Increasing longevity and decreasing gender mortality differentials: new perspectives from a study on Italian cohorts Graziella Caselli Dipartimento di Scienze Sociali, Economiche, Attuariali e Demografiche [email protected]Marco Marsili Direzione Centrale Statistiche e Indagini sulle Istituzioni Sociali [email protected]Joint Eurostat-UNECE Work Session on Demographic Projections Lisbon (Portugal), 28-30 April 2010
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Increasing longevity and decreasing gender mortality differentials: new perspectives from a study on Italian cohorts Graziella Caselli Dipartimento di.
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Increasing longevity and decreasing gender mortality
differentials: newperspectives from a study on
Italian cohortsGraziella CaselliDipartimento di Scienze Sociali, Economiche, Attuariali e [email protected]
Marco MarsiliDirezione Centrale Statistiche e Indagini sulle Istituzioni [email protected]
Joint Eurostat-UNECE Work Session on Demographic ProjectionsLisbon (Portugal), 28-30 April 2010
Outline
4. Adults and elderly: what causes of death have been, or could be, responsible for their low mortality and their increasing longevity?
1. More long-lived, less different
6. Some conclusions
5. Are women losing some of their advantage or men recouping their disadvantage?
3. Cohort mortality models: why elderly today are different from elderly in the past and in the future?
2. Data and method
Life expectancy at birth by sex and gender differences from 1886 to 2007
1-14 yearsThe leading ages of a new mortality model
How should we interpret the reduction of the female advantage in adulthood? A particularly fortunate period for men?
A problem in survival trends of women?
Which causes of death are responsible for?
As we know, different life histories influence the final outcome, anticipating or postponing the age at death. Studies of mortality that start from macro-data claim that the different mortality histories of the cohorts are the result of different life experiences.
Analysing mortality models by age and by cause for succeeding cohorts may be helpful in better understanding the characteristics of the last thirty years in the history of mortality in Italy.
Completing some cohort mortality histories may
help us see in which direction the recent mortality trends might be going.
The aim of this presentation
Predictions will be necessary to complete the mortality histories of these cohorts, considering the cause of death too. A cohort perspective will be adopted to study longevity, BUT PARTICULARLY to analyze the changes of gender survival differences
The intention is to compare their mortality histories – total and by cause – with those of adults of today, who will be the elderly of tomorrow.
is to analyze the developing characteristics of the mortality of the cohorts that entered adult age (45-64 years) at the end of the 1970s and that have become elderly more recently.
Data
Mortality rates and/or probabilities by Sex, Leading causes of death, Age (0-100), Period and Cohort
SOURCES:From 1861 to 1973 - Department of Demography - Rome (Human mortality database)From 1974 to 2007 - ISTAT
Cohorts up to 1907 EXTINCT Cohorts from 1908 to 1965 PARTIALLY OBSERVED
Leading causes of death and corresponding codes
in IX ICD Rev.Infectious diseases 1-139; 279.1
Cancers 140-239
Circulatory system diseases 390-459
Respiratory system diseases 460-519
Digestive system diseases 520-579
Violent causes 800-999
Other causes Remainder
Harmonized database in time according to IX ICD REVISION
REFERENCES:Caselli G., Long Term Trends in European Mortality, Studies on Medical and Population Subjects, N. 56, OPCS, London.Caselli G., Health transition and cause specific mortality, in. The decline of mortality in Europe (Edited by R. Schofield, D. Reher and A. Bideau), Clarendon Press, Oxford;Caselli G., National differences in the Health transition in Europe, Historical Methods, Vol. 29, n. 3;
THE PROJECTION MODEL
To project the risk of death, a model taking account of age, period and cohort components of mortality (APC model) was used.
)()()()log( *,, xtctpxaay xtxt
That is:
k
k kj
j ji
i ixtxt xtdtcxbay )()()()log( *,,
321 h1,..,k;h1,..,j;h1,..,i
3hd,..,d;
2hc,..,c;
1hb,..,ba
111; Parameters to be
estimated
Projections carried out for each cause of death and sex.
The sum of the projected rates represents the overall mortality (“by cause” approach).
Approach = deterministic - single variantSingle Age = 0,1,2,….,100Jump-off year = 2008Last projected year = 2065Last fully projected cohort = 1965
We mainly focus our study on cohorts from 1865 to 1965
PROJECTION STRATEGY
Schema for identifying some interesting cohorts, from those of adult age (45-64) in 1967, now
extinct, to those who were adult in 2007, who will be extinct in 2037-2047. The cohorts to be
followed at the various ages are those aged 45-64 on the blue diagonal
For a synthesis of the main results we will refer to the intermediate cohorts of the various groups, and in particular, the cohorts born in the years 1912, 1922, 1932, 1942 and 1952, also considering the cohorts of 1865 and 1890, now extinct, and the one born in 1965, whose history of mortality in adult and old age is projected from the age 42 years and beyond.
Life expectancy at birth by sex and cohort, 1865-1965, Men and Women
SMR’s for ages 45-64, 65-79 and 80+ years by Circulatory diseases and Cancers, MEN and WOMEN (per
1000) 65-79 years45-64 years
80+ years
Contributions by age (45+) of the leading causes of death to increase or decrease gender differences between two selected cohorts in life expectancy at birth
-0,2
-0,1
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
30-3
4
35-3
9
40-4
4
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90-9
4
95+
Infectious diseases Respiratory system Cancers
Circulatory diseases Digestive system Violent causes
Other diseases
Cohort 1932 vs 1952 - MenContributions
Cohorts CANCERS (ALL AGES)
CIRC. SYSTEM
(ALL AGES)
ALL CAUSES
(ALL AGES)
1912-1932
0.3 0.8 2.7
1932-1952
0.1 -0.6 -0.7
1952-1965
-0.1 -0.5 -0.5
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90-9
4
95+
Cohort 1912 vs 1932
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90-9
4
95+
Cohort 1932 vs 1952
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
45-4
9
50-5
4
55-5
9
60-6
4
65-6
9
70-7
4
75-7
9
80-8
4
85-8
9
90-9
4
95+
Cohort 1952 vs 1965
POSITIVE BAR: contribution to increasing the distance from male life expectancy at birthNEGATIVE BAR: contribution to bridging the distance from female life expectancy at birth
Conclusions
Gender gaps in survival are often the result of a life history that penalized men (World War I and II) with adoption of dangerous life styles such as cigarette smoking. At the same time, for years Italian women, who had been marginalized from the world of work and protected by a traditional culture, were protected from more harmful life styles and so were able to gain more years of life, gradually increasing the gap from men.
Making projections by cohort has the advantage of starting from a mortality history, partially already observed, and so limiting predictions to just one part of the whole story.
Cohort analysis allow us to see the final result of a whole history of survival and so to interpret some of the differences that can be seen between cohorts as the effects of having experienced different life histories.
Important modifications of the longevity between cohorts and between genders, and, above all, a rapid bridging of the gap between men and women.
Conclusions / 2
In conclusion, we would like to interpret the GRADUAL CLOSENING of male and female survival as the result of a FEMINIZING OF MALE BEHAVIOUR. We might conclude that Italian males in the younger generations seem to have understood that they need to study women if they want to live longer, hoping that Italian women do not imitate the men of the previous generations!
Men in the most recent cohorts, by contrast, reduce some risks of illness and death that are typically male. Greater care for their bodies, for example, leads them directly or indirectly to follow the path of prevention and to detect in advance some illnesses.
In other countries the reduction in the gender gap for the most recent cohorts was caused by a worsening in female survival due to the new life styles of women, which became more and more similar, negatively, to those of men. This was not true in Italy.