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Chinese terms are given in Pinyin form, with the older Wade-Giles form in brackets. Where a term inthe latter starts with a different letter, it also has its own entry directing the reader to the Pinyin entry.Tibetan terms are given in pronounceable form, with fuller Wylie forms in brackets. Primary entriesin bold. Italicised items are non-English words, or names of texts.
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As.t.asāhasrikā ‘Perfection of Wisdom’ Sūtra, xxi,114, 167, 168
astrology, 41, 193, 206, 308, 316Atiśa, 155, 206, 207, 208, 417Ati-yoga, 183, 204, 205, 356, 357. See also Dzogch’enĀtman. See Selfattachment or greed (Pali and Skt rāga, or lobha),
also Guanyinand Amitābha, 176, 256, 345and Dalai Lamas, 171, 172, 208and Tārā, 187appearing to Shinran, 230as a world-creator, 177devotion to, 228, 250–4iconography of, 177, 251in Chan/Zen, 253in Lankā, 198in tantric Buddhism, 185, 353in Thailand, 200, 254mantra of, 181, 254pilgrimage sites of, 176, 259power of, 253skilful means of, 251vow of, 251
Avalokiteśvara Sūtra, 250Avatam
˙saka Sūtra, 145–9, 169, 171, 185, 201, 215
‘Awakening of Faith in the Mahāyāna’, Treatiseon the, 139, 145, 214, 218, 228, 343
Baizhang (Pai-chang), 304Bali, 201, 402Bangladesh, 236, 377, 395, 401, 433bardo. See antarā-bhavaBashō, Matsuo, 235, 373–5, 466becoming (bhava), 71‘becoming’ an object or holy being, 349, 353,
372beings
all been good to one in a past life, 38all been one’s mothers, 154all have Buddhaness, 126, 127, 155as conventional entities, 59as fluxes of empty dharmas, 151
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Bodhisattva-bhūmi, 152, 155, 271Bodhisattvas (Skt, Pali Bodhisatta), 15, 151. See also
perfectionsAmbedkar as a, 399Anagārika Dharmapāla as a, 379and Cakkavattins, 101, 153and Tathāgata-garbha, 140as heavenly saviour beings, 110, 172can stay in sam
˙sāra, 126, 137, 158
compared to Arhats, 109, 111, 153, 155, 158,160, 189
body. See also ‘Three-body’ doctrineand relics, 103as material form, 56as not owned, 65as thought-only, 133illusory body, 354, 355importance of posture of, 232, 320, 361, 363in Dhammakāya movement, 389in esoteric Southern Buddhism, 201, 389in Mahāmudrā, 358mindfulness of, 21, 83, 192, 321, 323–4, 326, 328,
335, 337, 338mind-made, 98, 137, 165Nirvān
˙a as ‘within’, 389
plus speech and mind in ritual, 228, 241, 345, 352sentient body, 66, 67, 70shaking from joy, 385‘stopping’ of, 76tantric view of, 190, 191, 354, 355thirty-two characteristics of a Buddha’s, 105,
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164, 168, 169as ‘the Noble One’, 51as a ‘refuge’, 245, 246as a spiritual physician, 52as ‘Lord’ or ‘Blessed One’, 23charisma and powers of, 25–6gender of, 187, 285, 286Lokottaravādins on, 98Lotus Sūtra on, 164Mahāyāna on life-span of, 164–5potency of devotion to, 100protective power of, 250, 257simply a human?, 28, 378threefold knowledge of, 32
Buddha Jayanti, 395, 402Buddhacarita, 14Buddhadāsa, 338, 387–8Buddha-fields, 100, 162–3, 166, 171, 175, 178. See
also Pure LandsBuddha-force, 248Buddhaghosa, xxvii, 4, 66, 100, 167, 197, 198
on meditation, 318, 326, 334, 341Buddha-images. See images of holy beingsBuddha-nature, 140, 145, 172. See also Tathāgata-
344, 345Buddhas, kinds of, 1. See also Ādi (Primordial)
Buddha; Buddha, nature and role of a;‘Three-body’ doctrine.
five main Vajrayāna Buddhas, 184, 185heavenly, 172loose sense of term ‘buddha’ in Japan, 172of future, 35of past, 15, 100, 164, 257Pacceka-buddhas (Pali, Skt Pratyeka-buddha),
Burma, 102, 194, 199, 201, 236, 260. See alsoSouth-east Asia
and Lanka, 198, 293Buddhism in modern, 307, 377, 394–6ethics in, 268, 273, 274, 281festivals in, 261meditation in, 319, 334, 337–8, 339, 380missionaries from, 401, 402monastic organization in, 311nuns in, 300, 301, 302politics in, 317, 376rite de passage in, 295Stūpas in, 239, 240temporary ordination in, 295
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cessation (Pali and Skt nirodha) of perception andfeeling, 27, 331, 332
Ceylon, 95, 102, 194, 195, 196, 377. See also Lankā;Sri Lanka
Ch’ont’ae school, 225. See also TiantaiChah, Ajahn, 308, 338, 439, 443Chan (Ch’an) school, 147, 217–22, 223, 231, 232,
235, 236, 246. See also Seon; Thien; Zenand Huayan, 149, 215and manual work, 304, 314and sexual equality, 285and Tibetan Buddhism, 204, 205, 370and ‘ultimatism’, 387antinomianism in, 232Buddha-nature in, 218devotion in, 217discipline in, 294Guanyin in, 253iconoclasm in, 217, 231, 247in Europe, 442in the USA, 433, 434, 435meditation in, 309, 361, 361–72, 411monastic code of, 297, 304syncretism with Pure Land, 222use of language in, 221
image-halls in, 257key Buddhist texts in, 115, 139, 145, 162, 173, 175,
221, 368monastic life in, 280, 294, 295, 304, 306, 309,
311, 313, 315, 316, 410nuns in, 299, 300precept-taking in, 269, 274printing in, 307rites for the dead in, 212, 282, 410sacred sites in, 176, 178, 258schools of Buddhism in, 116, 128, 132, 148, 160,
169, 190, 213–22, 255Southern Buddhism in, 200, 377, 398status of women in, 299translations in, 108, 110, 112, 141, 155, 162, 164,
168, 173, 175, 180, 210, 307Vibhajyavādins in, 95
Chinul, 225, 231Chittagong, 377, 401chöd (Tib. gCod) meditation, 352Christianityaid to Buddhism by Christians, 420, 431Buddhist influence on, 450comparisons to, 2, 29, 35, 40, 44, 102, 168, 230,
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and Critical Buddhism, 145, 407and Dhamma, 245and ‘middle’ way of understanding, 69, 123in Abhidhamma, 90in meditation, 332insight into, 83, 85, 158, 339Mādhyamika on, 119, 120, 121stopping of, 74, 76, 86Tiantai school on, 215Yogācāra on, 135
conditioned things/conditioned phenomena (Palisankhāra, Skt sam
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and compassion, 152and Dharma-body, 169, 170and gender equality, 286and interpenetration, 147and ‘Mu’ kōan, 367and non-difference of sam
˙sāra and
Nirvān˙a, 125
and sexual yoga, 356and Tathāgata-garbha, 169and thusness, 124, 132, 136and Won school, 413as a fluid ultimate reality, 148as a gateway to liberation, 81, 340, 363Gelugpas on three aspects of, 118Huayan on, 148, 149in Chan/Zen meditation, 369in Dzogch’en, 205in Mahāmudrā, 355in Tathāgata-garbha thought, 139, 141, 142,
143in Zen art, 373insight into, 108, 158, 342, 344Mādhyamikas on, 120–1, 123of Buddhahood, 126of Buddhas, 170of emptiness, 124of giver, gift and recipient, 158of svabhāva (inherent nature/existence),
116–19, See also under emptyrange of meanings of, 97seeing of, 155, 370self- and other-emptiness, 126–7, 144, 169, 208,
‘eternalism’, 13, 69, 72ethics, 264–86, 389, 392. See also moral virtue;
precepts; social ethicsin Jōdo-shin, 234, 264in Mahāyāna, 152, 153
Europe, Buddhism in, 236, 405, 417, 426–7, 428,440–56
euthanasia, 281evil. See also Māraand term ‘pāpa’, 44compassion for those who do, 266problem of, 37, 141restraining from, 284salvation of one who does, 216victory over, 20, 261, 279, 390
existence and non-existence, middle way between,72, 118
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God concept, 38, 40, 287and Dhamma, 29, 388and Mahāyāna, 170and ‘merit’, 44and ‘sin’, 68critique of, 36–8, 41in Cao Dai, 411
god(s) (Pali and Skt deva), 5, 9, 11, 16, 34–6, 39, 40,42, 171, 200, 384. See also Brahmā; Hindugods; kami; Māra; Sakka
Ābhassara, 36, 37aid for, 45aiding the Buddha, 18, 22Arahats can be, 86as devotees of the Buddha, 249at the Buddha’s death, 28Bodhisattvas can be, 15, 195, 227, 228
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Dharmapāla on, 379four great kings, 257, 352stream-enterers can be, 35, 258taught by the Buddha, 22, 245the Buddha as not a, 28
Goenka, S.N., 337, 398, 444goma fire ceremony, 227Gombrich, R., 8, 10, 55, 198, 378, 381, 423gong-an. See kōansGotama (Pali, Skt Gautama) Buddha, 1,
14–27. See also Buddha, nature and role ofa; Śākyamuni
and nature, 24, 25as main Buddha-refuge, 245awakening and after, 22–3‘biographies’ of, 14, 98birth and early life, 16–17charisma and powers of, 25–6dates of, 8end of his influence, 80first sermon of, 23–5passing away of, 26–7past lives of, 15, 99relics of, 103renunciation and quest for awakening of,
17–18reverence for, 2teachings style of, 29–31temptation by Māra, 20–1, 26
grace, 159, 174, 230, 255gradual and sudden on the path, 49, 319, 370
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Hinduism (cont.)as an ally of Buddhism, 193as ‘including’ Buddhism, 398Buddhist influence on, 195in Nepal, 202, 418in opposition to Buddhism, 195, 200in syncretism with Buddhism, 200, 224, 384,
401, 402its influence in West, 420its influence on Buddhism, 177, 180, 181, 192,
383, 384Sām
˙khya school of, 122
Hoa Hao movement, 411Hōnen, 229, 230Hong Kong, 403, 413, 425, 434Hsüan-tsang. See XuanzangHuayan (Hua-yen) school, 145–9, 150,
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attitude to work in, 275austerities in, 309–10Buddhism from, beyond Asia, 226–35, 424,
425–6, 431–4, 436, 445, 446–7, 454, 457colonizing Korea, 412festivals in, 262, 263history of Buddhism in, 236early, 226–9later, 234–5modern, 403–9
lay-orientation of Buddhism in, 298marriage in, 284married clerics in, 298meat-eating by clerics in, 274, 298monasticism in, 294, 297, 298New Religions in, 404–6, 407number of Buddhists in, 403, 408nuns in, 298, 299rites for the dead in, 172, 303schools of Buddhism in, 95, 169, 170, 222, 229–
34, 312, 409views of earlier Buddhism in, 113, 145Zen arts in, 372–5
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Mahāvastu, xxiv, 14, 98, 100, 164Mahāvibhās.ā, 94Mahāyāna, 2, 3, 4. See also Eastern Buddhism;
Northern Buddhismand Hinduism, 195and Mahāsām
˙ghikas, 93, 98
and Mahā-siddhas, 189and Mantranaya, 180, 182and Vajrayāna, 189and vegetarianism, 191Buddhahood as goal of, 38Buddhology of, 28, 161–72code of discipline, 294, 297ethical flexibility of, 271focuses of devotion, 250–8in Central Asia, 195in South-east Asia, 199, 200, 224, 254, 388, 398,
402, 413in Sri Lanka, 197, 198in Tibet, 204level of motivation, 208, 320meditation in, 340–375nature of, 110–13onTrueRealities for the Spiritually Ennobled, 50pantheon of, 172–78philosophies of, 114–50‘refuges’ in, 246rise of, 108–10sexual equality in, 285Sūtras of, 4, 108–10, 214temple images in, 238
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Milarepa (Mi la ras pa), 206, 258, 277Milgyo school, 226, 347. See also ZhenyanMilindapañha, xxiv, 4, 460mind. See ālaya-vijñāna; ‘brightly shining mind’;
citta; consciousness; mind-organ;unconscious aspects of the mind
as basis of all, 143, 145as empty, 143as intrinsically pure, 141, 143, 277, 347, 352, 369as like a mirror, 219as radiant, 247, 372as ‘that which knows’, 338become immeasurable, 327driven-ness of, 333healthy state of, 265
in Abhidhamma, 91, 92in jhāna, 330levels of, 131, 354, 356like a thunderbolt, 78, 183meditation as training of, 319ordinary, 359original, 343, 366purification of, 44, 257, 339radiant, 127, 144, 353, 359relation to body, 361rig pa mode of, 144, 359, 361state of no-mind, 143, 365stilling of, 320straightforward, 371taints affecting, 68true nature of, 142, 144, 357, 359, 360unification/one-pointedness of, 322, 323, 329,
330, 342when calm and open, 333Yogācāras on, 130–3
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264. See also ethics; preceptsand faith, 322and joy, 264and meditation, 40, 264, 339and the defilements, 334as a Bodhisattva perfection, 156, 157in the Mahāyāna, 152path as this, meditation and wisdom,
82–4, 167recollection of, 327
motheraid for, 283all beings have been one’s mothers, 154as model of lovingkindness, 279-goddess, 251of all Buddhas, 189, 286ordination as benefiting one’s, 45
respect for, 49, 101, 283the Buddha’s, 16, 17, 261
mudrās, 228. See also gesturesMu-lian (Mu-lien), 262Muslims (see also Islam), 194, 196, 207, 273,
Buddhists from in West, 442non-celibate clerics in, 297nuns in, 300, 302Sanskrit Buddhist texts from, xviii, 3, 422Theravāda in, 377, 401, 418Tibetans in, 415, 438, 456
New Kadampa Tradition, 417, 433, 439, 442,444–5, 450, 466
New Religionsof Japan, 298, 404–6, 407of Thailand, 388–94
New Zealand, Buddhism in, 427, 428, 434, 443,446, 456, 457
Nhat Hanh, Thich, 149, 412, 433, 435, 442, 454nianfo (nien-fo). See nembutsuNibbāna. See Nirvān
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and consciousness, 75–6, 79–80and higher knowledges, 331, 332and the Arahat, 78and the Tathāgata-garbha, 141and transcendental action, 40as a dhamma, 91as an object of insight, 80–1as aspect of Dhamma-body, 167as blissful, 56, 191as Buddhahood, 111, 142as cessation of craving and dukkha, 52as cessation of the nidānas, 66, 86as conceptually dependent on the
conditioned, 118as dependent on designation, 119as Dhamma, 29, 65, 245as ‘further shore’, 31as ‘God’, 402as long-term goal, 38as non-Self, 59, 60, 390as opposite of dukkha, 55as seen simultaneously with seeing dukkha,
96, 119as the Deathless, 17, 23, 27, 72, 336as the empty/emptiness, the signless, aim-free,
does a Bodhisattva postpone it?, 160–1during life (Skt sopadhiśes.a Nirvān
˙a, Pali sa-
upādisesa Nibbāna), 74–6in self-emptiness view, 127its relation to sam
˙sāra, 96, 125–6, 137, 182,
215, 344Mahāyāna on, 111, 116‘non-abiding’ (Skt (apratis.t.hita) type of, 137,
158, 161, 165not conditioned by Path to it, 75pseudo-, 339, 369recollection of its peace, 326shining mind as potential for, 68stream-enterer’s glimpse of, 23, 80, 84, 85,
92, 326Yogācāras on, 136
Noble Eight-factored Path. See Eight-factoredPath, Noble
non-Self (Pali anattā, Skt anātman), 57–62, 64,72, 77, 96, 129, See also empty; Self
and Chan, 221and ethics, 267Critical Buadhists on, 145, 407–8Dhammakāya movement on, 390George Grimm on, 452Mahāyāna on, 116, 158meditation on, 333, 335–7, 343
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Northern Buddhism (cont.)gender equality in, 285how term ‘Hīnayāna’ used in, 112Lamas in, 296Man
˙i mantra in, 254
meat-eating in, 274monastic schedule in, 312mystery plays in, 315nuns in, 300observance days in, 259offerings in, 243practice of medicine in, 316prostrations in, 241rites for the dead in, 281śamatha and vipaśyanā in, 341solitary retreats in, 309study in, 308support for monks in, 303tantric meditation in, 347–61types of religious personnel in, 296Vinaya used in, 290
nuns, Japanese, 298nuns, number of, 298, 299, 300, 410, 412nuns with higher ordination (Pali bhikkhunī, Skt
bhiks.un˙ī), 285, 287, 292, 460
as Arahats, 285as one of the ‘four assemblies’, 287in Eastern Buddhism, 299in Southern Buddhism, 300loss of in Southern Buddhism, 198, 300new ones in Southern Buddhism, 380, 448, 457origin of their order, 24, 298–9revival of their order in Southern and Northern
sabhāva), 93. See also under emptyand gender, 286and tantric visualizations, 347, 353Avatam
˙saka Sūtra on, 147
Huayan school on, 148Mādhyamikas on, 115, 116–19, 120, 121, 122, 126,
130meditation on lack of, 342, 344Perfection ofWisdom Sutras on, 116, 143, 151, 172Sarvāstivādins on, 93, 94Vibhajyavādin/Theravādins on, 97Yogācāras on, 134, 135
Padmasambhava, 189, 204, 205Pagodas, 2, 105, 238, 410, 447, 451. See also Stūpas
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393, 445of Bodhisattvas, 294, See also Brahmajāla Sūtra
code of preceptsof the FWBO, 449second to fifth, 275–7ten great, 294, 297the first, 271–5three pure, 294
‘Precious Garland of Advice for the King’, 280priest-like roles of monks, 287, 316printing, 223, 225, 234, 306, 307, 308protectionby amulets, 316by chanting, 201, 233, 249, 257, 316. See also
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and a ‘good death’, 281and consciousness, 69, 70, 356and gender, 285and karma, 39, 40, 42
and meditation, 350and moral virtue, 40, 154, 212, 266and non-Self, 62, 67as an animal, 33, 42as dukkha, 53belief in, 46–9, 64, 83changing identity between two, 69chosen type of, 171Confucian scepticism on, 212contemporary evidence for, 48‘convert’ Buddhists’ minimal concern with,
429good rebirth as a goal, 102, 208, 329, 460implications of, 38–9in a Pure Land, 163, 174, 216, 346, 356moment to moment, 71, 448non-Buddhist beliefs on, 10, 11, 13of the ego, 387power to control by meditation, 158
recollection. See under memoryreformism in modern Buddhism, 293, 380, 385,
407, 411reformists in early Buddhism, 90refuge(s) (Pali saran
˙a, Skt śaran
˙a)
Ambedkar as a, 399and controversy over Dorje Shugden, 416going for, 86, 244, 378Nirvān
˙a as a, 75
one’s Lama and yidam as, 246oneself as a, 26, 236the three, 85, 240, 241, 244–7, 249, 339
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conditioned world of rebirth), 32, 158. Seealso Nirvān
˙a, non-abiding kind of
its relation to Nirvān˙a. See under Nirvān
˙a
Tathāgata-garbha as its basis, 141samurai, 228, 231, 235, 275Samyé (bSam yas) debate, 204, 370Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam
˙gha), monastic, 2,
287–317. See also Lamas; monasticism;monks; novices; nuns; and underrefuge(s)
as a ‘field of karmic fruitfulness’, 267as ‘led’ by Dhamma and Vinaya, 26early, 2, 88–90its relation to Chinese emperors, 211protective chanting by, 250purification of, 198, 206voting within, 88
Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam˙gha), Noble, 85. See also
under refuge(s)as best ‘field of karmic fruitfulness’, 44recollection of the qualities of, 318, 327
Sangha (Pali, Skt Sam˙gha), three meanings of, 287
Sanlun school, 116, 214Sanskrit, xviii, 9, 25, 58, 62, 108, 306mantras in, 250texts in, 3, 4, 98, 307, 402, 422
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and Sōka Gakkai, 405first, 92, 95, 97, 198, 323–4in Sri Lanka, 197
scholarship on Buddhism, Western, 323–4science and Buddhism, 307, 403, 419scriptures. See Canons of scripturesecularization, 262, 314, 377, 386, 396, 398, 404,
407, 458Self (Skt ātman, Pali atta), 14, 58, 59, 60. See also
non-Self, under empty, and self, empirical;and Buddha-nature, 233, 364and ‘eternalism’, 14, 69and ‘One Mind’ idea, 214and Tathāgata-garbha, 143, 144and the ālaya-vijñāna, 133and the non-Self method, 61belief in, 59, 62, 64, 71, 72, 337Dhammakāya movement on, 390George Grimm on, 452in Upanis.ads, 10, 37, 50, 58not directly denied, 60Pudgalavādins on, 93quest for in the Buddha’s day, 58systematic undermining of idea of, 61Theosophy on, 421
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golden lion, 148holographic image, 147image wrapped in rags, 140lighting one lamp from another, 46magician’s illusion, 58, 117, 137melting ice, 369milk and cream, 140mirage, 58, 135ocean shelving down, 49poisoned arrow, 78purification of gold ore, 68, 140, 329raft, 31seed in a good field, 246seeds and fruits, 40, 129shoots from a fruit, 140television screen, 92trees in a group, 283virtual reality medium, 117watching television, 133water flowing downwards, 281well-tuned string, 320
aid for dying and dead in, 281alms-giving in, 303bases for effecting karmic fruitfulness in, 44‘Buddha-force’ idea in, 248Canon of, 459esoteric practices in, 201–2festivals in, 259–61five precepts in, 269golden age of, 198images in, 248in China, 200in West, 433, 439–40, 441, 442, 451, 452mantras in, 198, 202, 244meditation in, 325–40meditative chanting in, 280meditators in, 319monastic code used in, 290monastic day in, 312monastic medical and welfare activities in, 316monastic study and meditation in, 305–6monks and politics in, 317new religious movements in, 388–94numbers in, 5, 377nuns in, 198, 300, 448, 457protective chants in, 249–50rains retreat in, 310sharing karmic fruitfulness in, 45–6taking extra precepts in, 277teaching laity in, 315temple-boys in, 303, 313temporary ordination in, 260, 289, 295ten perfections in, 156, 280traditional education in, 315
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Southern Buddhism (cont.)vegetarianism in, 274Vinaya adherence in, 293welfare activities in, 280
spirit religion in Sri Lanka, 383–5spontaneity
in Chan/Zen, 217, 220, 221, 365, 369, 372,375, 432
in Daoism, 211in Huayan, 149in Northern Buddhism, 144, 193, 357–61in Pure Land practice, 255of Arahats, 77
Śrāvakayāna (Skt, Vehicle of the Disciples), 110,112, 113, 129, 168, 190, 210, 215, 224
as a level of practice, 320Sri Lanka, 3, 5, 8, 105, 199, 236, 238, 248, 258, 260,
280, 284, 315. See also Ceylon; Lankāalms-round in, 303Buddhism from in West, 427, 429, 433, 439,
453, 455Buddhism in modern, 377–85, 422caste in, 293ethnic conflict in, 272, 381–3meditation in, 315, 395missions from, 401, 402monasticism in, 303, 304, 311, 317nuns in, 278, 300, 301, 302Westerners ordaining in, 452
97, 290. See also TheriyaSthiramati/Sāramati, xxv, 139storehouse-consciousness. See ālaya-vijñānastraightforward mind in Zen, 371–2stream-enterers (Pali sotāpanna, Skt srotāpanna),
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and Chan, 217, 218, 363, 372in Japan, 227–8in South-east Asia, 199, 200in Southern tradition, 198, 201–2, 390, 397in Tibet and Mongolia, 202–10meditation in, 347–361
Taoism. See DaoismTārā Bodhisattva, 186–9, 251
as a Buddha, 286mantra of, 348
Tathāgata (Pali and Skt, ‘One-attuned-to-reality’),23. See also Tathāgata-garbha
and Dhamma, 28, 125beyond death, 78–80thusness of, 125
Tathāgata-garbha, 127, 138–45, 150, 155, 218, 266,390. See also Buddha-nature; Tathāgata-garbha thought
and Amitābha, 173and Dharma-body, 169and Perfection of Wisdom, 193as experienced at death, 282as One Mind, 214Gelugpas on, 169in Dzogch’en, 357, 359in Huayan, 148, 150
Thailand, 199, 200, 201, 236, 307, 376, 395,421. See also South-east Asia
and Mon country, 102, 199and Sri Lanka, 199, 200, 293attitude to army in, 272Avalokiteśvara in, 254Buddhism from in West, 433, 436, 439, 441,
442–4, 448, 456Buddhism in modern, 377, 385–94, 403, 413festivals in, 260forest monks in, 308marriage in, 284meditation teachers of, 339missions from, 402monasticism in, 202, 293, 296, 307, 311, 312nuns in, 300, 301, 302women in, 285yantras in, 202
236. See also Burma; Cambodia; Laos;Southern Buddhism; Sri Lanka;Thailand; Vibhajyavāda
Abhidhamma of, 84, 90, 91–2, 95, 97and Asoka, 95, 102and ‘Hīnayāna’, 112and spirit religion in Sri Lanka, 383and ‘Śrāvakayāna’, 113attitude to monks in, 288, 303beyond Asia, 427, 438, 439–40, 442–4, 448, 451,
452, 454, 455, 456, 458‘biography’ of the Buddha in, 14Bodhisattva path in, 112, 114, 156, 286Canon of, 3devotion in, 31, 241, 243, 245esoteric Buddhism in, 201–2, 397images in, 238, 247in Indonesia, 402in Malaysia, 401in Nepal, 297, 302, 377, 401, 418in Singapore, 413in south India, 194in Vietnam, 224meditation in, 325–40, 357, 361, 362, 364, 370monastic code of, 290, 292nuns in, 300, 301, 302, 305, 448, 457
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Theravāda school (cont.)on Conditioned Arising, 66on date of the Buddha, 8on Dhamma-body, 167on first schism, 89on ‘intermediary existence’ (antarā-bhava), 71on nature of the Buddha, 28on Nirvān
˙a, 73–81, 119
on the Arahat, 111on the Buddha as beyond contact, 80recollection of the Buddha in, 162refuges in, 245self-image of, 199sharing karmic fruitfulness in, 45–6sudden awakenings in, 370temples in, 238, 240temporary ordination in, 289, 295
Tiantai (T’ien t’ai) school, 145, 160, 169, 215, 223,236, 306. See also Ch’ont’ae; Tendai
in West, 434meditation in, 343–4on female Buddhas, 286repentance in, 270
Tibet, 4, 5, 5, 203–10, 236, 274. See also Bön;Gelugpa; Kagyüpa; Mantranaya;Northern Buddhism; Nyingmapa; Sakya;tantric Buddhism; Vajrayāna
and Theosophists, 421Avalokiteśvara in, 251Buddhism from in West, 429, 432, 436–9, 440,
444–5, 450, 451, 453, 454, 455, 456, 457Buddhism in modern, 403, 414–17classification of schools in, 130, 138, 169festivals in, 261images from, 184, 187
Man˙i mantra in, 244, 254
model of Bodhisattva path in, 155monasticism in, 295, 304, 312need for tantric means in, 189nuns in, 300Potala Palace in, 258refugees from, 400, 418, 427religious personnel in, 296Tārā in, 186, 286trulkus in, 171women in, 285
‘Tibetan Book of the Dead’, 282time, 32, 33, 36, 38, 163, 171, 332. See also eons;
momentarinessand future of heavenly Buddhas, 161, 164,
165and Tathāgata-garbha, 140as relative, 36Huayan school on, 147, 149Mādhyamika on, 122realm without beginning in, 131, 141Sarvāstivādins on, 93, 94, 119Vibhajyavādins on, 95wheel of, 193Yogācāras on, 129, 131
timelessdharma-ness, 168Nirvān
˙a as, 2, 72, 74, 75, 79, 80, 95
original face, 222thusness, 169truths/realities, 15, 29wisdom of Vairocana, 228
Tipit.aka (Pali, Skt Tripit.aka), 459. See also Paliunder Canons of scripture
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435, 451, 454, 457views (Pali dit.t.hi, Skt dr.s.t.i), 63–4, 68, 116. See also
right vieweternalism and annihilationism, 13Mādhyamika on, 121–4of existence and non-existence, 72, 117of unity and diversity, 72on the existing group, 64. See also Self-identity
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Cambridge University Press978-0-521-85942-4 - An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices: Second EditionPeter HarveyIndexMore information
as one of three ingredients of the path, 78, 82,83, 84
of a Buddha, 161three kinds of, 318
women, ordination of, 298–9. See also nuns withhigher ordination
women, status of, 190, 284–6, 287. See also femaledeities
Won school, 413, 433world
and dukkha, 52, 70and interpenetration, 146, 149and karma, 163and language, 120and One Mind, 215and Vajra-sceptre symbolism, 184as ‘body’ of Vairocana, 148as Buddha-nature, 145, 232as created by Avalokiteśvara, 177as mentally constructed, 130, 132, 133as neither existent nor non-existent, 72as not unreal, 48as thought-only, 133–6in Buddhist cosmology. See cosmologyof lived experience, 72of lived experience is in body, 70origin of our, 37
world mountain (Meru/Sumeru), 33, 258, 350world-systems (Pali and Skt loka-dhātu), 1, 33, 35,
455, 456in modern Japan, 408, 409meditation in, 319, 347, 357, 361–72, 407monasteries and temples in, 239, 309offering verse of, 241‘refuges’ in, 246rites for dead beings in, 273trainees in, 303, 313
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