1 Incomplete bunyavirus particles contribute to within-host spread and 1 between-host transmission 2 3 Erick Bermúdez-Méndez 1,2 , Kirsten F. Bronsvoort 1 , Mark P. Zwart 3 , Sandra van de 4 Water 1 , Ingrid Cárdenas-Rey 4 , Rianka P. M. Vloet 1 , Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt 5 , 5 Gorben P. Pijlman 2 , Jeroen Kortekaas 1,2,† , Paul J. Wichgers Schreur 1 * 6 7 1 Department of Virology and Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands 8 2 Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands 9 3 Department of Microbial Ecology, The Netherlands Institute of Ecology, Wageningen, The Netherlands 10 4 Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen 11 Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands 12 5 Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands 13 † Present address: Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Saint-Priest, France 14 15 * Correspondence: [email protected] 16 17 Abstract 18 Bunyaviruses lack a specific mechanism to ensure the incorporation of a complete set of genome 19 segments into each virion, explaining the generation of incomplete virus particles lacking one or 20 more genome segments. Such incomplete virus particles, which may represent the majority of 21 particles produced, are generally considered to interfere with virus infection and spread. Using 22 the three-segmented Rift Valley fever virus as a model bunyavirus, we here show that two distinct 23 incomplete virus particle populations that are unable to spread autonomously, are able to 24 efficiently complement each other in both mammalian and insect cells following co-infection. We 25 further show that incomplete virus particles are capable of co-infecting mosquitoes, resulting in 26 the rescue of infectious virus that is able to disseminate to the mosquito salivary glands. Our 27 findings reveal a significant role of incomplete particles in within-host spread and between-host 28 transmission, reminiscent of the life cycle of multipartite viruses. 29 . CC-BY 4.0 International license made available under a (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is The copyright holder for this preprint this version posted March 7, 2022. ; https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.07.483181 doi: bioRxiv preprint
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