INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN

=Environmental

Sustainability Index

Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012

Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL

POLA KONSUMSI DAN LIMBAH

Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012

LIMBAH

Pollution and waste should not be put into the environment faster than the environment can degrade and recycle them,

or render them harmless.

In nature, waste material from an organism usually becomes a meal or resource for another organism. For

example, birds will use dead branches or leaves to build their nests; microorganisms and worms in the soil turn

leaves and dead animals into humus, which in turn becomes food for plants; and the organic matter in water, such as

animal waste or decaying leaves, provides food for aquatic microorganisms.

Although these natural cycles have evolved over millions of years, man is rapidly upsetting the balance by producing an

ever-increasing amount of waste.

KONSUMSI & LIMBAH

Diunduh dari: http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/consumption_and_waste/index.shtml ……………… 2/12/2012

The enormous amount of energy and resources that society consumes

results in so much garbage that the resulting air pollution, water

pollution and acid rain have become serious threats to the global environment. Humans have

accumulated more waste than they can properly manage, and may soon

be drowning it.

In modern society 80 percent of all waste comes from agricultural,

industrial or mining activities. The remaining 20 percent comes from

households. A large part of what we throw away at home (plastics, metals, paper, glass and organic materials)

can be recycled.

Concerns about the growing quantities of waste have become even

more serious due to the fact that more and more materials have short life cycles. This is especially true of

the packaging for everyday products.

Waste from Consumption and Production - A threat to natural resources(SUMBER:

http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2858.aspx)

SIKLUS HIDUP


1. Waste issues can be better understood by examining the life cycle of the materials that compose it, from extraction to final disposal.

2. Materials are transformed into waste as a consequence of various production and consumption processes. Residual by-products from these transformation processes that are discharged directly into air and water are called emissions. Residuals that are further handled before being discharged are referred to as waste.

3. Once generated, waste may be reused, recycled, transferred for treatment (to reduce its toxicity), incinerated (to reduce its volume) or buried in landfills.

Product Life CycleSumber:

http://sustainability.utoronto.ca/projects/Procurement/buygreen.htm

SOLUTIONS TO THE WASTE PROBLEM


Ada empat prinsip umum untuk pengelolaan limbah yang lebih baik dan beberapa cara untuk mengatasi

masalah sampah:

1.decrease the consumption of energy and raw materials;

2.recycle waste materials;3.reuse products as many times as possible;4.burn waste in order to extract and utilise all

potential energy and to diminish their size (incineration);

5.bury waste in landfills (pits and ditches); and6.compost organic matter.

However, most waste treatment techniques also have some environmental impacts .

http://greenpack.rec.org/waste/solutions_to_the_waste_problem/07-04-01.shtml




PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH

Diunduh dari: ……………… 2/12/2012

Pengelolaan sampah adalah pengumpulan, pengangkutan, pemrosesan atau pembuangan,

pengelolaan dan monitoring bahan limbah.Istilah ini biasanya berhubungan dengan bahan yang

dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dan proses ini umumnya dilakukan untuk mengurangi efeknya TERHADAP kesehatan, lingkungan atau estetika.

Waste management is a distinct practice from resource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate of

consumption of natural resources. All wastes materials, whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive

fall within the remit of waste management

WASTE MANAGEMENT CONTINUUM

Diunduh dari: http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 2/12/2012

The Waste Management

Continuum has two axes. One is the horizontal

stakeholder scale, ranging from

municipalities and local governments to the community.

The other is the vertical technology scale ranging from

high tech/high energy disposal systems to low

tech low energy systems.

PEMBUANGAN LIMBAH

Historically, efforts in the management of waste have focused

primarily on the disposal part of the

waste. Whilst there is now a general move towards the recovery

of resources from waste, disposal is still

the most common form of managing

waste.

Dumping, landfilling of waste and incineration are some of the most common methods of

waste disposal. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012

Process of Waste Management(sumber: http://www.mutiaragroups.com/wastemgt.html

http://www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html

WASTE RECYCLINGRecycling is the breaking down of materials from waste streams into raw

materials, which are then reprocessed either into the same material (closed loop)

or a new product (open loop), generally including

waste separation and material reprocessing.

There are various materials that are capable of being

recycled, and technology is advancing to allow the

recycling of more materials. The benefits of recycling do not lie solely in diversion of waste away from disposal

but, even more importantly, in the reduction of the

amount of virgin resources that need to be harvested

and processed for the manufacture of new

products. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012

Trash to Cash – Waste Management and MicrofinanceSumber: http://jillychenegr495.wordpress.com/


http://jillychenegr495.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/trash-to-cash-diagram1.jpg

WASTE PROCESSING

Waste processing is the range of activities characterized by the treatment and recovery (use) of materials or energy from waste through thermal, chemical, or biological means. It also covers hazardous waste handling. Generally, there are two main groups of processes to be considered, (1) Biological processes, such as open composting, enclosed composting,

anaerobic digestion, and vermiculture, and (2) Thermal processes, such as incineration, and gasification.

Examples of reuse in initiatives include: (1) Product reuse - rethreading tires, recovery of demolition materials, reuse of plastic bags, second hand

clothing, reconditioning and repair of furniture and appliances; (2) Materials reuse . Liquid-paper board for seedlings planters, bottles,

scrap paper for notes/phone messages, mulching; (3) Durable packaging - e.g. milk crates, bread trays, string or calico shopping bags.

Some of the positive effects associated with processed waste include, more effective use of resources, employment opportunities in the service and repair industries, support for charity based stores, better protection

of products as durable packaging is more robust, and changes in attitudes towards disposable products. Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012


WASTE MINIMIZATION

Diunduh dari: www.gdrc.org/uem/waste/continuum/continuum.html ……………… 4/12/2012

Waste minimization is aimed at reducing the production of waste through education and improved production process rather than aiming to increase technology to improve treatment of waste. The idea of minimization is not centered on technological advances,

it can be viewed a method of managing existing resources and technology in order to maximise the efficiency of available resource use. Minimizing waste generation has the potential to reduce costs or increase profits by maximizing the use of resources and by reducing the amount of waste to be disposed of the cost of waste management is also

decreased. Waste avoidance for individuals: Buying goods in bulk; reconsidering superfluous

purchases; purchasing products in materials/packaging that is readily recycled; use of alternatives, e.g. landscaping that creates mulched gardens in place of lawns; and use

of composting and vermiculture practices. Waste minimization in industry: Change in product design to reduce materials consumption; using crates instead of pallets to avoid the need for shrink wrap;

incorporate Eco-Design technology into production processes; adoption of Cleaner Production practices that ensure avoidance through efficiency measures; and conduct

regular audits and monitoring of waste reduction/resource recovery practices. Waste minimization for Local Government: Encourage community 'avoidance' activities,

e.g. promote competitions rewarding initiative in this area of resource recovery; lead by example, e.g. display mulched gardens throughout the municipality; and provide

facilities and infrastructure to assist industry, business and the community to undertake resource recovery practices, e.g. kerbside recycling and resource exchange registers,

initiate greener procurement programmes.


WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Diunduh dari: http://www.forgreenies.com/tag/reuse ……………… 4/12/2012

The waste hierarchy refers to the 3Rs of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle, which classify

waste management strategies according to their desirability, and are meant

to be a hierarchy in order of importance.

Upcycling is the process of converting waste materials

or useless products into new materials or products of better quality or a higher environmental value. The

goal of upcycling is to prevent wasting potentially useful materials by making

use of existing ones.

http://www.forgreenies.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Waste-hierarchy.png

WASTE HIERARCHYThe waste hierarchy is a guide when determining the Best Practicable

Environmental Option and represents a chain of priority for waste management, extending from the ideal of prevention and reduction to the last

resort of disposal.

Diunduh dari: http://www.liv.ac.uk/sustainability/Waste%20Management/main%20page.htm ……………… 4/12/2012

The waste hierachy shows that waste

prevention, or minimisation, are

the preferred options as they minimise waste generation and

ultimately waste disposal.

Recycling and composting are

lower in the waste management

hierarchy, as these options both

require additional energy and

resources to reduce waste levels.

WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT

Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/polwaste/wastewater/index.

cfm ……………… 4/12/2012

Wastewater management

encompasses a broad range of

efforts that promote

effective and responsible water use,

treatment, and disposal and

encourage the protection and restoration of our nation's watersheds.

What do we mean by wastewater?Wastewater can mean different things to different

people with alarge number of definitions in use.

In the broad perspective, wastewater is “a combination of one or more of:

1. Domestic effluent consisting of black-water (excreta, urine and faecal sludge) and greywater (kitchen and bathing wastewater);

2. Water from commercial establishments and institutions, including hospitals;

3. Industrial effluent, stormwater and other urban run-off;

4. Agricultural, horticultural and aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter

(adapted from Raschid-Sally and Jayakody, 2008).Diunduh dari

: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JdmRVHT3ZJkJ:www.unep.org/pdf/

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:JdmRVHT3ZJkJ:www.unep.org/pdf/





INTEGRATED SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM.

Diunduh dari: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024……………… 4/12/2012

Sustainable solid waste

management: An integrated

approach for Asian countries.Ashok V. Shekdar.

Waste Management. Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages

1438–1448.

SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT.



management: An integrated

approach for Asian countries.Ashok V. Shekdar.

Waste Management. Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages

1438–1448.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X08003024

RECYCLING OF WASTE PAPERS, PLASTICS AND GLASS..



management: An

integrated approach for

Asian countries.

Ashok V. Shekdar.

Waste Management.

Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages 1438–1448.

TYPICAL SYSTEM FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT



management: An integrated approach for

Asian countries.

Ashok V. Shekdar.

Waste Management.

Volume 29, Issue 4, April 2009, Pages 1438–1448.

ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT AND WASTE TO ENERGY SOLUTIONS.

Diunduh dari: http://genesisalliancecorp.com/emergingtech_W2E.html……………… 8/12/2012

Waste-to-energy, or WTE, refers to any waste

treatment technology that creates energy from assorted waste sources. By utilizing the energy

stored from these sources, we are creating value from something

that would otherwise be discarded or landfilled.

Waste-to-energy is a renewable energy

because its fuel source, garbage, is sustainable

and is not depleted. It is a clean, reliable, renewable source of

energy

Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash

Diunduh dari: …. http://www.triplepundit.com/2011/04/value-management-waste-managememt/

Sampah adalah salah sesuatu yang harus diminimalkan atau bahkan dihilangkan.

Tantangannya adalah aktivitas manusia menghasilkan sejumlah sampah setiap hari.

Langkah-langkah paad tingkat konsumen harus dilakukan untuk mengurangi limbah, konsumen

adalah penghasil sampah.

Pada akhir pengumpulan, pengelola limbah harus menemukan cara untuk mendaur ulang atau

menggunakan kembali bahan-bahan yang telah terkumpul.

Diunduh dari: ….

Pengelolaan Sampah juga melakukan investasi untuk berfokus pada aspek konversi material.

Konversi adalah proses mengubah sampah menjadi bahan yang dapat digunakan atau menjadi energi.

Hal ini mirip dengan plastik untuk investasi minyak.

Selain itu, salah satu akuisisi terbaru adalah Harvest Power atau “Panen Energi”.

Hal ini berarti "mengelola sampah organik menggunakan teknologi canggih untuk menghasilkan energi terbarukan dan tanah subur yang bernilai tinggi dan produk-produk

pupuk organik.“

Waste Management Turns Trash to Cash

Turn Trash To Cash With Dividend Paying Waste Management Companies

Diunduh dari: …. http://seekingalpha.com/article/702301-turn-trash-to-cash-with-dividend-paying-waste-management-companies

Sampah yang dihasilkan oleh seseorang adalah harta bagi orang lain.

Sampah dalam banyak hal berarti “kuasi-komoditas” yang terbuat dari beberapa komoditas lainnya.

Hari-hari ini, di seluruh dunia, sudah menjadi hal yang lumrah bagi orang untuk mengais-ngais sampah komputer

bekas dan komponen elektronik lainnya untuk mendapatkan sejumlah harga dari sekeping logam, atau

kepingan logam lainnya yang lebih besar dari sampah itu.



Misalnya, aluminium merupakan komoditas yang melimpah pada produk konsumsidan ditemukan pada pembuangan

sampah.

Aluminium juga merupakan sumberdaya yang dapat di daur ulang. Perlahan-lahan, bahan-bahan lain dari sampah akan

menjadi lebih berharga. Sekitar lima hingga sepuluh persen dari produksi minyak

global disuling dan berubah menjadi plastik, yang sekarang digunakan dalam banyak produk.

Hal ini telah menghasilkan konten plastik yang tinggi dan berasal dari sampah.

Seiring dengan waktu, dan terutama jika kenaikan harga minyak terus melambung, sampah dapat menjadi sumber

plastik daur ulang dan bahan mentah lainnya.



Kalau harga minyak minigngkat, aluminium dan bahan-bahan lain yang berasal dari sampah juga meningkat, maka tingkat

pemilahan sampah juga akan meningkat. Selain meningkatnya permintaan komoditas secara global dan potensi kenaikan harga sumberdaya alam, inisiatif hijau juga cenderung mendukung daur ulang sampah lebih lanjut dan

inisiatif minimisasi sampah.

Kota dan masyarakat cenderung untuk memperkenalkan perilaku lebih ekologis dalam pengelolaan limbah seiring dengan waktu.

Masyarakat juga akan cenderung lebih memilah-milah sampah di tempat tinggalnya dan di lokasi komersial , sehingga lebih mudah

memfasilitasi usaha pengelolaan sampah.

Waste to Watts: How Today's Garbage Can Be Tomorrow's Electricity

Diunduh dari: …. http://oilprice.com/Alternative-Energy/Renewable-Energy/Waste-to-Watts-How-Todays-Garbage-Can-Be-Tomorrows-Electricity.html

Membakar sampah adalah sesuatu hal yang biasa dilakukan untuk menghilangkan sampah.

Insinerator tua yang dibangun beberapa dekade yang lalu adalah mimpi buruk bagi lingkungan . Mereka melepaskan ke lingkungan sejumlah besar emisi toksik dalam bentuk dioksin , furan , dan logam beracun

seperti merkuri .

Tetapi insinerator modern dewasa ini dilandasi oleh hukum lingkungan untuk mengekang pelepasan polutan toksik ke udara.

Teknologi insinerator sudah jauh lebih baik . Teknologi baru membakar sampah sampai dengan 2.000 derajat Fahrenheit . Pada suhu itu, ikatan molekul dalam bahan kimia toksik akan rusak. Hal ini secara

signifikan mengurangi emisi gas limbah pembakaran . Gas buang kemudian dapat digunakan untuk menghasilkan uap untuk

menghasilkan listrik . Gas buang ini kemudian diproses lebih lanjut untuk menghilangkan sebagian besar kontaminan toksiknya. Akibatnya , insinerator saat ini telah mengurangi emisi gas toksik sekitar 99,9 %

dibandingkan teknologi insinerator beberapa dekade yang lalu .





Landfill Gases Used to Produce Electricity

Insinerasi bukan satu-satunya cara untuk mengubah sampah menjadi energi. Landfill menciptakan sejumlah besar gas rumah kaca. Kalau bahan organik di tempat pembuangan sampah mengalami dekomposisi mereka melepaskan gas metana, gas rumah kaca yang lebih berbahaya dari karbon dioksida ketika dilepaskan ke

atmosfer.

Sistem penangkapan gas Metana dapat mengubah masalah ini menjadi peluang energi dengan menangkap metana sebelum lepas ke dalam lingkungan dan membakarnya

untuk bahan bakar pembangkit listrik.

SAMPAH DAPUR

Diunduh dari: …. http://www.rdnfoodwaste.ca/benefits.asp

Bahan yang dapat menjadi kompos:

1. Sisa makanan2. Daging, ikan, jeroan dan

tulang3. Buah dan sayuran 4. Produk susu, mentega,

mayoneskulit telur

5. Roti, sereal, biji-bijian6. Pasta, pizza dipanggang,

permen7. Handuk kertas kotor dan

jaringan8. Kemasan makanan kertas

kotor9. Cangkir kertas bekas dan

piring10.Bubuk kopi, filter, kantong teh11.Cream karton es, susu &

cream karton12.Bahan-bahan kue, bumbu,

rempah-rempah13.Tanaman hias, bunga potong

dan dikeringkan14.Kacang-kacangan dan kerang15.……..

What is Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production ?

Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html

Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production

RECP notion/definition recognizes that CP

methods and practices generate multiple

benefits that are relevant to many of today’s most

pressing global challenges, including:

1. Mitigation of GHG emissions and adapting to climate change;

2. Responding to increasing scarcity of water, fuels and other materials;

3. Providing decent jobs;4. Halting environmental

degradation.

http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&docid=s5LQ8w9Uqa3EmM&tbnid=Z9uykjhC_x8TFM:&ved=0CAUQjRw&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncpp.md%2Fen%2Frecp.html&ei=cMd0Usa-IYq8rAepxICYAg&bvm=bv.55819444,d.bmk&psig=AFQjCNEhD4fYwJrszW2oWb7H05TyOmIdxg&ust=1383471224865464

Resource Efficiency and Cleaner Production

Diunduh dari: …http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.

RECP, therefore, builds upon CP in accelerating the application of preventive environmental strategies to processes, products and services to increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans

and the environment.

RECP mengemukakan tiga dimensi keberlanjutan secara individual dan sinergistik:

1. ECONOMIC: Production Efficiency: optimization of the productive use of natural resources (materials, energy and water);

2. ENVIRONMENT: Environmental management: minimization of impacts on environment and nature through reduction of wastes and emissions;

3. SOCIAL: Human Development: minimization of risks to people and communities and support for their development.

Diunduh dari: …. http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html

UNIDO and UNEP formulated a revised Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) programme strategy for cooperation with

NCPCs and NCPPs globally.

The resulting Joint UNIDO-UNEP Programme on Resource Efficient and Cleaner Production (RECP) (see www.unido.org/cp) was approved

for worldwide implementation in February 2009. RECP

Programme focuses on multiple resource productivity and environmental benefits; creating human, technical and institutional

capacities, with local ownership; and fostering the realization of enabling policies and strategies.

Nevertheless, Cleaner Production(CP) definition developed in 1991 by UNEP is still commonly used:

“CP is the continuous application of an integrated preventative environmental strategy to processes, products and services to

increase efficiency and reduce risks to humans and the environment”. Several complementary CP techniques or practices are possible, ranging from low or even no cost solutions to high investment,

advanced clean technologies.

http://www.unido.org/cp

Ciri khas implementasi CP di negara berkembang adalah:

Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.

1. Good Housekeeping: appropriate provisions to prevent leaks and spills and to achieve proper, standardized operation and maintenance procedures and practices;

2. Input Material Change: replacement of hazardous or non-renewable inputs by less hazardous or renewable materials or by materials with a longer service life-time;

3. Better Process Control: modification of the working procedures, machine instructions and process record keeping for operating the processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;

4. Equipment Modification: modification of the production equipment so as to run the processes at higher efficiency and lower rates of waste and emission generation;

5. Technology Change: replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or synthesis pathway in order to minimize the rates of waste and emission generation during production;

6. On-Site Recovery/Reuse: reuse of the wasted materials in the same process or for another useful application within the enterprise;

7. Production of Useful By-Products: transformation of previously discarded wastes into materials that can be reused or recycled for another application outside the company;

8. Product Modification: modification of product characteristics in order to minimize the environmental impacts of the product during or after its use (disposal) or to minimize the environmental impacts of its production.

PRODUKSI BERSIH

Diunduh dari: … http://www.ncpp.md/en/recp.html.

Waste Reduction and Raw material conservation

Diunduh dari: …. http://saferenvironment.wordpress.com/2009/01/01/

Pengelolaan sampah memiliki berbagai fungsi, yaitu: pengumpulan, transportasi, pengolahan (pengolahan limbah), daur ulang atau pembuangan bahan limbah,

biasanya dihasilkan oleh aktivitas manusia, dalam upaya untuk mengurangi efeknya pada kesehatan manusia atau

estetika lokal atau kenyamanan & keindahan.

Sub-fokus pengelolaan sampah, dalam beberapa dekade terakhir, telah mengurangi efek limbah 'terhadap alam dan

lingkungan dengan melestarikan bahan baku yang digunakan dan untuk memulihkan sumber daya dari

limbah, yaitu, daur ulang limbah.

Pengelolaan sampah bisa melibatkan padat, zat cair atau gas dengan metode yang berbeda dan bidang keahlian

masing-masing.



Sampah juga berarti tidak efisiennya penggunaan utilitas seperti listrik, air, dan bahan bakar, yang sering dianggap

overhead yang tidak dapat dihindari. Biaya limbah ini umumnya diremehkan oleh para manajer.

Biaya sampah dan limbah tidak hanya biaya pembuangannya, tetapi juga biaya lain seperti:

1.Biaya Pembuangan sampah2.Tidak efisiennya biaya penggunaan energi3.Biaya Pembelian bahan baku yang terbuang4.Biaya produksi untuk bahan limbah5.Waktu Manajemen dihabiskan untuk bahan limbah6.Pendapatan Hilang karena menjadi limbah7.Kewajiban Potensial karena limbah.



Minimisasi limbah dapat didefinisikan sebagai

“cara sistematis mengurangi limbah pada

sumbernya". Artinya:

1. Prevention and/or reduction of waste generated

2. Efficient use of raw materials and packaging

3. Efficient use of fuel, electricity and water

4. Improving the quality of waste generated to facilitate recycling and/or reduce hazard

5. Encouraging re-use, recycling and recovery.

.



Source Reduction Techniques:Empat macam teknik minimisasi limbah:

1. Good Housekeeping- Systems to prevent leakages & spillages through preventive maintenance schedules and routine equipment inspections. Also, well-written working instructions, supervision, awareness and regular training of workforce would facilitate good housekeeping.

2. Process Change - Under this head, four techniques are covered: (i) Input Material Change - Substitution of input materials by eco-friendly (non-toxic or less toxic than existing and renewable) material preferably having longer service time. (ii) Better Process Control - Modifications of the working procedures, machine-operating instructions and process record keeping in order to run the processes at higher efficiency and with lower waste generation and emissions.

3. Equipment Modification - Modification of existing production equipment and utilities, for instance, by the addition of measuring and controlling devices, in order to run the processes at higher efficiency and lower waste and emission generation rates.

4. Technology Change - Replacement of the technology, processing sequence and/or synthesis route, in order to minimise waste and emission generation during production.



Recycling – Daur Ulang

1. On-site Recovery and Reuse - Reuse of wasted materials in the same process or for another useful application within the industry.

2. Production of Useful by-product - Modification of the waste generation process in order to transform the wasted material into a material that can be reused or recycled for another application within or outside the company.



Product Modification –

Characteristics of the product can be modified to minimise the environmental impacts of its production

or those of the product itself during or after its use (disposal).



Pengurangan pada sumber limbah adalah tujuan tertinggi dalam hirarki pengelolaan limbah padat - Reduce, Reuse,

Recycle.

Daur ulang tidak mengatasi masalah keborosan penggunaan produk.

Ketika daur ulang digabungkan dengan pengurangan sumber, pembelian yang boros dan penggunaan produk dapat diminimalkan. Bila mungkin, mengurangi atau

menggunakan kembali lebih dahulu, kemudian mendaur ulang.

Praktek pengurangan sumber bermanfaat bagi lingkungan melalui pengurangan konsumsi energi dan polusi,

konservasi sumberdaya alam, dan perluasan ruang landfill yang berharga. Hal ini dapat memiliki manfaat ekonomi

dengan mengurangi biaya yang terkait dengan transportasi, pembuangan atau daur ulang limbah. Pengurangan sumber

dapat menghemat uang setiap hari. Setiap orang dapat berpartisipasi dalam pengurangan sumber.



Pengurangan limbah dalam proses produksi dan pengurangan penggunaan bahan baku berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas dan menghasilkan

lingkungan yang bersih.

Limbah yang timbul dari proses produksi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap profitabilitas.

Tantangannya adalah bagaimana mengurangi limbah tanpa memgorbankan efektivitas proses.

Pengurangan limbah juga dapat mengurangi masalah pembuangan dan daur ulang limbah, dengan demikian

meningkatkan baku mutu lingkungan.



Hal-hal umum yang mungkin dilakukan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi proses produksi dan mengurangi

limbah :

1. Menggunakan kembali air bilasan dalam sistem pendingin;

2. Secara teratur memeriksa bahwa peralatan dikalibrasi dengan benar;

3. Mengurangi penghentian yang tidak perlu di lini produksi;

4. Meng-upgrade atau mengganti peralatan yang lama;5. Meminimalkan tumpahan atau kebocoran;6. Menggunakan sistem tertutup untuk memungkinkan

semua sampah dikumpulkan di satu tempat, tanpa kebocoran, sehingga sebanyak mungkin limbah dapat digunakan kembali, didaur ulang atau dibuang dengan benar.

INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index

Documents

possibleburn waste

animal waste

waste issues

waste problemdiunduh

waste materialsreuse

growing quantities of

water pollution

organic materials