Author Topic Allan (2006) Comments on HIH, and Arthur Andersen Becker (1982) Professional judgment argument Blanthorne et al. (2005) Technical, Soft Skills: Career Perspectives Carnegie and Napier (2010) Ideals of professionalism &deprofessionalisation Chambers (1973) Creative accounting IFAC PAIB Committee (2008) understanding role of accounting in SME is imp. Lee (1995) Rob + Coopeer, 1990 Self-interest and public interest of accountants may be integrated Schon (1983) diff. btw prof judgment and tech judgment Sikk (2009) poor audit quality West (2003) portrayals of prof. West (2003) „Regulatory fiat‟: importance of professionals West+ Larson ( 1977) driving motivation of profession may not be altrusim Wilensky (1964) sevice ideal Will mott (1990) sevice ideal Albrecht (1992) integrity Bazerman et al. (2002) Loewenstein, Moore Breach of public interest due to unconscious bias Bedard (2001), Parker (1994), Canning & O‟Dwyer (2003) professional; code of ethics serve a dual purpose Biddle (2006) Moral agency -Value Creation Brown (2006) Prof competence and due care Cottel, Perlin (1990) independence Dellaportas et al. (2005) Normative theories: “Should” Dellaportas et al. (2005) Limitations of principles-based approach Dent (2009) Organizational culture and significant others Dobson (2005) Moral agency Doucet and Ruland (1994) 3 virtues of particular relevance for accountants to fulfill their responsibilities Hellier & Bebbington (2004) Limitations of principles-based approach Herbert Simon, Guy (1990) Ethical decision-making models Immanuel Kant Deontological theories (non-consequential)
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Author Topic
Allan (2006) Comments on HIH, and Arthur Andersen
Becker (1982) Professional judgment argument
Blanthorne et al. (2005) Technical, Soft Skills: Career Perspectives
Carnegie and Napier (2010) Ideals of professionalism &deprofessionalisation
Chambers (1973) Creative accounting
IFAC PAIB Committee (2008) understanding role of accounting in SME is imp.
Lee (1995)
Rob + Coopeer, 1990
Self-interest and public interest of accountants may
be integrated
Schon (1983) diff. btw prof judgment and tech judgment
Sikk (2009) poor audit quality
West (2003) portrayals of prof.
West (2003) „Regulatory fiat‟: importance of professionals
West+ Larson ( 1977) driving motivation of profession may not be altrusim
Wilensky (1964) sevice ideal
Will mott (1990) sevice ideal
Albrecht (1992) integrity
Bazerman et al. (2002) Loewenstein,
Moore Breach of public interest due to unconscious bias
Bedard (2001), Parker (1994), Canning &
O‟Dwyer (2003) professional; code of ethics serve a dual purpose
Biddle (2006) Moral agency -Value Creation
Brown (2006) Prof competence and due care
Cottel, Perlin (1990) independence
Dellaportas et al. (2005) Normative theories: “Should”
Dellaportas et al. (2005) Limitations of principles-based approach
Dent (2009) Organizational culture and significant others
Dobson (2005) Moral agency
Doucet and Ruland (1994)
3 virtues of particular relevance for accountants to
fulfill their responsibilities
Hellier & Bebbington (2004) Limitations of principles-based approach
Herbert Simon, Guy (1990) Ethical decision-making models
Immanuel Kant Deontological theories (non-consequential)
Jenning (1999)
preparation and reporting of info., earning
management
Kahneman, Tversky (1972)
Indiviual, Cognitive (nhận thức) development,
subjective probability
Leung & Cooper (2005) ethics in accounting - real life scenarios
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill -
John Rawls (1971) Justice theory
Kohlberg (1981) cognitive development
Kohlberg (1981)
Theory of cognitive moral reasoning and
development (3 levels, 6 stages)
Mele' (2005) Virtue ethics (what people should be)
Mintz (1992) Prof. ethics - how one should behave
Raymond Baumhart (1970s; 2003) survey "what does ethics mean to you"
Rest (1979) Integrity
Schein (2004) Relationship between ethical behavior and culture
Windal (1990) Integrity
Willmott (1990) & Sikka (1989) „Public Interest‟ - ethics in practice
Teleological theories
-
Right theory
Level 1 – Pre-conventional (self-interest)
Level 3 – Post-conventional (society)
Level of moral reasoning in accounting
Ethics risk-management framework
Social factors: Laws, regulations and culture
The AICPA decision tree
Level 2 – Conventional (position & role)
Abbott (1988) Comments on Larson‟s theory & power literature
Albrecht and Sack (2000) Accounting Stereotypes: Scorekeepers
American Accounting Association (AAA) Accounting Definition
Annual Report of FRC (2010) Requirements on independence of auditors
APESB (2010) Professional Ethics
Beard (1994) Accounting Stereotypes
Bertrand Russell (1955) Situational Ethics
Biddle (2006) Value Creation
Brewster (2003) Loss of trust in the accounting profession
Buckley (1978) Public Interest
Carey (1969), Buckley & Buckley (1974) Key attributes of a profession
Carnegie (2009) Governance
Carnegie and Napier (1996) Accounting: Social Intermediary
Chambers (1973) Lack of action to put its affair in order
Coate et al. (2003) Accounting Stereotypes
CPA Australia Accounting Definition & “Service Ideal”
Dimnik and Felton (2006) Accounting Stereotypes (5)
Friedman and Lyne (2001) Accounting Stereotypes (Bean counter)
Green (1991) & Clarke (2003) Many accounting issues from 80s is unsolved
Greenwood (1957) Key attributes of a profession
IFAC (2003) Rebuilding public confidence on Financial Report
IFAC (2004) „Enterprise Governance‟
IFAC (2005) Professional Accountants in Business
Larson (1977) Professionalisation
Lonergan (2009, p.24) Accounting: Social Impacts
Macquarie Dictionary Accounting Definition
Macquarie Dictionary Accounting Definition
Miller‟s (1994) Accounting: Wider Social Impacts
OECD (2004) Governance
Oxford Dictionary „Govern‟ and „Governance‟ Definition
Robson and Cooper (1990) & Willmott Relationship between accounting & social
Smith and Briggs (1999) Accounting Stereotypes observation
The Australian & Murdoch (2010) #N/A
Aristotle -
Aristotle Virtue ethics
Collins (2003) and Pierce & Sweeny (2004) Stress in the workplace
Davenport & Dellaportas (2009) Conflict of interest associated with confidentiality
Dellaportas et al. (2007) Organizational culture
Dellportas (2005) Same as above
Herbert Simon, Guy (1990) Ethical decision-making models
Langenderfer and Rockness (1990) 7 steps ethical decision-making adopted by AAA
Mathison (1988) Philosophical model of ethical decision-making
Ponemon and Gabhart (1993) Circumstances pursue the wrong course of action
Schein (2004) Schein‟s six primary mechanisms
Sim (2000), Sim and Brinkmann (2002,
2003) and Dellaportas at el. (2007)
Examine the relationship between leadership and
culture in Schein‟s mechanisms
Tuller (2000) Accounting work environment
Page Narrative
1.6 mức phạt cho các cá nhân liên quan
1.13 single most important attribute, dif. Btw prof. and non prof.
1.37
techical imp for first promotion; interpersonal, leadership and
Objectivity (Impartial, honest, free from conflict of interest)
Professional independence to the provision (Independence=Objectivity + Integrity)
Independance of mind (reality ) and appereance(more desvastating, Lack of indepen)
of assurance service
Common threats to independence (Examples)
Professional independence in practice (s290-291)
Provision of non-audit service to an audit client (S290) - Additonal value for an Audit Client)
Professional competence and due care
Confidentiality
Professional behaviour
Code of ethics for members in public practice
Professional appointment (acceptance should no be granted automately - Solicitation)
Referrals (special assigment)
Conflicts of interest
Incompatible activities (self interest threat)
Conflicts between two or more clients (members must not provide services unless consent to do it is received)
Second opinions (seek permission from clients)
Fees and other types of remuneration
Professional fees (billing arrangements)
Contingent and referral fees (Actions of transactions/Result of services)
Commissions and soft-dollar benefits
(Inconsitent with CPA - Professionalims, Fees for commissions: Self interest threat to objectivity)
Marketing professional services (Consistency with Professional Behaviour)
Code of ethics for members in business
Potential conflicts (Undertake task inconsistent with professional duties)
Preparation and reporting of information and earnings management (Revenue Recognition, Greed)
Reporting with integrity (Public Interest - trust)
Professional And ethical failures by menbers/public practice - Sonya Denisse & Trevor Neil)
Financial interests (Threats and Safeguards)
Gifts, hospitality and inducements
Self-regulation and professional discipline
The profession's self-regulatory process
Accounting professional and ethical standards board (APESB) (high level of Professional Practice)
Roles of APESB
The quality assurance process (Components: Standard setting, Conformity withstadards, preactice review, Firm regulations)
APES 320 Quality control for firms
Policies and procedures for address each element
Professional discipline (To achieve credibility & confidence of the general Public / Sources of complaint, CPA)
Procedures
Penalties and appeals
Part B: A conceptual framework for ethical behaviourTheoretical approach to ethics
A concept map
Normative theory - 2 key functions:
(Framework for judging moral righteness and framework decision making to resolve Ethical problems)
Teleological theories (consequential)
Ethical egoism
Differences between psychological egoism, ethical egoism (table 2.5)
and utilitarianism
Utilitarianism
Five basic steps
Limitation of consequential and utilitarian analysis
Dentological theories (Duties)
Rights theory
Justice theory (Aristoteles)
A philisophical model of ethical decision-making (Mathison 1988)
Aplication of multiples theories to unethical dilemma
Virtue ethics
An introduction to professional and ethical judgment
Kohlberg's theory of cognitive moral reasoning and development
Six stages of cognitive moral development
Level 1: Pre-conventional
Level 2: Conventional
Level 3: Post-conventional
Levels of moral reasoning in accounting
Factors influencing decision-making
Individual (Cognitive development) - Kholbers theory
Organisational ( organisational culture, Code of ethics, Others significants)
Schein's six primary mechanisms(Leader rely on this, can achieve cultural success, cultural failure, cultural change)
Stress in the workplace
Professional (APESB)
Societal
Law and regulation
Culture (Confucionism: Japan, China), Relativism
Ethical decision-making models (Influences on an Individual Decision) - HEURISTIC
American Accounting Association Model (AAA) - Lagender & Rockness
Seven steps model
AICPA Decision Tree
Reading 2.1 Accountants, Ethical issues and the Corporate Governance text?
Reading 2.2 Six cures forcurrent Ethical Breakdowns
Reading 2.3 Ethics Decision tree fro CPAs in business and industry
Questions: 2.1 Consider Implications of an accountant with isufficient time to perform duties? What should you do?
Questions: 2.2 Your firm executes investment transactions for a client. You are now asked to audit this client, I s there a threat to yur independence?
Questions: 2.3 A new qualified CPA is asked to perform an audit to small company, The accountant has not experience in that field, What should you do?
Questions: 2.4 You have been asked to audti 1/2 year finanical statement, (second opninion?
Questions: 2.5 You mamage fundraisng company, Soft dollar benefits?
Questions: 2.6 New assurance Services without previuos experience, Does this complain with the Code of Ethics?
Questions: 2.7 Explain why integrity is an essential attributer of the profession
Questions: 2.8 Quality assurance and ethical issues arising from?
Questions: 2.9 Utiliarims definitions, problems and difffences?
Questions: 2.10 Does you employee have a right to enquiie into activitiess of your personal life? In realtion of rights theory?
Questions: 2.11 Which Stage of Kholbert theory of CMD best describe the decision making behaviour of Accountants
Module 3: Governance
Part A: Overview of Corporate Governance ( Information and Comunication)Why Good Corporate Goverance matters (balancing power of stakeholders = Performance + conformance)
Global Imperative ( Professional Accountants role : A+B)
Key Factors driving the need for better Corporate Governance
Why Corporate Governance is important to APEC economies( valuable source on international views)
Key Points / Benefits of Good Governance
Goverance and APEC views
Governance Definintions / Governance Involves
Agency and Governance ( Agents must be aware of concepts and principles of good Corporate Governance)
Components of Corporate Governance
Shareholders ( Bosch -1995) rights and Obligations
Individual Shareholders ( ASA , Media an Internet)
Institutionals Shareholders (Insurance companies/ funds ) (Hampel Report, now reflected in UK CGC)
Directors and Boards
Board of Directors (Bosh Report in Australia, Rogers CJ ( AWA Ltd…)
Board Chair - Independence( OECD: chair not mention should be Indep.. / UK CGC should be indep..)
Role of CEO - Agent of the Board ( Board member and CEO/ Agency relationship arise)
Type of Directors (Independent & non Independent Directors)
The entity assumption (Externalitites to be ignored)
Current regulations for CSR reporting
Requirements embodied within the Corporations Act and accounting standards
Corporation Act :Directors to Provide financial details of Environmtnal performance)
Corporations act section 299 (1)(f) on environmental performance / Asic require entities to disclose financial/non financial)
Corporations act section 299 A on Directors' report
AASB 137 Provisions, contigent liabilities and contigent assets -Uncertain(Entities no quantify externaliites, non measureable/reliable)
AASB 116 Property, plant and equipment
National Greenhouse and Energy Reporting Act 2007 - Objectives
NGER Act: Reporting thresholds
National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) - Howes 2001 - NPI compel's business to release information
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2005 - required to undertake detailed energy assessment to identify oportunitites)
Other legislations aimed at motivating improvements in Social and Environmental performance)
Australia: Independent pricing and regualtion tribunal, NSW ENErgy Saving Scheme, Commonwealth Renewablwe Energy target Scheme)
European Union Emmisions Trading Scheme (Creation of Emmisions allowances)
Voluntary frameworks for CSR reporting
The global reporting initiative (GRI) - G3 Guidelines, Sectors Suplements, Protocols, National Annexures)
Practical applications and testo to help to apply this principle:
External factors in defining material topics
Internal factors in defining material topics
The Guidelines then recommended content
International guidance in CSR-related performance and reporting
Carbon disclosure project (Carbon emission and climate change represent significant business risk - Investment decision)
Accountability AA1000 series & principles
Equator Principles (determine, assess ans manage Social and Environmental risk in project financing)
The Greenhouse gas protocol GHC Kyoto Protocol - 2 Standards / objectives
Trucost (Help to identify high -risk sectors for investments / cash flows - meet environemntal reporting requirments)
Social audits and their relationship to CSR reporting (Elkington -Definintion: Assess performance in realtion to Society requirements and expectations)
The Body shop
Nike
Social Accountability International (SAI) - Social Accounting Standards SA2008)
Examples of best practice and innovative reporting
CSR The zone of acceptability (Identify leading edge / Reporting Sophisitcation)
Integrated Reporting: IIRC missions and objectives for an integrated reporting framework, roles of IIRC
International initiatives on climate change - Institutional Framework to reduce emmision(mitigation) and adapting toclimatechange(Adaption). - Kyoto Protocolo
The Copenhagen accord (interim measure to address various aspects of climate change)
Climate change accounting techniques (Cap-and trade method for carbon emmision - designed as a market based aproach)
Financial accounting treatment for Cap and Trade scheme (Fixed price and Floating-price)
Accounting for the levels of actual emissions (3 Categories), NCOS -set up by Australian Governement; Genuine csrbon offset)
Greenhouse gas emissions ( yarra Valley Water Sustainability report
Environmental management accounting
IFAC to define EMA, IN realtion to waste - Glad Stated, Deegan: prescrition in relation to creating more refine accounts of waste)
Deegan - EMA Benefits
Corporate governance mechanisms aimed at improving social & environmental perf
Accountable and Transparent, Stakeholders engagement to fulfill thwir environmental and Social responsabilities
ISO 14001 Environemntal Management System and ISO 26000 Guidance on Social responsibility
Schein's six primary mechanisms(Leader rely on this, can achieve cultural success, cultural failure, cultural change) 2 64
2 65+66
2 66-67
2 67
2 67-68
2 68-69
Ethical decision-making models (Influences on an Individual Decision) - HEURISTIC 2 70
2 71
2 71-72
2 71-72
Questions: 2.1 Consider Implications of an accountant with isufficient time to perform duties? What should you do?
Questions: 2.2 Your firm executes investment transactions for a client. You are now asked to audit this client, I s there a threat to yur independence?
Questions: 2.3 A new qualified CPA is asked to perform an audit to small company, The accountant has not experience in that field, What should you do?
Questions: 2.4 You have been asked to audti 1/2 year finanical statement, (second opninion?
Questions: 2.6 New assurance Services without previuos experience, Does this complain with the Code of Ethics?
Questions: 2.10 Does you employee have a right to enquiie into activitiess of your personal life? In realtion of rights theory?
Questions: 2.11 Which Stage of Kholbert theory of CMD best describe the decision making behaviour of Accountants
Page #
Overview of Corporate Governance ( Information and Comunication) 3 5
Why Good Corporate Goverance matters (balancing power of stakeholders = Performance + conformance) 3 5
3 5
Key Factors driving the need for better Corporate Governance 3 5
Why Corporate Governance is important to APEC economies( valuable source on international views) 3 6
3 6
3 7
3 7
Agency and Governance ( Agents must be aware of concepts and principles of good Corporate Governance) 3 8
3 9
3 9
3 10
Institutionals Shareholders (Insurance companies/ funds ) (Hampel Report, now reflected in UK CGC) 3 10-11
3 12-13
Board of Directors (Bosh Report in Australia, Rogers CJ ( AWA Ltd…) 3 14-16
Board Chair - Independence( OECD: chair not mention should be Indep.. / UK CGC should be indep..) 3 16
Role of CEO - Agent of the Board ( Board member and CEO/ Agency relationship arise) 3 16-17
Cannot answer questions related to SocIAL AND Enviromental Performance) 5 34
5 34
Enviromental Resources (Externalities(Benefits/Cost) not controlled by Entity - not considered Assets of the Entity) 5 34-35
5 36
The Stern review on the Economics of climate changes (Value of the cost of climate change overstimated) 5 36
Issues of 'reliable measurement' and 'probability' (JI and Deegan - Laibilites & Provsions realted to Externalitites difficult to measure) 5 37-38
39
5 39
5 40
Requirements embodied within the Corporations Act and accounting standards 5 40-41
Corporation Act :Directors to Provide financial details of Environmtnal performance) 5 41
Corporations act section 299 (1)(f) on environmental performance / Asic require entities to disclose financial/non financial) 5 41
5 41
AASB 137 Provisions, contigent liabilities and contigent assets -Uncertain(Entities no quantify externaliites, non measureable/reliable) 5 41
5 41
5 41-42
5 42
National Pollutant Inventory (NPI) - Howes 2001 - NPI compel's business to release information 5 43-44
Energy Efficiency Opportunities Act 2005 - required to undertake detailed energy assessment to identify oportunitites) 5 45
Other legislations aimed at motivating improvements in Social and Environmental performance) 5 45
Australia: Independent pricing and regualtion tribunal, NSW ENErgy Saving Scheme, Commonwealth Renewablwe Energy target Scheme) 5 45
European Union Emmisions Trading Scheme (Creation of Emmisions allowances) 5 46
5 47
The global reporting initiative (GRI) - G3 Guidelines, Sectors Suplements, Protocols, National Annexures) 5 47
47
5 48
5 48
5 48-49
5 50
Carbon disclosure project (Carbon emission and climate change represent significant business risk - Investment decision) 5 50
5 51
Equator Principles (determine, assess ans manage Social and Environmental risk in project financing) 5 52
5 53
Trucost (Help to identify high -risk sectors for investments / cash flows - meet environemntal reporting requirments) 5 54
5 55
Social audits and their relationship to CSR reporting (Elkington -Definintion: Assess performance in realtion to Society requirements and expectations) 5 56
5 57-58
5 59-8
5 59
5 60
CSR The zone of acceptability (Identify leading edge / Reporting Sophisitcation) 5 60
Integrated Reporting: IIRC missions and objectives for an integrated reporting framework, roles of IIRC 64-65
International initiatives on climate change - Institutional Framework to reduce emmision(mitigation) and adapting toclimatechange(Adaption). - Kyoto Protocolo5 66
The Copenhagen accord (interim measure to address various aspects of climate change) 5 67-68
Climate change accounting techniques (Cap-and trade method for carbon emmision - designed as a market based aproach) 5 69-70
Financial accounting treatment for Cap and Trade scheme (Fixed price and Floating-price) 5 70-71
Accounting for the levels of actual emissions (3 Categories), NCOS -set up by Australian Governement; Genuine csrbon offset) 5 72
5 73
5 74
IFAC to define EMA, IN realtion to waste - Glad Stated, Deegan: prescrition in relation to creating more refine accounts of waste) 5 75-76
76
5 77
Accountable and Transparent, Stakeholders engagement to fulfill thwir environmental and Social responsabilities 78
ISO 14001 Environemntal Management System and ISO 26000 Guidance on Social responsibility 5 78
Davenport & Dellaportas (2009)Conflict of interest associated with confidentiality2.16
Bazerman et al. (2002)Breach of public interest due to unconscious bias2.16
Dellaportas et al. (2005)Normative theories: “Should” 2.48
Teleological theories 2.49
-
Egoism
(Ethical vs
psychologi
cal) 2.49
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill -
Utilitariani
sm 2.52
Immanuel KantDeontological theories 2.53
Right theory 2.54
John Rawls (1971)Justice theory 2.55
Aristotle -
Distribute
justice 2.55
Mathison (1988)Philosophical model of ethical decision-making2.55
Aristotle Virtue ethics 2.57
Doucet and Ruland (1994)3 virtues of particular relevance for accountants2.57
Kohlberg (1981)Theory of cognitive moral reasoning and development (3 levels, 6 stages)2.58
Level 1 – Pre-conventional (self-interest)2.59
Ponemon and Gabhart (1993)Circumstances pursue the wrong course of action2.6
Level 2 – Conventional (position & role)2.6
Level 3 – Post-conventional (society)2.6
Level of moral reasoning in accounting2.61
Dellaportas et al. (2007)Organizational culture 2.62
Schein (2004)Relationship between ethical behavior and culture
2.62 –
2.63
Sim (2000), Sim and Brinkmann (2002, 2003) and Dellaportas at el. (2007)Examine the relationship between leadership and culture in Schein‟s mechanisms2.63
Schein (2004)Schein‟s six primary mechanisms2.64
Ethics risk-management framework2.65
Collins (2003) and Pierce & Sweeny (2004)Stress in the workplace
2.65 –
2.66
Bedard (2001), Parker (1994), Canning & O‟Dwyer (2003)A dual purpose: self-interest and public interest2.67
Social factors: Laws, regulations and culture2.67-2.69
Herbert Simon, Guy (1990)„Satisficing‟: Satisfactory, less than optimal2.7
Langenderfer and Rockness (1990)7 steps ethical decision-making adopted by AAA2.71
The AICPA decision tree
Reading
2.3
Annual Report of FRC (2010)
IFAC (2003)
Module 2
Tuller (2000)
Hellier & Bebbington (2004)
Dellportas (2005)
Willmott (1990) & Sikka (1989)
Davenport & Dellaportas (2009)
Bazerman et al. (2002)
Dellaportas et al. (2005)
Jeremy Bentham & John Stuart Mill
Immanuel Kant
John Rawls (1971)
Aristotle
Mathison (1988)
Aristotle
Doucet and Ruland (1994)
Kohlberg (1981)
Ponemon and Gabhart (1993)
Dellaportas et al. (2007)
Schein (2004)
Sim (2000), Sim and Brinkmann (2002, 2003) and Dellaportas at el. (2007)