
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The opinions shared in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of the U.S. Naval War College, the Dept. of the Navy, or Dept. of Defense.
18-20. Coliform, 450. Collision, 203, 258, 304, 307. Colombia, 238n, 478, 637. Colombo, 611. Colombo Declaration, 611-12. Colombos, 340, 643. Colonial exploitation, 489. Colonialism, 118, 409, 587, 629. Columbia ·U niversity, 396. Columbite, 411. Columbus, 267, 365. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 246, 547. Commission to Study the Organization of Peace, 460, 480. Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society, 128. Committee on Conservation and Development of Natural Resources, 460. Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and the Ocean Floor Beyond the Limits of
National Jurisdierion. See "Seabeds Committee." Common Market. See European Economic Community.
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Commonwealth of Great Britain, 9. See aIm United Kingdom. Communications: 15, 27, 239-41, 330, 345, 555, 578, 584, 588, 606; freedom of, 29; mass, 134,
109,111,155,157; international community, 121; international law, 50,62,93,101-103; law, 77-78,96-97,103; morality, 82, 98-99; POW's, 80, 88; revolutionary, 55; Vietnam,40; war, 81. See also U.S.S.R., Capitalism.
Communist Bloc, 298, 337, 373, 375,415,418-19. Communist China: 79-80, 140, 238n, 284, 324, 389, 591, 597, 602-603; arms control, 580;
Communist International, 72. Communist Party. See Communism; International Communist Party. Communist World, 10, 15,418,435, 567, 628-29. Community of Nations, 296. Complementarity, 29. Complete Internationalization (of the sea), 265. Compulsory jurisdiction, ix, 37,44,47,59-60,70,79. Conakry, 596,603. Conant, 113. Concert of Europe, 58. Conference for the Progressive Codification of International Law, 1930,210,336,340-41,367-
72,374-76. Conference of the Committee on Disarmament (CCD), 256, 575. Conflict, human: 505, 635; zone of, 601. Conflict management, viii, xvii. Congo, 23, 27, 30, 36-37, 41, 521, 523, 536, 544. Congress of Vienna, 67. Connolly Amendment, 23, 37. Conservation, 511, 540. COIlsolato del Mare, 365. Contiguous zone, 158, 161-63, 175, 179,181-83,191,209-212,217,219,232,234,242,248,253,
Continental Shelf Convention, 185-86, 226n. See also Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf.
Continental Shelf Doctrine, 212-14, 225n, 320, 472, 490,647n. Continental Slope, 389-91, 395, 530, 534, 538. Continental Terrace, 389-90, 395. Contraband, 4, 18, 161. Convention on Fisheries and Conservation of Living Resources, 443. Convention of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 643. Convention No. IV of the Hague of 1907, 7. Cook Islands, 190, 355, 393. Copper, 194, 196,436,459, 521-23, 525-26, 532-33, 535-36, 543-44.
Danish Straits, 281. Danzig Bay, 298. Dardanelles, 281, 608n. Dar es Salaam, 196. Dark Ages, 200. DDT, 124, 127,227.
o
Dean, Arthur H., 72,329-30,341,348,350-51,485,637. Decade of Ocean Exploration, 443. "Declaration on the Maritime Zone," 214. Declaration of Mexico, 325. Declaration of Montevideo on the Law of the Sea, 226n, 398. Declaration of Panama, 1939, 314. Declaration of Santiago, 1952,214-15, 224n, 225n, 227n, 297,544,610-11. Decolonialization, 55. Deep Sea Ventures (Tenneco), 521. "Deep Quest," 413. Deep Submersible Vehicles (DSV), 413. Defensive Sea Area, 162. de Gaulle, Charles, 556. Demilitarization, 578-79, 582-83. Democracy, 134. Demons, Lieutenant, 304. Denmark,33,65, 187n,200,221,225n,228n,304,309,319,329,353,355,357,396-97,508-510,
European Coal and Steel Community, 154. European Court of Human Rights, 23. European Economic Community: 23, 36, 119-20, 154, 156; International Court, 23. European Fisheries Convention, 253. Evensen, lens, 340, 353. Exclusive economic zone, 591. See a/so EEC's. Exclusive fishing zone, 591. Experiment, 274. Extradition, 308. Extraterritoriality, 103.
Faeroes, 339, 355. Falk, Richard, viii. Family, 149. Family of Nations, 295. Famine, 427. FAO, 443, 617. Far East, 441, 597, 602, 626. Far Eastern Law Review, 350. Farsi,639. Federalism, 156.
F
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA), 449-51. Feliciano, 560. Feller, A. H., 71. Fenwick, Charles G., viii, 61. Ferdinand, 366. Fertilizer, 411, 536. Fessenden, Regiriald, 531. Feudalism, 106, 149.
Fiefdom, 149, 151. Fiji Islands, 339, 355.
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Final Reporr of rhe Imernational Law Commission on rhe Law of rhe Sea in Time of Peace, 319. Finland, 81, 273, 322, 339, 353, 411, 509. Fire, 454, 504. Firsr Law of rhe Sea Conference, 1958, 190, 192. See a/so Geneva Conference on rhe Law of rhe
Francis I, 366. Franco, 79. Freedom, 134. Freedom of association, 552. Freedom of communication: 30-32; U.S.S.R., 83. Freedom of expression, 99. Freedom of fishing, 189, 193,204,222,417,463,540. Freedom of flight, 339. Freedom of navigation: 28, 30-31, 182,420,486,540,573,618-19,624; Amareric, 512, 514; archi
pelagos, 328, 330; coastal states, xv-xvi; Groirus, 222; high seas freedom, 204-205, 234, 463; oceans, xiv, xvi, 191-92,204,234; surveying and charring, 200-201; territorial sea, 327; UN, 283; U.S., 32-33.
670 Freedom of outer space, 125, 177-78. Freedom of person, 36. Freedom of property, 36. Freedom of scientific research, 189, 193-94, 196. Freedom of the sea: 31, ll8, 179,239-44,247,486,491,540,591,599; balance of power, 420;
challenge to, 611-15; closed seas, 285; coastal states, 293, 329; continental shelf, 249; deep sea resources, 529,539,542,547; developed nations, 545; fishing, 31,94; high seas, 221-24, 249, 257, 264, 344, 463-64, 484; innocent passage, 365-67, 375; international law ,239-41,301; law of the sea, 293-94; national security, 260; oceans, 173,257; overflight, xvi, 94, 161, 168, 182, 191-92,294,330; reciprocity, 94; reduCtion, 240; resources, 260; search of foreign vessels, 160-61; security, 470; sovereignty, 408; states, 239, 254, 463, 474, 506, 513-14; surveying and charting, 201-202; territorial integrity, 33; "tragedy of the commons," 222-24; treaties, 239; U.K., 471; U.S., 95, 254, 294, 329-30; U.S.S.R., 83, 87, 94-95,108,546,610; water pollution, 217-22. See also Law of the Sea; Oceans; Overflight; Territorial jurisdiCtion; Territorial waters.
Freedom of transit, 192-93, 612, 614. Freedom of travel, 29. Free passage, 237. Free World, 6, 10, 15, 21, 302, 327,418, 536. French COUrt of Cessation, 568. French Guyana, 478. French Revolution, 51. "French Rule;' 224n. Frosch, Robert, xiv, 470, 545.
Gabon, 544. Galapagos, 339, 355. Galiani,366-67. Galvao, Henrique, 169. Galveston, 452. Gannon, Berry L., 412. Garcia-Amador, 226n, 395-96, 465. Gas, 245, 248, 388-401, 534, 537, 541. Gasoline, 454. Gastroenteritis, 452. Geirfugladrangur, 355. General Electric Company, 69. General Theory of Law and State, 2. Geneva, 74, 189, 196-98, 398-99, 493, 578. Geneva Arms Control Conference, 545.
G
Geneva Conference (Convention) on the Law of the Sea: 1958,3,17,94,108,181,202,210-11, 226n,227n,242,260,264-65,268,329,335-40\342,353,357,367-69,375-76,380,382-84, 395,397,399,402n,457,460,462-63,485,489,527,538,564-66,580,591,637; 1960,242, 260,338-39,351,485,488,564-66, 591; 1973, 520, 579; Caracas (1974),616-29,644; Geneva (1975), 616-29, 644.
Geneva Convention of 1958 on Territorial Waters, 30. Geneva Prisoners of War Convention of 1929, 7, 20. Geneva World Peace Through Law Conference of 1967,461,516. Genoa, 200, 221, 365. Genoa Conference of 1922, 109. Gentilis, 229n.
Geopoliticians, and international law, l. Georges Bank, 391, 432. Georgia, 54. German High Seas Fleet, 278. German Imperial Staff, 66.
Insecricides, 127. Inltitflte de Droit International, 339. Insurgency, 419. Interagency Committee on International Policy in the Marine Environment, 246. Inter alia, 474. Inter-American Council of Jurists, 325. Inter-American Defense Zone, 407. Inter-American Judicial Committee, 237, 324. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources: the Continental
Shelf and Marine Waters, 226n. Inter-American Specialized Conference on Conservation of Natural Resources: Continental
Shelf and Oceanic Waters, 465. Inter Caetera (1493), 221. Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO): xvi, 184, 194,204,245,517,
341,344,346-48,352-53,356,368-69,378,385,461-62, 553, 555, 557, 566, 591, 618, 623. International adjudication, 59-60. International agreements, 18. International Air Transport Association, 7.
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International Association of Legal Sciences, 104. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 427. International Civil Aviation Organization, 65. International Committee on the Nomenclature of Ocean Bottom Features, 405. International Committee of the Red Cross, 7. International Communist Party, 14-15, 109-110, 118-19, 140. International Community: 1, 116-17,380,383,520,542,568,573,598,621; coastal states, 205-
206; jurisdiction, 311; oceans, 123,202-204; states, 57-58, 121; U.S.S.R., 102. International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, 219-20. International Convention for the Northwest Atlantic Fisheries, 443. International Convention for the Prevention of the Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 219, 647n. International Convention Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution
Casualties, 219-20. International Court of Human Rights, 70. International Court of Justice: Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries case, 352-55; archipelagos, 328, 340-
International Decade of the Ocean Exploration for the 1970's, 426, 428, 442. International Geophysical Year, 1956-58, 510. International Hydrographic Bureau, 405. International Institute for Strategic Studies, 616. Internationalism, 216. International Labor Organization, 73. International law: avoidance of conflict, 2; American concept, 488; archipelagos, 340-41; breach
International Law, 61. International Law Association, 91, 104, 112, 339, 403n, 642. International Law, Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States, 9. International Law Commission, 74, 104,293,296,299-300,307,310,313,315-16,319,323,325-
26,335-36,341-42,347,349,368-70,373-76,395-96,407,465,557,565,570n, 573,637,642. International Law Reports, 9. "International Law Week," vii. International lawyers, vii, xii, 3, 7,9,13,23,72, no, 128, 211-12, 225n, 247, 328, 395,465,472.
See also Lawyers.
International Legal Conference on Marine Pollution Damage, 219. International legal order, 50, 52. International legislation, 7, 59-60. Internationallegislarure, 39. Internatiooal Mine Sweeping Commission, 337. International navigation, xiii, xvi. See also Navigation. International Nickel, 521. International Oceanographic Commission, 521-23.
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International organizations, 24, 51, 55, 58, 83, 103-104, 110,238,427,517,543,545,552-53. International politics, 3, 438. International Registry Agency, 265. International relations, and international law, 1. International stability, and fisheries, 425-44. International Telecommunication Union, 55, 58. International Telegraphic Union, 58. International tribunals, 58-60. International waters, 168. Interstate waterways, 450. Invasion of Norway, 297. Inversion of power, 25, 28-29. Iodine, 411. Iran, 64, 284-85, 291n, 407, 570n, 634-36, 638-39, 641, 645, CYt6n. Iraq, 634-36, 638, 642, 646n. IRBM,592. Ireland, 56, 478. Iron, 268-69, 411, 459,513,521,534-36,544. Iron Curtain, 429. Isabella, 366. Islam, 635-39, 644-45, 648n. Islal1d of Palmar case, 472. Islands, 331, 342, 348-55, 397, 461, 464, 477, 479, 639. Island of Tiran, 32. Isolationism, 644. Israel, 3, 22, 32-33, 88, 284-85, 292n, 300, 317, 365, 373, 377-81, 383, 387n, 561, 592, 594,633,
Kaiser, 521. Ka Lae, 343. Kalimantan, 392. Kamchatka, 324. Kamehameha II, 343. Kantan, 617. EI Kantara, 224n. Kara, 595. Karachi, 196. Kara Sea, 84, 216, 291n, 508. Katzenbach, Nicholas, viii. Kauai,343. Kauffman, Alvin, 524. Kawaihoa Point, 343. Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928, 13. Kelsen, Hans, 2. Kennan, George, xi, 49. Kennanites, and international law, 1.
tion, x, 13-14,26,37,44-45,47,77,80,115; durability, 4; Grotius, 13-14; legal systems, 38, 115-17; morality, 48-49, 86; moral law, 3; as policy, 77,116; politiCS,116-17; purpose,186; as restrraint system, xi; role and world community, 11-21; source of, 54,108; and wills, 46,52; world power process, 15-16. See also National law.
Law of conflict management, viii, xvii. Law of nationality, 17. Law of Nations, 12. The Law of Nations, 61. Law of Real Property, 46. Law of the sea: xiii, 116, 120, 184,277,486-87,613-14; archipelagic passage, xiii-xiv; Arctic
Ocean, 507; coastal states, 293-94, 543; Communist China, 616-29; continental margin, 190, 195-96; customary law, 211; deep seabed, 458, 461-66; definition, 177-78, 551-54; environmental protection, 189, 194; freedom of navigation, 189, 191-93; freedom of scientific research, 189, 193-94, 196; freedom of the sea, 293-94; innocent passage, 365, 381; inter-American approach, 232-38; international navigation, xiii, xvi; international organizations, 238; maritime operations and furure conventions, 199-207; national security, xii; negotiations, viii; new issues, 245-50; order at sea, 203-204; peace, 175-87; pollution control, 189-93, 195-96; reciprocity, 176; resources, 176, 182, 190,194-95; Saudi Arabia, 633-45; states' offshore claims and competencies, 208-32; straits, xi, xiii-xvi; transit rights, xiiixiv, xvi; treaties, 629; U.K, 120-21; U.N., 283, 293-94,520; U.S., 194,197,520; U.S. Navy, 252; U.S.S.R., x, 94-95; war, 4, 120; weapons technology, 595.
Law of the Sea Instirute, 1967, 488. Law of space, 489. Law of war, xii, 4, 19, 80-81, 87-88. The Law of War and Peace, 13, 57. Lawyers, xi, 4, 14, 22, 33, 52-53, 96, 98, 112, 213, 247, 257. See also International lawyers. Lead,521. League of Arab States, 641. League of Nations, 1,8, 13,24-25,58-59,70,80, 118-19, 138, 367. Legality, of international law, ix. Legal systems: 5,8,38-39,41,45-47,49-50, 115-17,232,237,252,505; definition, 35-38. Lenin, Vladimir I1ich, 63, 69, 77, 102, 107, 109-111, 140,610. Leningrad, 290n, 291n. Leninist theory, 101-103,629. Leone, 478. Le Que, 525. Lesotho, 196. Letts, 216. Levie, Howard, viii. Lewis, Colonel John, xiv. LHA's, 289.
678 Liberia, 200, 270, 275, 478, 544, 641. Library of Congress, 626. Libya, 498n, 544-45, 642. Liebesny, Herbert, 636-37. Liechtenstein, 187n. Light, 406, 434. Ligurian Sea, 200, 221, 365. Lillich, Richard B., viii, xvii. Lima: 398; declarations, 398, 403n. Limestone, 459. Limited International Authority, 265. Lincoln, Abraham, 71. Ling Ching, 619-20. Lipson, Leon, viii. Lisbon, 169. Lissitzyn, Oliver, viii, xiii, 107-108,317,323. Litter, 452. Litton, 277n. Littoral states, 64, 85, 335, 367-68, 376, 378-79, 381, 383, 597-99, 640. Litvinov, 68, 76, 79. Lloyd,617. Local law, 19. Lockheed, 277. Lockheed and Global Marine, 521. Lodge, Henry Cabot, 73, 566. Lofoten, 312, 322. London, 507, 582, 616-17, 633. Long Range Naval Aviation, 289. Lollts, 304, 306. Louis XIV, 154. Louisiana, 391, 394. Lowell, Abbott Lawrence, 114. Low Grade and Non-Conventional Sources of Manganese, 523. Lo Yu-ju, 621. LSD (landing ship, dock), 273. Ludwig, Daniel K., 270. Lusaka, 613. Luxembourg, 17. Luzon, 348.
637,641. Mexico City, 226n, 324. Miami,452. Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 458, 530, 610. Middle Ages, 151,221,365. Middle East, 27, 32, 37,41, 64, 149, 270, 288, 373, 388, 394,401, 537, 584, 599, 633-45. Middle East Force, 634. The Military Balance, 1974-1975,616. Military intervention, and naval operations, 586-607. Military police, 143. Military Sea Transportation Service, 165. Military strategist, 143. See also Strategy. Mill, Hugh R., 405. Miller, Rear Admiral William 0., viii. Mindanao, 348.
National Advisory Committee on Oceans and Atmosphere (NACOA), xv. National Bulk Carriers, 270. National Council on Marine Resources and Engineering Development, 246,432,436,467,474. National Defense University, viii. Nationalism: 13, 119, 152-55; 486-87, 489-90, 537, 594; city-states, 150. Nationality jurisdiction, 31-32, 305-307. National law: xi, 8, 23, 26-27, 29, 379, 554; and international law, xiii, 28. National Multi-agency Oil and Hazardous Materials Contingency Plan, 454. National Petroleum Council, 213, 391, 396,400, 403n. National Science Foundation, 459, 467. National Sea Grant and Program Act, U.S., 432.
681
National security: 520-22, 618; continental shelf, 249; Egypt, 32; factors of, 140; international law, ix, xii; nationality jurisdiction, 32-33; nation-states, 152; navies, 204-205; oceans, xvii, 250,260-66; seabed, 255-56; seas, 285; states, 29-30, 238; U.S., xv, 31,133,141-42,148,173, 247,295,470,513,522,557,561; U.S. Navy, 257; U.S.S.R, 32, 80-81. See also Security.
National Security Industrial Association, 43l. National security zones, 587. Nation-states: 138, 177,552-53,556; archipelagos, 352-55; demise, 154; international law, 14-18,
117; nationalism, 152-55; national security, 152-54; population, 149; power, 151-52; ships, 558; sovereignty, 154; system, 149-56; territorial sea, 333; territory, 149. See also States.
NATO: 14, 17,55,81, 119, 147,156,159-60,165,167-68,l71,251,277,294,579,584,611;Starus of Forces Agreement, 159-60, 167.
Natural gas, 389, 392, 410. Nalltillls, 507. Naval Digest, 609-610. Naval War College Review, vii-viii, xiii. Navies: 239-40,243,278-79, 290n, 418; and continental shelves, 414-15; military intervention,
586-607; power, 278-80. "Navies in War and in Peace,'· 609-610. Navigation, 268, 296, 299, 301, 341, 344, 348, 372, 382,449,506-508,516-17,531,539-40,563,
518. Neutralism, 119. Neutralist Bloc, 75. See also Western Bloc. Neutrality, 120, 327. New Caledonia, 224n, 522. Newcastle, 224n. New China News Agency, 619. New England, 343. New England fleet, 430. Newfoundland, 267, 272,411, 476. New Guinea, 344. New Hebrides, 190. Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, 459. Newport News Shipyard, 277n. New South Wales, 224n. New York City, 72, 196, 198-99,270,305,398-99. New York City Bar Association, 560. New York State, x, 67. New York Times, 65, 197,317,333,576. New Zealand, 333, 345,405,510. Nicaragua, 225n, 226n, 238n, 378-79. Nickel, 194,429,459, 521-22, 525-26, 528n, 534-36, 543, 546. Nigeria, 30, 498, 545, 578. Nikoloyey, 274. Nippon Steel, 52l. Nitrites, 406. Nitrogen, 412. Nixon, Richard, 128, 185,279,400,428, 570n, 612-13. Nomad,413. Nome, 411. Nonaggression, U.S.S.R., 80-82, 93, 95, 110. Noninterference. and international law, 117. Nonintervention, 30, 79, 81, 93, 95, 106, 110. Non-Proliferation Treaty, 577.
682
North Africa, 270, 373, 40l. North America, 287, 295, 391-92, 426, 443,507,537. North Atlantic, 221, 277, 279, 282, 355, 477-78, 599, 603. North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration, 299. North Atlantic Fisheries, 24. North Borneo, 349. North Cape (Stadland), 221, 284. Northeastern Atlantic fisheries convention, 206. Northeast Pacific, 193, 235. Northern Flank, 28l. Northern Hemisphere, 410, 453, 509. North Pole, 65, 85, 507-509. North Sea, 187n, 192,200,206,221, 228n, 256, 268, 277-78, 286, 389,392-93,406,410,513,515. North Sea case, 186. North Sea Continental Shelf cases, 213, 219, 396-97, 570n, 639. North Sea Fisheries, 24. North Slope, 400. Northwest Atlantic, 287. Northwest Pacific, 287, 479. Northwest Pacific Fisheries, 24. Northwest Pacific Zone, 627. North-West Passage, 373. Northwind,38l. Norway, 8,65, 181, 187n, 221, 225n,228n,270,272,275,284,297-98,310-12,319,32 1-22,325-
27, 339-41, 352-55, 376-77, 392,425,433,435,439,478, 508-510, 618. Norwegian Fisheries case, 180, 331, 341, 352-55. See also Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case. Norwegian Sea, 312, 322, 602. Nottebohm case, 183, 187n. Noumea, 224n. Nova Scotia, 392. Nuclear era, 24-26, 31-32, 104, 125-26, 152-53, 184,271. See also Atomic energy; Weapons,
nuclear; Oceans. Nuclear plants, 413, 469, 510. See also Wastes, radioactive. Nuclear power, 545, 556, 572, 580. See also Atomic energy; Weapons, nuclear. Nuclear ships, 167. See also submarines. Nuremberg Trial, 66, 72, 74, 140. See also Germany, war crimes trial. Nutrients, 406, 469, 533.
o
Oahu, 343. Ocean and Engineering, Inc., 41l. Ocean law: viii, ix, xiii-xvii; and U.S., xiii. See also Law of the sea. Oceanographer, 482, 487. Oceanographic Commission (I0C), 245. Oceanography, 173,412-13,437,444,466-67,513,529,546. Ocean Resources, 52l. Oceans: accommodation to development, 263-64; archipelagos, 328-58; arms control, 265-66;
boundaries, 179; common and exclusive interest, 179-82; competence, 185-8; crowding of, 264; deep floor, 246-49, 255-57, 262, 265, 275, 408-409; deep seabed, 389-91,412-20,457-94, 520-27,529-48,644; deep seabed mining, xiv, xvi-xvii, 173, 185, 197,257; deep seas and polar regions, 504-519; defense, 470-71, 474, 476; demilitarization, 184; developing states, 186; drilling, 459; electronic reconnaissance, 563-69; enjoyment of, 175-79; exploration and exploitation, 179,246-50,276,426,428-29,457-94, 498n, 505, 507, 509,514-17,523,529-48, 572,574-76,610-11,613,618,621,624-25,628,640-41, 645; fisheries, 425-44; freedom of, 124-26; freedom of access, 179,182-83,189,198,233,242,294,467,475,529,624; gas and oil, 388-401, 458-59; high seas and force, 551-62; international law, 252, 461; jurisdiction, 470-71,551,554,556-57,574-75; military security, 251-66; military use, 551, 553-55, 572, 574-76, 586-607; minerals, 123,183,194-95,246,250,255-57,260-66,290, 467-69; nonmilitary use, 588; nucleartests, 184; "ocean space," 172-73; order, 179-80; ownership, 267-75, 605; policy, xiii-xvii, 198; pollution, xiv, xvi, 124, 126; power, 184; quality of, 127; research, xiv, 408, 420, 437,511,543,546-47,572,578,620-22,624-25;resources,178-79,182,184,186,189-92,198, 233,235,241,243,255-57,260-66,268,285-86,295-96,398,469,474,480,529-48,573-74,
414,480,508,551,553-54,558,567,569,588,597,612,642,644. Peaceful coexistence: and international law , 108-112; and revolution, 108-109; and U.S.S.R., 108-
112. Peace of Westphalia, 126. Pearcy, G. Etzel, 342, 486-87. Pearl fishing, 47l. Pearl Harbor, 142. Peary, Admiral, 507. Peking, 540, 551, 616-17, 620, 623, 626, 628-29. Peking Review, 620. Pelagic zone: 405; fishing, 410, 434. Pell, Claiborne, 213-14, 256, 460, 480,542. Perjury, 305. Permanent Court of Arbitration, 59. Permanent Court of International Justice, 8, 59, 304. Persia, 65, 67, 150. Persian Gulf: 192,269,282,285-88,315,392,397,407,410,534-35,573, 586, 596, 633,636,638-
40, 643-45, 646n; states, 388, 573. Persuasion, and world power process, 16, 18, 20. Peru: 209,233,237,272,309,324-25,392,398,407,410-11,425, 432-33,435-37,462,541,544,
544. See also Oil. Peter the Great Bay, 30l. Petropavlovsk,291n. Philadelphia, 197. Philip, 150. Philip II, 154. Philippines, 66, 209, 216, 224n, 286-88, 309, 324, 327-28, 330, 338-41, 343-44, 348-52, 355-58,
Pollution conventions, 24. Ponce de LeOII, 271. Pope, 5, 200. Pope Alexander VI, 221, 366. Pope Leo III, 150. Pope Nicholas V, 365. Population: 36,55, 177,243,261,269,451-52; Antarctic, 510; carrying capacity,124, 126; coastal
Radioactivity, 317. See also Wastes, radioactive. Radio Moscow, 581. Rape, 159. Ras Nasrani, 32. Real property, 124. Recife, 169. Reciprocity, 18,20,28,38-39,41,82,87,94,113, 176,210,241,252,369,578. Recognition, viii. Reconstruction, 147. Rectitude: 29; as a value, 132-33, 144. Red Army, 141, 280. Red Army Manual on International Law, 65. Red Sea, 28, 300, 532-33, 633, 636, 638, 640, 643, 647n, 648n. Reed, Admiral, 338. Reefs, 465. Reformation, the, 151. Regionalism, 119,216. Regulations for the Coast Guard Directorate and its Divisions, 636. Religion, 5, 76, 129, 208. Renaissance, 221. Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 9. Res communis, and seabed, 471, 474-77, 483, 491,506,512,516. Res nullius, and seabed, 471-74, 483, 491,506,516-17. Resolution on
Establishment of an International Compensation Fund for Oil Pollution Damage, 220. Resolution on International Co-operation Concerning Pollutants other than Oil, 219-20. Resources: 123-24, 149-50, 553-54; biological, 641; coastal states, 206, 234, 237, 296, 396, 398,
Respect: 208, 552; as a value, 15, 132-33, 144. Retaliation, 2. Revolution, 139-40. Rhode Island, 2, 48, 256, 303, 343, 460. Rhodesia, 596. Rice, 270, 275, 426-27.
Riga, 291n. Rights, and international law, 28-29. Rio de Janeiro, 237, 324. Rio de Janeiro Pact, 55. Rivers, 312, 320, 331, 333,451,453,461. Roadsteads, 210. Robertson, Rear Admiral Horace, viii, xiv. Roman Church, 151. Roman Empire, 48, 150-51,200,365,368. Romania, 370, 373, 581. Rome, 150-51. Roosevelt, Franklin D., 68. Root, Elihu, 295, 299, 316. Roschin, 578-79. Rosenne, Shabtai, viii. Rotterdam, 271. Rule of proportionality, 218. Rules of the Road, 24, 258. Rumania, 85, 570. Russia. See U.S.S.R. Russian Revolution, 62, 64, 76, 79, 84-85, 93, 101-102, 106,280, 291n. Rutile, 411. Rwanda, 196.
Sable Island, 392. Sabotage, 140, 159. Sadat, 602. SADOF, 246, 249-50. Safety of Life at Sea, 24. Saint Augustine, 26. St. Helena Island, 477. Sakhalin, 324. Salmon, 193, 435. Salt, 245, 389, 411, 451,534. SALT, x, 292n, 583-84, 603-604. Salvage, 261-63, 412. San Clemente, 342.
S
687
Sanctions: international law, ix-xi, 4-5,19-21,26-28,47,49,93,252; legal systems, x; reciprocity, 18, 28; securing use of sea, 589; UN, 605; world government, 21.
"Sanctuaty theoty," 596. San Diego, 312, 320, 515. San Diego Naval Training Center, 635. San Francisco, 59, 294, 312, 320. Sanitation, 638, 640. Santa Barbara, 125, 459. Santa Barbara Channel, 212, 391, 394. Santa Maria, 169. Santa Monica, 209. Santa Rosa, 342. Santayana, 3. Santo Domingo, 398. Santo Domingo Declaration, 233-34, 236-37, 238n. Sarajeo, 12. Satellites, 27,55,113, 290n, 317, 512, 589, 606. Saudi Arabia, 3, 300, 354, 373, 375, 378, 380, 387n, 407, 544, 570n, 633-45. Sallmarez, 371. Scandinavia: 310; territorial waters, 84, 323. Schaefer, Milner B., 434. Schelling, Professor, 32. Schlei, Norbert, 555-56.
688 Schwarzenberger, Professor, 12-13. Science, 51, 134, 138,208-209,237,245,247-48. Science ficrion, 245. Scorpion, 274. Scripps Institute of Oceanography, 467, 535. Seabed: 209, 212-14, 225n, 232-36, 241,245-48,250, 255-57,263-65,26 8,294-96,314,389,394-
400,408-409,420, 514, 520-27, 529-48, 573,582,638-41; legal regimes for resources, 457-94. Seabed Authority, 188, 197. Seabed, deep. See Oceans. "Seabeds Committee," xiii, 198, 398, 576, 578. Seabed Subcommittee, 233. Sea farming, 182. SeaJreeze Atlantic, 432. Sea lanes, 203. Sea of Japan, 85, 216, 301, 324, 327, 566, 571n. Sealab: 412,415,572; I, 513; II, 513; III, 274, 418, 513. Sea/Land, 271. Seamen, 267-72. Sea of Okhotsk, 85, 196, 216, 324. Seapower. See Navies. Seas: community policies, 176, 179-80; future problems, 176, 184-87; past decisions on prob-
lems, 176, 180-84; problems of, 176-79. See also Law of the sea; Oceans; Territorial waters. SEATO, 24, 40, 251. Seaward creep, 491. Seaweed farming, 409, 411. Security: 384, 563, 566, 570n, 573, 638-40; coastal states, 202, 240, 298-99, 336, 369-70, 374, 384,
386n, 508, 568-69, 591, 624; collective, 24-25, 74, 302; continental shelf, 421; developed countries, 545; freedom of the seas, 239, 520; Indonesia, 345; innocent passage, 642; military, 540; national, 260-66, 436; national goal, 19, 149-50; nation-states, 153-54; oceans, 366; Philippines, 349; states, 41, 200, 202, 241, 334,560-61; system, 117-18, 121,470; territorial sea, 181, 198,297,327,330,637; threats, 183-84; U.s., 330,370,480,545-47; U.S.S.R., 382, 545-46, 577,604. See also National securiry.
Sovietakaya Ukraine, 274. Soviet Association of International Law, 91. Soviet Bloc, 74, 85, 89-90, 93-94, 96, 375, 567, 637. See also Communist Bloc. The Soviet State and International LAw, 91-92
Straits of Bab el Mandeb, 254, 300, 633. Straits of Corfu, 337, 372. Straits of Dover, 254. Strairs of Gibraltar, 254, 300, 576, 612. Straits of Hormuz, 289, 634, 642.
Straits of Malacca. 254. 283. 345. 576. 619. Straits of Skagerrak. 33. Straits of Tiran. 3. 32. 300. 373. 377-81. 383. 387n. 592. 633. 642. Strategic Rocket Forces. 592.
691
Strategy and armament. 142-43; definition. 130; and the enemy. 136-37; and loss. 142-43; military. 138-43. 145. 147-48; objectives. 131; and opponents. 143; planning and recommendation. 141-42; and policy. 139; political factors in formulation of. 130-37; and power. 132-33. 144-45; and warfare. 136.
Strategy. national. political factors in formulation. 138-48. Stratton. Julius A .• 546-47. "Studies in World Public Order." 555. Sturmey. S. G .• 275. Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife. 429. SlIbmarex.413. Submarine areas. See Continental shelf. Submarine cables. 204.407-408.463. 540. 555. 624. Submarine-launched cruise missile (SLCM). 289. Submarine photography. 413. Submarines: 191-93.247.258.261.274.277, 279-80. 282. 284. 288-89. 291n. 292n. 297. 299.325.
Teheran Declaration of Human Rights of 1968, 123. Telechirics, 572. Telecommunications, 481, 511, 617. Television, 55,413,441,531. Terminal waterways, 590-91, 596-97. Terra nullius. See Res nul/ius. Territorial acquisition, 506. Territorial bay, 313. See also Bays. Territorial integrity, 29-30, 33, 50, 102, 108-110, 127,346,551,558,560,562. Territorial jurisdiction: 564; frontiers, 29-30; and the sea, 30; and states, 29-30, 60-61; and
straits, 30; and U.S., 30-31; and U.S.S.R., 30-31, 64-65. See also National Security. Territorial sea: 175, 179, 187n, 224n, 232, 555; aircraft, 566-68; archipelagos, 216, 328-58;
claims, 179; coastal states, 209-210, 254, 376-77; Communist China, 618; continental shelf, 408; Indonesia, 348; innocent passage, 192,365,371,379; jurisdiction, 303, 305-314, 321; Scandinavia, 84; self defense, 162; sovereignty, 162; states, 371-75,461,508; straits, 193; territorial sea, 339, 540; U.K., 84; U.S., 84, 92, 158, 161-63, 330, 350, 354, 357-58, 508; U.S.S.R., 80, 83-86, 382,409; width, 161-62, 179, 189-90, 285. See also Freedom of the sea; Innocent passage; Law of the sea; Oceans.
Territory: 17,506; acquisition of, 54-55; nation-states, 149; occupation of, 54. Terrorists, 205-206. Test Ban Treaty, 40,517. Texas, 391,411,492. Texas Towers, 248, 516. Thach, John S., 530. Thailand, 392,411,582. Thebes, 150. Third Conference of Heads of State or Government of Non-Aligned Countries, 613-14. Third Law of the Sea Conference, 188-98, 644. Third World, 53, 189,436,444,612-16,621-23,625-28,638. See also Developing countries. Thomas, A. J., 560. Thomas, Mrs. A. J., 560. Thresher, 274. Tin, 411, 535, 546. Tinoco case, 19. Titanium, 572. Tito, 88. Tobago, 238n, 478, 498n, 545. Tokyo, 301, 507. Tolentino, Arturo M., 351. "Tomahawk," 289, 292n. Torpedos, 288, 474,561,591,593, 607n, 617.
UNCLOS III: xiii; Informal Composite Negotiating Text, xiv, xvi-xvii. See also Geneva Conferencee on the Law of the Sea.
UNESCO. 73, 442.
694 UNICEF, 427. Uniform Code of Military Justice, 2, 165. Unilateral inspection, 170. Unilateral proclamation, and seabed, 484, 486-89. Union Oil Company, 212. United Arab Emirates, 635, 638, 642. United Kingdom: 5,9,68,79, 151, 156, 187n, 218-19, 225n, 228n, 229n, 270-71, 288, 478,515,
602, 609; and American Civil War, 54; antarctic, 510; Arctic, 64-65; arms control, 578; Beira patrol, 596; British Admiralty Regulations, 221-22; coastal states, 205; and Communist China, 617; continental shelf, 462, 573; Corfu Channel case, 59,219, 316, 336-38, 371-74, 384, 559; customary international law, 74; Directorate of Fisheries Research, 437; fishing, 205, 233,286,310-13,355,433; foreign policy, 142; freedom of (high) seas, 223-24, 329, 365,471; Guinea patrol, 596, 603; Health Insurance Fund, 164; High Court of Justice, 637; innocent passage, 325, 370, 374, 378-79, 642-43; internal waters, 333; and international law, 57, 336, 345; jurisdiction, 305, 307-309, 311, 314; and Korea, 71; law of the sea, 120-21; lawyers, 98; local laws, 164; Middle East, 634; military capabilities, 591; minerals, 411,534,536; naval history, 200-201, 221-222, 366; naval power, 200-201, 587; nineteenth century, 118; Norwegian Fisheries Case, 352,354; nuclear deterrent forces, 279; and nuclear stalemate, 25; and oceans, 418, 644; oil, 392, 407; order at sea, 203; overgrazing of commons, 125; Parliament, 59, 141,322; popular rule, 141; prisoners of war, 376-77; recognition of states, 16; resources, 474; Royal Navy, 205, 224,278; seapower, 506; ships, 271-73, 275, 292n, 371-72, 558; sovereignty, 70; SSBN's, 284, 290n; Status of Armed Forces Agreements, 326; submersibles, 531; subversion, 73; and Suez crisis of 1956, 27, 378-79, 598; territorial sea, 297-98, 310, 322-23, 351, 367, 538, 637; territorial waters, 84, 254, 321; Tinoco case, 19; Torrey Canyon, 453; U.S., 277, 295; World War II, 72, 278; Victorian, 133.
United Nations: 1, 14,24-25,74,77,138,203,491,562; Ad HocCommitteeon theSeabeds,245-46,260,265,457; aggression, 73-74,80; arms race, 577; atomic energy, 69; Charter, 13, 19,23-24,36,55,58-59,70-71,105,110-11,177-78,184,265,511, 558-59, 641; Charter Article 2,49-50,558-59; Charter Article 17,41; Charter Article 51,23,40-41, 558-59; claims, 15, 18; coastal competency, 185-86; Committee on the Oceans, 461; Committee on the Peaceful Uses of the Seabed and Ocean Floor beyond the Limits of National Jurisdiction, 225n, 248-49, 256; Committee on Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, 172,486; communication, 119; Communists, 629; Congo, 36,41; continental shelf, 407; Decade of Development, 427; deep seabed and oceans, 246,408, 417,426,450, 460, 471,480-82,484-86,489,491 -94,516-18,529,542-43, 547, 574, 582; developing states, 186; Economic and Social Council, 482,537; Expeditionary Force (UNEF), 378; fishing, 436, 443, 643; Forces, 23; General Assembly, 18-19,22,33,36-37,41,49,96,119,149, 155, 184,215, 229n, 232,245,322,379,396-98,457,460-61,474,480, 482,484-88,491,493-94, 498n, 517-18,541-42,545, 570n, 573-75, 580-82, 621; International Court of Justice, 7; international law, 55-56; international legislature, 36-37; jurisdiction, 307, 310,479; Korea, 71-72, 168; law of the sea, 210-11, 283, 293-94,520; Little Assembly, 70; Marine Resources Agency, 460; Middle East, 32, 37,41; military intervention, 587; native revolts, 72; oil, 391-92; Outer Space Treaty, 1966,485-86,490,492, 499n, 512, 518, 567; Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 9; sanctions, 60S; San Francisco Conference, 25, 59; Saudi Arabia, 637; Secretariat, 155; Secretary General, 75, 350, 397-98, 527, 580·81; Security Council, 18,23,32-33,36-37,40-41,49,79,96,174,378-81, 386n, 509, 566·67, 581, 626; self-determination, 30; territorial integrity, 30-31; Treaty Banning the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Seabed and Ocean Floor and the Subsoil Thereof, 582; tripartite reorganization, 96; Uniting for Peace Resolution, 18, 49; U.S., 23, 73, 119, 134, 155; U.S.S.R., 18,23,36,41,70-72,91,104-105,107,112,119,155.
United Nations Conference on the law of the Sea (UNClOS): First (1958), xiii, 458; Second (1960), xiii, 457; Third, xiii, xiv, xvi-xvii, 276.
United States: 27,73,98,156,185,189,609; aircraft, 94,96, 507, 594; agriculture, 431, 449; allies, alliances, and pacts: 135-36,157-58,171,251,277,284,287-88,298,401,556, 578; Antarctica, 509-11; archipelagos, 328, 342-44, 354-55, 357-58; armed forces, 22, 133, 305; arms limitation, reduction, and control, 134, 460, 486, 572-84, 646n; Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 170; arms race, 146-47,256,284-85; Articles of Gonfederation and Perpetual Union, 17; atomic (nuclear) energy, 69,280; bacteriological warfare, 81; balance of payment, 441; balance of power, 154; bases abroad, 81; Canada, 217-18; Circuit Court, 343-44; Civil War, 54, 71; coastal state interest, 200, 214; cold war, 90, 92; Communism, 79; Communist China, 16-17, 94, 304, 618; compulsory jurisdiction, 60; Congo, 41; Congress, xii, xiv, xvii, 9, 26-27, 36-37, 59, 131, 141-42, 173,213-14,252,287,295,303-305,338,396,427, 429,431,440,460,467,480-81,486,489,513,522-23, 610; Constitution, 9,17,26,42,45,149,
695
303, 305; contiguous zones, 158, 161-63,211,248,253,295,325; continental shelf, 246-49, 255-56,274,314,391,405-407,412,462-63,514-16, 539-40; Cuba, 170; Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962, 33, 39-40, 55, 596, 599-600; customary international law, 38; decision-makers, 133; Declaration ofIndependence, 20; Declaration of Santiago, 215-16; deep ocean (seabed), 413, 418,458-61,265-71,474,480-82,484,487,491-94,518, 527n, 529-48, 573-74, 625-26, 638-40; deep seabed mining, xiv-xv; Defense Department, viii, 172,246-48,253-54,277,287,293-94, 454, 470, 481; defense program, 135, 173, 287, 298, 442, 466, 470-71; Department of Commerce, 277, 287, 467; Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 454, 467; Department of Interior, 248, 256, 277, 287, 396, 401, 431, 449-50, 454,459,467,480-81,489, 491-92; Department of Labor, 277, 287; Department of the Navy, 470; Department of Transportation, 277, 287, 454, 467; diplomatic history, 8; diplomatic immuniry, 67, 94-95; dollar, 245; domestic law, 48,53; domestic waters, 440-41; Draft Articles on the Economic Zone, 191-92; ecology, 128; electronic reconnaissance, 563-68; federal government, 17,46, 58, 128,170,262,277,287,293,303,318-19,330,394,426,428,430-32,442-43,454-55,467, 481, 487, 489,491,493-94,498n, 513, 516, 539; fisheries, 31, 193,235,253-54,261-64, 272-73, 287, 298, 311, 314, 324, 335, 370, 399, 417, 425-34, 451, 514, 613, 619, 627; fishery territoriality, xiii-xiv, 31, 95, 193, 235, 238n, 253-54, 261, 272-73, 286-87; food, 427-28; foreign aid, 427, 440-41; foreign policy, viii, 141-42,435,440-42; freedom of expression, 99; freedom of navigation, 32-33; freedom of the seas, 95, 254, 294, 329-30; GNP, 431; ideal values, 132-34, 144-45; ideology, 156; innocent passage, 335, 338, 374-75, 378-81, 383; International Court of Justice, 9-10, 37, 75,195-96; international law, xii, 5, 345; international law claims, 4; international organizations, 55; Israel, 22; jurisdiction, 483, 514; Korea, 81, 141; labor force, 429-31; Latin America, 3,95; law enforcement, 136; law of the sea, 194, 197, 520; maritime policy, 276-92; merchant marine, 200, 270, 277, 286, 358,428-29,455; Middle East, 41,634-35; military capabilities, 591; military strategy, 139-42; minerals,411,491, 515, 521-23, 544, 546; missiles, 428; moraliry, 98-99; muruality and reciprocity, 39; national claims, 477-79; nationality jurisdiction, 31, 306; national policy, 251-52, 440-42; national security, xv, 31, 133, 141-42, 148, 173,247, 266, 295, 302, 470, 480, 513, 522, 557, 561; National Security Council, viii, xi; national unity, 147; native revolts, 72; NATO, 159-60,251; naval exercises, 259; navigable waters, 449-55; neutrality, 90, 135, 157,311,314; nuclear weapons, 284; oceanographic program, 246-47,428,437,466-67; oceanography, 513; oceans, 246-47, 272, 274-75, 425-44; oceans policy, xiv, 272, 274-92,428-29; oil, 388, 390-92, 394, 400-401,410,491; Organization of American States, 123,251; overflight, 191-92,254,266, 311; passage, 599, 643; patrimonial sea, 235-36; peaceful coexistence, 112; policy objectives, 131-35, 141; political asylum, 170-71; pollution, 449-56; population, 128; and POWs, 20; President, 305, 314,436,467,482,486,522,613; President's Science Advisory Committee, 513; racial discrimination, 107; res communis 476; rights, 53; satellites, 113; seabed regimes, 472-90; SEATO, 251; Secretary of State, 467; security, 330,370,480,545-47; self-defense, 556; Senate Interior Committee, xv; shipbuilding, 274, 287,290,428,440; sovereignty, 48, 70, 251; Soviet naval balance, 276-92, 594-95,600-605,623,625; space, 172,428, 486,489, 498n; standard of living, 135; State Department, viii, xi, 40,42, 60,168,277,287,311,320,335,342, 351,381,480,489; Starus of Armed Forces Agreements, 304, 326; straits, 619; submersibles, 531; Supreme Court, x, 5, 26, 74, 209, 295, 304-305, 307; terra nullius, 505; territorial integrity, 562; territorial jurisdiction, 30-31; territorial sea, 31, 171,216,234, 252,295,297,303,318,323,342,351,367,462,514, 538, 610-11,622,637; territorial waters, 84,92,158,161-63,190-92,330,350,354,508-509; trade, 241,269-72,441; treaties, xii, 9, 37, 40-41,60,157-58,170,193,311,316,344,348,489-90; troop placement, 120; UN, 22, 73,119, 134, 155; U.S.S.R, 68, 79, 82, 94, 106-107, 134-35,381-83,439,516; Vice President, 467; Vietnam, 35,40,42,599; war, 157, 160; weapons, 555-56, 597; world government, 21; World War I, 154; World War II, 154, 269-71, 277-78.
United States Naval Institute Proceedings, 627. United States Treaties and Other International Acts Series, 60. Universal Postal Union, 55, 58. University of British Columbia, 433. University of California, 124. University of Lancaster, 275. University of Maryland, 411. University of Minnesota, 402n, 468. University of Rhode Island, 488. University to the South, viii. University of Southern California, 557. Uqair Convention of 1922. 640.
696
Uranium, 268, 533. Uruguay, 226n. U.s. Air Force, 254, 277, 566-67, 600. U.s. Army, 277. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 268, 449. U.s. Army War College, viii. U.S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, 440. U.S. Bureau of Docks, 414. U.S. Bureau of Mines, 523-24. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, 534. U.S. Coast Guard, xii, 162, 171,205,262-63,273,304-305,365,377,381,449,454-55, 470,507-
508, 636, 643. u.s. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources, 429. U.S. Defense Science Board, 575. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 413. U.S. Marine Corps, 277, 600. U.S. Naval Academy, 232. U.s. Naval War College: vii-viii, 2,19,42,59, 158,244,251,320,327; Blue Book, 57, 557. U.S. Navy: viii, xii, 45, 55,65,204,245,428,454,470,512,617; aircraft, 567; Assistant Secretary
of, 481; Atlantic Fleet, 604; bases in foreign countries, 158, 163-65; blockade, 158, 160-61; continental shelf, 249; covent ion on astronauts and space vehicles, 167, 172-73; Chief of Naval Operations, 169-70, 199,279,293; Corfu Channel case, 59; Deep Submergence Project, 468; democratic world government, 21; evolution of, 279-80; fishing, 431; foreign claims, 158, 160; foreign flag vessels, 158, 160-61; freedom ofthe seas, 257, 294; Hydrographer, 467; Instructions for the Navy of the United States Governing Maritime andA erialW arfare, 161; intelligence, 441; Judge Advocate General, xii, 169,230,246,293-94,488; jurisdiction at sea, 319; Law Instructions for Naval Warfare, 314; Law of Naval Warfare, 377; law of the sea, 252, 262; military and ocean, 251-66, 595, 600, 604; national security, 257; and NATO Multilateral Force, 167; Naval Ship Systems Command, 262; Navy Hydrographic Office, 467; nuclear ships, 167, 172; Oceanographer, 467; Oceanographic Program, 467; oceanography, 467; oceans, 246-47, 254-57, 260-66, 274, 277; Office of Naval Research, 467; officers and criminal jurisdiction, 158-60; officers and international law, xii, 10-12,33-34,42-43,59,115, 157-74,244; problems in international law, 251-59; Regulations, xii-xiii, 42, 157-58, 170; rescue, 261-62; salvage, 261-63; Secretary of the Navy, 158, 160, 262,467; Seventh Fleet, 294, 618; ships, 442; Sixth Fleet, 272, 294, 602; Status of Forces Agreements, 167, 171-72; submersibles, 262-63; Supervisor of Salvage, 262; and t!!rritorial waters, 162,330,358; visit and search of ships, 167-69; and VSTOL technology, 289; weapons, 576; weapons testing, 247,459.
U.S. Office of Emergency Preparedness, 454. Ussery, Secretary of Labor, 290n. U.s.s.R.: 135,137,139,156,322,325,505,515,517-18, 570n, 572, 622; adjudication, 96; aggres
sion, 73-74, 80, 107; aircraft, 507, 566-68; air force, 600; ambassadors, 67; Antarctic, 85-86, 170, 510-11; anti-Bolshevists, 102; archipelagos, 329; Arctic, 64-65, 85-86, 507-509; arms control, 572-84, 646n; arms race, 146-47,256,284-85; asylum, 105-106; atomic energy, 21, 69, 80,283-84; balance of power, 154-55; Bolshevik revolution, 102,140-41; capitalism, 66, 68, 76-77,79-83,88-89,93-94,96-98,101,103,105; censorship, 69; civil law, 98; closed seas, 85-86,216; codification of international law, 74, 94-95; coercion, 82; cold war, 90, 92; Commissar of Justice, 62-63; communications, 68, 94; Communist China, 31,50,64-65, llO, 112,618, 626-28; Communist ideology, 68, 76-77, 83, 86-88, 97, 99,101-103,109,111; compulsory jurisdiction, 70, 79; continental shelf, 212, 405, 410,539-41,546; Council of Ministers, 301; Criminal Code, 68; Cuba, 55, 600; customary international law, 74, 79; decision-makers, 133; diplomats, 63, 66-67, 83-84, 94-95, 99, 103; disarmament, 83-84, 104, 106-107, 577-78; domestic law, 106; economy, 69; electronic reconnaissance, 563; espionage, 67, 84; expansion, 71; extraterritoriality, 103; fisheries, 84, 233, 235, 272-74, 286, 399, 410; fleets, 291n; food, 409; foreign policy, 6, 62-63,103-105,108-109,113,438-40,603; foreign trade, 83-84, 102, 104, 112-13; freedom of communication, 83; freedom of expression, 99; freedom of flight, 339; freedom ofthe sea, 83, 87,94-95,108; frontiers, 64-65, 381, 508; Geneva Conventions of 1949, 66; geographical position, 84; guerilla warfare, 66, 80-82; imperialism, 102; innocent passage, 210, 337,365,377,381-83,597; internal waters, 301; international agencies, 73; international community, 102; International Court of Justice, 10, 37, 63, 78, 91, 96, 104; international law, 6, 50,62-114, 177; international organizations, 83, 103-104; Israel, 22; jurisdiction, 483; Korea, 71, 72; law of the sea, x, 94-95,196; lawyers, 62; League of Nations,
Weather, 182, 370, 513. Webster, Daniel, 218-19. Weeks, Lewis, 391, 401n. Well-being, as value, 132-33, 144. Welwood, William, 229n, 366. Wenk, Edward, 474. West Africa, 282, 286, 394, 411, 439, 602. Western Bloc, 96, 415, 418-19. See also Neutralist Bloc. Western Hemisphere, 226n, 392, 401, 635. West Indies, 200. Westinghouse, 412. Westminster, 59. Whales, 223, 274, 298, 319, 513. Wheat, 286, 427. Wheaton, 6l. White House Conference on International Cooperation, 460. Whiteman, Marjorie M., 348, 351, 353. "White man's burden," 587. White Sea, 31, 85, 216. Wilhelm, Kaiser, 154. Wills, 46, 52. Wilson, George Grafton, 104. Wilson, Woodrow, 154. Withdrawal, and strategy, 146-47. Wohlstetter,27. Woods Hole, Massachusetts, 467. Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, 467, 492,542. World arena, 22, 26-27, 138. See also World community. World community: 242-43, 347, 461, 471, 479, 481, 484, 547; definition, 22; international law,
22-34,.44-56; and role of law, 11-21; states, 22, 57-58. World community processes, participants, 14-16. World Court, 57, 59-60, 70, 73, 75, 321-22, 472,515,619. World federal system, 50. World government, 21, 116. World Health Organization, 73. World law, 116. World Ocean, 611-12. See also Oceans. World Oil, 535. World power process: arenas-admission, 16-17; bases of power, 16-17; effects, 16, 19; and law,
15-16; practices, 16-19.
699
World War I: 125-26,227,420,587; airspace, 317; archipelagos, 339; contraband and blockade, 4; fishing, 410; France, 107, 568; neutrality, 120; U.S., 154; weapons, 414.