Increasing & Decreasing Behaviors 1. Increasing Behaviors 2.

Increasing & Decreasing Behaviors

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Increasing Behaviors

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Positive Reinforcers

□Add something to the environment

□Performer works to get it again•Primary/Secondary•Natural/Created

•Social•Tangible

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Negative Reinforcers

□Behavior increases to terminate an aversive event or to reduce intensity of an aversive event

□Something is subtracted from the environment

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Negative Reinforcement in

Action

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Maintaining Performance:

Schedules of Reinforcement

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Scheduling Options

□Continuous

□Intermittent

□Extinction

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Scheduling Options

□Continuous

□Intermittent

□Extinction

□Fixed/Variable□Interval/Ratio

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Intermittent Scheduling

Fixed□Regular,

predictable

Variable□Random occurrence

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Intermittent Scheduling

Interval□Passage of time

Ratio□Occurrence of

behavior

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FI

VI

FR

VR

Interval Ratio

Fix

ed

Vari

ab

le

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How Schedules Shape Behavior

□Which schedule best initiates behavior?

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How Schedules Shape Behavior

□Which schedule best initiates behavior?□Which schedule best sustains behavior?

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How Schedules Shape Behavior

□Which schedule best initiates behavior?□Which schedule best sustains behavior?□Which schedule best stops behavior?

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Which Schedule Results in the Most

Responses?

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Decreasing Behaviors

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Punishers

□Any consequence that follows a behavior that causes a reduction in the frequency of that behavior.

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Penalties

□Engaging in a behavior causes the performer to lose something of value.

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Why are Punishment & Penalty so Popular?

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What are the Negative Side Effects of Punishment?

□Escape & avoidance behaviors created

□Desired as well as undesired performance decreases

□Does not increase performance□Increases aggression□Mistakes -> problems□Consequences removed ->

unwanted recovery20

Summary

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