Increased Biomass Burning due to the Economic Crisis in Greece and its Adverse Impact on Winter-time Air Quality in Thessaloniki Full Manuscript of this study is available on-line: Saffari et al., ES&T, 2013 Constantinos Sioutas, Sc.D. Fred Champion Professor of Environmental Engineering University of Southern California (USC) Los Angeles, CA, 90089 Web Site: www.usc.edu/aerosol
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Increased Biomass Burning due to the Economic Crisis in Greece and its Adverse Impact on Winter-
time Air Quality in Thessaloniki
Full Manuscript of this study is available on-line: Saffari et al., ES&T, 2013
Constantinos Sioutas, Sc.D.Fred Champion Professor of Environmental Engineering
University of Southern California (USC)Los Angeles, CA, 90089
~ 2-3-fold increase in 2013 compared to 2013 and evening compared to morning (increased wood smoke)
~ 40% decrease in V and Ni concentrations in 2013 compared to 2012 (decreased fuel oil combustion)
Results: PAHs
Species 24-hr 2013 24-hr 2012
Phenanthrene 0.5 ± 0.6 0.06 ± 0.02
Anthracene 0.02 ± 0.02 0.02 ± 0.02
Fluoranthene 0.50 ± 0.5 0.10 ± 0.0
Pyrene 0.74 ± 0.7 0.04 ± 0.0
Benzo[a]anthracene 1.55 ± 1.5 0.1 ± 0.1
Chrysene 1.93 ± 1.8 0.35 ± 0.3
Benzo[e]pyrene 6.64 ± 6.6 1.33 ± 1.0
Benzo[b]fluoranthene 2.43 ± 1.9 0.76 ± 0.5
Benzo[k]fluoranthene 1.09 ± 0.8 0.12 ± 0.1
Benzo[a]pyrene 2.09 ± 1.9 0.25 ± 0.3
diBenzo[a,h]anthracene 0.53 ± 0.3 0.03 ± 0.0
Benzo[g,h,i]perylene 3.20 ± 2.6 0.73 ± 0.4
Indenol[1,2,3-c,d]pyrene 2.32 ± 1.8 0.78 ± 0.4
Σ13PAHs 23.4 ± 20.9 4.66 ± 3.5
Concentrations in ng/m3
• PAHs may originate from both traffic sources as well as wood and biomass burning.
• ~10-fold increase in 2013
• 2013 level is almost 2 times above the EU annual limit
• 5-fold increase in 2013 compared to 2012, driven by wood and biomass combustion.
Results: Organic Markers of Biomass Burning
Redox-Activity of PM (Oxidative Potential) MeasurementCellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assay
• Rat Alveolar Macrophages (AM)• ROS Assay measures the direct capability of PM to generate ROS inside
cells. We apply a known amount of PM mass on incubated macrophage cells and measure production of fluorescence
• Strongly correlated with inflammatory biomarkers in humans
(2’7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate)
(2’7’-dichlorofluorescin)
DCFDCFH-DA DCFH
(2’7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescin) ROS
Rat Alveolar macrophage
PM constituentsDCFH
DCH(non-fluoroscent) (fluoroscent)
Results: Redox Activity
Volume-normalized ROS activity
(Indicator of exposure to toxic PM)
All of the ROS levels in this figure correspond to 2013.
Results: Redox Activity
Species R p Species R p
OC 0.50 0.03 Zn 0.70 0.03
EC 0.58 0.06 As 0.70 0.04
S 0.48 0.07 Mo 0.49 0.05
K 0.74 0.02 Cd 0.64 0.06
Ti 0.42 0.11 Sb 0.58 0.08
V 0.43 0.08 Ba 0.67 0.04
Cr 0.84 0.01 La 0.71 0.03
Mn 0.72 0.02 Pb 0.86 0.01
Fe 0.90 <0.01 PAHs 0.40 0.12
Co 0.34 0.09 Levoglucosan 0.72 0.04
Ni 0.16 0.23 Mannosan 0.65 0.07
Cu 0.16 0.17 Galactosan 0.75 0.04
Association of ROS activity and chemical species in 2013:
Underlined numbers indicate values with R>0.7 and p<0.05
Biomass burning tracers are associated with the ROS activity
Los A
ngel
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Long
Bea
ch
Beiru
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Los A
ngel
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Beiru
t
Mila
n
Thes
salo
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Laho
re
Los A
ngel
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Laho
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Beiru
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PM0.25 PM2.5 PM10-2.5
1
10
100
1000
10000 Arithmetic MeanRO
S ac
tivity
(µg
Zym
osan
/ m
3 ai
r)
Size Range
Study LocationTraffic Emissions
Fuel Oil Combustion
Biomass Burning
Secondary Organics
Fe Cu Cr Pb Co Mn Zn As Pd Ce Ni La V S KLevoglucos
anWSOC
PM0.25
Saffri et al. 2013Los Angeles,
USA * *
Saffari et al. 2013
Long Beach, USA * *
Daher et al. 2014
Beirut, Lebanon * * Saffari et al.
2013Riverside, USA * *
PM2.5
Verma et al. 2009
Los Angeles, USA * * * * * *
Daher et al. 2014
Beirut, Lebanon * * * Daher et al.
2012Milan, Italy * * * * *
Saffari et al. 2013
Thessaloniki, Greece * * * * * * * * *
Zhang et al. 2008
Denver, USA * *Shafer et al.
2010Lahore,
Pakistan§ * * * * *
PM10-2.5
Cheung et al. 2012
Los Angeles and Riverside, USA * * *
Daher et al. 2014
Beirut, Lebanon * *
Conclusions:
• Significant increase in concentrations of total PM2.5 mass and organic tracers of biomass combustion in 2013 compared to 2012 imply the notable deterioration of Thessaloniki’s urban air quality during the period of economic recession.
• Wintertime PM-induced redox activity in Thessaloniki is strongly associated with wood smoke, originating from residential heating.
• Active involvement of public authorities and local air quality control agencies is urgently required to implement effective air pollution control strategies in the area.
• A practical long-term solution could be increased natural gas distribution in residential areas.
• Catalytic domestic wood burners and increasing the energy efficiency of existing buildings might be additional possible solutions
Acknowledgements:
• Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene for their assistance with the chemical analyses.
• USC’s Provost and Viterbi Graduate Fellowships.
• Mr. Apostolos Kelessis from municipality of Thessaloniki for facilitating the sampling campaign.