Independence for Latin America Timeline Cards
Subj
ect M
atte
r Exp
erts
Kriste
n McC
leary,
PhD,
Depa
rtmen
t of H
istory
, Jame
s Mad
ison U
nivers
ity
Illus
trat
ion
and
Phot
o Cre
dits
Title
Span
ish ar
my su
rrend
ering
to Ge
neral
Anton
io Jos
e de S
ucre
Peru
after
Battle
of Ay
acuc
ho,
Dece
mber
1824
, Peru
vian W
ar of
Indep
ende
nce,
Peru,
19th
centu
ry / D
e Ago
stini
Pictur
e Lib
rary /
M. S
eemu
ller /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 1
Dusti
n Mac
kay
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 2
Signin
g of Tr
eaty
of To
rdesill
as be
twee
n Spa
in an
d Port
ugal,
June
7, 14
94/D
e Ago
stini
Pictur
e Lib
rary/G
. Dag
li Orti
/Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 3
Chris
tian G
oupi/
age f
otosto
ck/S
uperS
tock
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 4
Jacob
Wya
tt
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 5
Tyler
Pack
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 6
Avi K
atz
Introd
uctio
n, Ca
rd 9
Decla
ration
of th
e Righ
ts of
Man
and
Citize
n, 17
89 (o
il on
canv
as), F
rench
Scho
ol, (1
8th
centu
ry) / M
usee
de la
Ville
de Pa
ris, M
usee
Carna
valet
, Pari
s, Fran
ce / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 1
Portr
ait of
Charl
es IV
of Bo
urbon
(Port
ici, 17
48–R
ome,
1819
), Pri
nce o
f Astu
rias a
nd Ki
ng
of Sp
ain, P
aintin
g by F
rancis
co Jo
se de
Goya
y Lu
ciente
s (17
46–1
828)
/ De A
gosti
ni Pic
ture
Librar
y / G.
Dagli
Orti /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
Chap
ter 2,
Card
1 Th
e Reb
ellion
of t
he S
laves
in Sa
nto D
oming
o, 23
rd au
gust
1791
(colo
ured
engra
ving)
, Fre
nch S
choo
l, (18
th ce
ntury)
/ Mu
see de
la Vi
lle de
Paris
, Mus
ee Ca
rnava
let, P
aris,
Franc
e / A
rchive
s Cha
rmet
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 2,
Card
2 Po
rtrait
of T
oussa
int Lo
uvert
ure (1
743–
1803
) on
horse
back
, earl
y 19
th ce
ntury
(colou
r en
gravin
g), F
rench
Scho
ol, (1
9th ce
ntury)
/ Bib
liothe
que N
ation
ale, P
aris, F
rance
/ Ar
chive
s Ch
armet
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 2,
Card
3 Ibe
rfoto/
Supe
rStoc
k
Chap
ter 2,
Card
4 Jea
n Jac
ques
Dessa
lines
/ Pho
to ©
Geral
d Blon
cour
t / Br
idgem
an Im
ages
Chap
ter 3,
Card
1 Lu
cio Ru
iz Past
or/Ag
e foto
stock
/Sup
erStoc
k
Chap
ter 3,
Card
2 Jos
e Ma
ria Te
clo M
orelos
y P
avon
(176
5–18
15),
right,
Mex
ican
Roma
n Ca
tholic
Prie
st wh
o bec
ame l
eade
r of t
he re
volut
ionari
es aft
er the
exec
ution
of M
iguel
Hidalg
o. Ca
pture
of Mo
relos
by Ro
yalist
supp
orters
, 5 N
ovem
ber 1
815.
He w
as ex
ecute
d by f
iring s
quad
on
22 D
ecem
ber. M
exica
n War
of Ind
epen
denc
e (fro
m Sp
ain) 1
810–
1820
. / U
nivers
al His
tory
Arch
ive/U
IG / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 4,
Card
1 Th
e Sieg
e of t
he A
lamo,
6th M
arch 1
836,
from
‘Texa
s, an
Epito
me of
Texa
s Hist
ory, 1
897’,
by W
illiam
H. B
rooke
r (en
gravin
g) (b
&w ph
oto), A
meric
an Sc
hool,
(19th
centu
ry) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 4,
Card
1 Po
rtrait
of A
ntonio
Lope
z de S
anta
Anna
(179
5–18
76),
Mexic
an g
enera
l and
poli
tician
, Me
xico,
19th
centu
ry / D
e Ago
stini
Pictur
e Libr
ary / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 4,
Card
2 Po
rtrait
of Be
nito J
uarez
(oil o
n can
vas),
Mex
ican S
choo
l, (19
th ce
ntury)
/ Mus
eo Na
ciona
l de
Histor
ia, Ca
stillo
de Ch
apult
epec,
Mex
ico / B
ridge
man I
mage
s
Chap
ter 4,
Card
3 Pa
ncho
Villa
(b/w
photo
graph
), Mex
ican P
hotog
raphe
r, (20
th ce
ntury)
/ Priv
ate Co
llecti
on /
Peter
Newa
rk Am
erica
n Pict
ures /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
Chap
ter 4,
Card
3 Em
iliano
Zapa
ta Sa
lazar
(187
9–19
19): M
exica
n rev
olutio
nary
(b/w
photo
) (ph
oto) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on / T
arker
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 5,
Card
1 Po
rtrait
of F
rancis
co M
irand
a (1
750–
1816
), Ve
nezu
elan
patrio
t who
alon
g wi
th Bo
livar
procla
imed
Vene
zuela
n ind
epen
denc
e, Ju
ly 5,
1811
. Ven
ezue
la, 19
th ce
ntury.
/ De
Agos
tini
Pictur
e Libr
ary / M
. See
mulle
r / Br
idgem
an Im
ages
Chap
ter 5,
Card
2 Sim
on Bo
livar
(178
3–18
30) a
nd Fr
ancis
co de
Paula
Santa
nder
(179
2–18
40) t
ravell
ing to
Bo
gota
with
the ar
my of
the ‘L
iberta
dor’ a
fter t
he vi
ctory
of Bo
yaca
, 10th
Augu
st 18
29 (o
il on
canv
as), A
lvarez
, Fran
cisco
de Pa
ula (f
l.182
9) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on /
Arch
ives C
harm
et /
Bridg
eman
Imag
es
Chap
ter 5,
Card
3 Sp
anish
army
surre
nderi
ng to
Gene
ral An
tonio
Jose d
e Suc
re Pe
ru aft
er Ba
ttle of
Ayac
ucho
, De
cemb
er 18
24, P
eruvia
n War
of Ind
epen
denc
e, Pe
ru, 19
th ce
ntury
/ De A
gosti
ni Pic
ture
Librar
y / M
. See
mulle
r / Br
idgem
an Im
ages
Chap
ter 6,
Card
1 Th
e Glor
ious C
onqu
est of
Buen
os A
ires b
y the
Britis
h Forc
es, 27
th Ju
ne 18
06, p
ublish
ed by
G.
Thom
pson
, 180
6 (co
loured
woo
dcut)
, Eng
lish Sc
hool,
(19th
centu
ry) /
Natio
nal A
rmy
Museu
m, Lo
ndon
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 6,
Card
2 Th
e Pass
age o
f the
And
es in
1817
(oil o
n can
vas),
Balle
rini, A
ugus
to (1
857–
97) /
Priva
te Co
llecti
on / I
ndex
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 6,
Card
3 Be
rnardo
O’Hig
gins R
iquelm
e 177
8–18
42). C
hilea
n ind
epen
denc
e lea
der. P
ortrai
t. / Br
itish
Librar
y, Lon
don,
UK / ©
Britis
h Libr
ary Bo
ard. A
ll Righ
ts Re
serve
d / Br
idgem
an Im
ages
Chap
ter 7,
Card
1 Kin
g Joh
n VI
(oil o
n ca
nvas)
, Port
ugue
se Sc
hool
(19th
cen
tury)
/ Ap
sley
Hous
e, Th
e We
llingto
n Mus
eum,
Lond
on, U
K / ©
Histo
ric En
gland
/ Brid
gema
n Ima
ges
Chap
ter 7,
Card
2 Co
ronati
on of
Empe
ror Pe
dro I o
f Braz
il, pain
ting /
Unive
rsal H
istory
Arch
ive/U
IG / B
ridge
man
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INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionWith the financial backing of Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492, believing that he would reach the East Indies.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionIn 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas split the land of South America between Spain and Portugal.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionIn 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral happened upon present-day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal.
PACIFIC OCEAN
Gulf of Guinea
INDIANOCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
AFRICA
Portugal
CanaryIslands
Cape VerdeIslands
Cape of Good Hope
N
S
EW
Cabral’s Expedition
Cabral’s route
20°E20°W40°W60°W80°W
Brazil
100°W120°W 0° 40°E 60°E
40°S
40°S
20°S
20°S
0°
NORTH AMERICA
SOUTH AMERICA
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionAfter Columbus, other Spanish expeditions explored the Americas, including expeditions led by Juan Ponce de León, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionBetween 1519 and 1522, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionBetween 1531 and 1533, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionDuring the 1600s, England established colonies along the coast of North America.
MASSACHUSETTS
MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICUT
RHODEISLAND
NEW YORK
NEWHAMPSHIRE
NEW FRANCE
PENNSYLVANIA
MARYLAND
NEW JERSEY
VIRGINIA
NORTH CAROLINA
SOUTH CAROLINA
GEORGIA
Yorktown
Boston
Philadelphia
New York City
Ohio RiverValley
Ohio RiverValley
Québec
Montréal
DELAWARE
St. Lawrence River
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionIn 1776, the British colonists in North America declared their independence from Great Britain.We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable rights, that among these are
life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
IntroductionIn 1789, a revolution began in France. That summer, the National Assembly created a Bill of Rights and issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man.
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 1: Revolutions in AmericaMany Spanish colonies in the Americas declared independence from Spain in 1810, after Napoleon removed the Spanish king, Charles IV, from power.
Big Question: Why did European colonies in North and South America want their freedom?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1791, Boukman, a voodoo priest, led a rebellion of enslaved workers in the French colony of St. Domingue on the island of Hispaniola.
Big Question: How would you describe the battle for freedom that occurred in Haiti?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1801, Toussaint L’Ouverture assumed command of the revolutionary army in Haiti, teaching his soldiers discipline like a professional army. He became the ruler of Hispaniola for France.
Big Question: How would you describe the battle for freedom that occurred in Haiti?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1802, Napoleon sent General Leclerc to take control of St. Domingue. Toussaint was captured and taken to a prison in Europe.
Big Question: How would you describe the battle for freedom that occurred in Haiti?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 2: Toussaint L’Ouverture and HaitiIn 1804, Jean Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti’s independence from France, but then he ruled the country as a dictator.
Big Question: How would you describe the battle for freedom that occurred in Haiti?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceOn September 16, 1810, the Mexican Revolution began under Miguel Hidalgo, assisted by Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama. Hidalgo was captured and killed in 1811.
Big Question: Why did the people of Mexico rise up against Spanish rule, and how and why did Miguel Hidalgo become a revolutionary leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceJosé María Morelos continued the fight for independence against the Spanish. He was captured and killed in 1815.
Big Question: Why did the people of Mexico rise up against Spanish rule, and how and why did Miguel Hidalgo become a revolutionary leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 3: Mexico’s Fight for IndependenceIn 1821, Agustín de Iturbide led the revolutionary army into Mexico City and declared Mexico a free nation. This map shows the extent of Mexico after gaining its independence from Spain.
N
S
EW
Colorado River
Red River
0 1,000 Miles
R io Grande
Gulf of Mexico
Gulf of California
Mexico in 1821Present-day boundariesNational capital
Mexico
United States
MexicoCity
Mexico, 1821
PACIFIC OCEAN
Guanajuato Dolores
Querétaro
Saltillo
Guadalajara
CaribbeanSea
Big Question: Why did the people of Mexico rise up against Spanish rule, and how and why did Miguel Hidalgo become a revolutionary leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceIn 1836, General Santa Anna defeated the Texans at the Alamo. While Santa Anna won this battle, he lost the Mexican-American War.
Big Question: What kinds of challenges did Mexico face after gaining its independence?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceBenito Juárez served as the first indigenous president of Mexico (1861–1872) and was a champion for the poor.
Big Question: What kinds of challenges did Mexico face after gaining its independence?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 4: Mexico After IndependenceAfter Juárez’s death, Mexico fell under the rule of Porfirio Díaz. Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa fought for the rights of indigenous people and the poor against Díaz’s government.
Big Question: What kinds of challenges did Mexico face after gaining its independence?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator In 1806–1807, Francisco de Miranda tried to liberate Venezuela.
Big Question: What were the achievements and failures of Simón Bolívar?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator In 1821, Simón Bolívar led a revolutionary army that won independence for New Granada and Venezuela, which united to form a new country, Gran Colombia.
Big Question: What were the achievements and failures of Simón Bolívar?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 5: Simón Bolívar the Liberator Between 1821 and 1824, Bolívar and José Antonio Sucre worked to liberate much of South America from Spain, but failed to unite the separate countries into a single country like the United States.
Big Question: What were the achievements and failures of Simón Bolívar?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthIn 1806, the British invaded Buenos Aires, but the Argentinian militia drove them off.
Big Question: What successes did José de San Martín achieve as a military leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthIn January 1817, José de San Martín crossed the Andes to attack Spanish forces in Chile.
Big Question: What successes did José de San Martín achieve as a military leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 6: Revolution in the SouthOn February 12, 1818, San Martín and Bernardo O’Higgins marched into Santiago, Chile, and declared its independence from Spain.
Big Question: What successes did José de San Martín achieve as a military leader?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayPrince João of Portugal settled in Brazil in 1808 and opened Brazil to international trade.
Big Question: How did Brazil’s way of gaining its freedom differ from the other South American countries you have learned about?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayIn 1821, Brazil won its independence from Portugal, and Pedro I declared himself emperor.
Big Question: How did Brazil’s way of gaining its freedom differ from the other South American countries you have learned about?
INDEPENDENCE FOR LATIN AMERICA
CHAPTER 7: Brazil Finds Another WayBetween 1838 and 1840, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica became independent nations.
Big Question: How did Brazil’s way of gaining its freedom differ from the other South American countries you have learned about?
Mexico (1821)
Belize (1973)
Cuba
United States
Nicaragua (1838)
Panama (1903)
Colombia
El Salvador(1839)
Costa Rica (1838)
Guatemala(1839)
Honduras (1838)
Gulf of Mexico
CaribbeanSea
PACIFIC OCEAN
PanamaCanal
Gulf ofCalifornia
Mexico City
Belmopan
TegucigalpaSan Salvador
San JoséManagua
PanamaCity
Guatemala City
Independence in Mexico and Central America
N
S
EW
0 200 kilometers