- 1.Out of the mouths of babes; praise is perfected Holy Bible
Correspondence Principle and Incommensurability Heart/Soul |
Mind/Spirit - Metaphysics A Correspondence Theory of TruthRhetoric
and Communication Design Correspondence or
incommensurabilityRepresentation Theory Truth and Justification -
Justice Coherent or AbhorrentSemiotic Communications Theory
Visualization and RepresentationModality and Representation Whilst
semiotics is often encountered in the form of textual analysis, it
also involves philosophical theorizing on the role of signs in the
construction of reality. Semiotics involves studying
representations and the processes involved in representational
practices and to semioticians, 'reality' always involves
representation. Daniel ChandlerAxioms of Activity Occurrence
TheorySemiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of
signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems.
It includes the study of how meaning is constructed and
understood.This discipline is frequently seen as having important
anthropological dimensions. However, some semioticians focus on the
logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas belonging
also to the natural sciences - such as how organisms make
predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world
(see semiosis). In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign
systems as their object of study: the communication of information
in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or
zoosemiosis.Inference and Meaning - 'Correspondence' as Axiomatic
SemanticsThe coherence of Objective Truth to Empirical Proof is
reflective of a trustworthy observer and the relevance of this
truth to what philosophy terms discourse. When the Infinite
transfigures its totality what will transpire this question awaits!
Immanuel Kant
2. Is the truth or falsity of a statement determined only by how
it relates to the world, and whether it accurately describes (i.e.,
corresponds with) that world?Truth cannot be "determined" by its
correspondence with reality alone - but its representation forms a
basis through which truth [as Identity] can be
understood.Incommensurable Values First published Mon Jul 23, 2007
--- Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyValues, such as liberty and
equality, are sometimes said to be incommensurable in the sense
that their value cannot be reduced to a common measure. The
possibility of value incommensurability is thought to raise deep
questions about practical reason and rational choice as well as
related questions concerning topics as diverse as akrasia, moral
dilemmas, the plausibility of utilitarianism, and the foundations
of liberalism. This entry outlines answers in the contemporary
literature to these questions, starting with questions about the
nature and possibility of value incommensurability.Quantum
Computing A square Quantum Analogy Quantum Logic for Photon
DetectionIncommensurability between values must be distinguished
from the kind of incommensurability associated with Paul Feyerabend
(1978, 1981, 1993) and Thomas Kuhn (1977, 1983, 1996) in
epistemology and the philosophy of science. Feyerabend and Kuhn
were concerned with incommensurability between rival theories or
paradigms that is, the inability to express or comprehend one
conceptual scheme, such as Aristotelian physics, in terms of
another, such as Newtonian physics. In contrast, contemporary
inquiry into value incommensurability concerns comparisons among
abstract values (such as liberty or equality) or particular bearers
of value (such as a certain institution or its effects on liberty
or equality). The term bearer of value is to be understood broadly.
Bearers of value can be objects of potential choice (such as a
career) or states of affairs that cannot be chosen (such as a
beautiful sunset). Such bearers of value are valuable in virtue of
the abstract value or values they instantiate or display (so, for
example, an institution might be valuable in virtue of the liberty
or equality that it engenders or embodies).In retrospect History
provides the example of the changes that took place when the
horseless carriage replaced mans noble friend the horse as a
primary means of fast transportation. This same incommensurability
exist where nanotechnology will replace conventional
thermodynamics. 3. Ontology#1 -- (the metaphysical study of the
nature of being and existence) From Bonjour: - Is the Coherence
Theory Adequate for TruthTruth is said to consist in the agreement
of knowledge with the object. According to this mere verbal
definition, then, my knowledge, in order to be true, must agree
with the object. Now, I can only compare the object with my
knowledge by this means, namely, by taking knowledge of it. My
knowledge, then, is to be verified by itself, which is far from
being sufficient for truth. For as the object is external to me,
and the knowledge is in me, I can only judge whether my knowledge
of the object agrees with my knowledge of the object. Such a circle
in explanation was called by the ancients Diallelos. And the
logicians were accused of this fallacy by the skeptics, who
remarked that this account of truth was as if a man before a
judicial tribunal should make a statement, and appeal in support of
it to a witness whom no one knows, but who defends his own
credibility by saying that the man who had called him as a witness
is an honorable man.[23]Classical definition of knowledge as:(i)
Belief (ii) True (iii) JustifiedThe "knower" has "apprehension" of
being justified. This "apprehension" needs be "coherent" to
"others". The purpose of "needful" justification must seemingly be
itself a conceptual apprehension in that the knower comprehends
that others may not necessarily see things this way.Does this
represent a "coherence theory of justification"! Is such an
apprehension of the given as necessarily non-conceptual and
non-propositional hence [Counter-intuitive]? Is this coherence
immune from error? What if the "apprehension" of what is given is
not "coherent" at all? Is this the discernment of the difference
between intuitive and the counter-intuitive. Do Truth and
'Correspondence' in a coherent representation become
discourse.Science Perception - Reality - empirical truth; without
sprit - are deemed abstract.What relevance does the OT requirement
for testimony of "two or three witnesses" have to the ( 3) synoptic
gospels? What distinguishes Christianity from all other religions
is not its morality - Buddhism promotes moral behavior; not its
longevity - Hinduism is older; but its claim that God became man
and redeemed the world by his own sacrifice. This is Christianity's
strongest attribute, since it can stand the test of history and
historical empiricism. We can prove what 4. others only theorize,
meditatively conjure, or feel. It is also Christianity's greatest
vulnerability, because if one could disprove Jesus and his
resurrection, one would disprove Christianity itself. If Buddha
never lived, the moral principles of Buddhism would survive. If
Krishna was not a manifestation of God, the philosophical ideas of
Hinduism would still be entertained. But if Jesus did not live,
die, and rise again immortal in his physical body, then the very
basis of Christianity is destroyed. Judicial and Islamic expert Sir
Norman Anderson remarked, Christianity is, truly, "the witness of
history" - its original followers died not for a system of rituals
or a list of behaviors, but for the empirically verified and
historically preserved fact of the death, burial, and resurrection
of Jesus Christ. As the apostle Paul said, "if Christ is not
raised, our faith is vain and we are of all people most miserable"
(1 Cor. 15:17).Emmanuel Levinas calls God the absolute other and in
Otherwise than Being he uses the term the otherwise than being
(Totality and Infinity. Dickens University Press 2001 pp. 34-35)You
shall know the truth and the truth shall set you free!Laws as rules
of inference Justification as Purpose in meaningDespite its obvious
interest and importance, however, it does not seem to me that the
semantic conception of truth helps in any way to solve the problem
of truth with which we are presently concerned, viz. the problem of
how a true empirical belief or statement is related to the world of
which it is true. The key point to be noted is that what appears on
the right-hand side of an equivalence of form (T) such as is a
consequence of a Tarski-type truth definition is a translation of
the sentence whose truth it is intended to explicate; in fact, in
the case of a meta-language which contains its object-language as a
sub-component, what appears on the right is just the
object-language sentence itself. Thus such equivalence seems to
tell us only (i) that an object-language sentence is true if and
only if its meta- language translation can be correctly asserted,
i.e. is true, and (ii) what that translation is, where it may be
just the sentence itself. Now (i) seems only to represent a
necessary, though clearly not a sufficient, condition of adequacy
for a translation; (ii) on the other hand conveys an important
relation between the two languages. But it is hard to see that
either (i) or (ii) says anything about the nature of
truth.Coherence theory of truth is integral to all comprehensive
systems A pervasive tenet is the idea that truth is primarily a
property of whole systems of propositions and can be ascribed to
individual propositions only derivatively according to their
coherence with the wholeHolistic Systems - Squaring the Jacobean
and finding its determinant Holism (from???? holos, a Greek word
meaning all, entire, total) is the idea that all the properties of
a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental,
linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by the sum of
its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole
determines in an important way how the parts behave. The general
principle of holism was concisely summarized by Aristotle in the
Metaphysics: "The whole is more than the sum of its parts".
Reductionism is seen as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in
science says that a 5. complex system can be explained by reduction
to its fundamental parts. Essentially, chemistry is reducible to
physics, biology is reducible to chemistry and physics, and
psychology and sociology are reducible to biology, etc.Theories of
truthConsensus theory Correspondence theory Deflationary theory
Epistemic theories Indefinability theory Pragmatic theory
Redundancy theory Semantic theory Stanford Encyclopedia of
Philosophy:Truth Coherence theory Correspondence theory
Deflationary theory Identity theory Revision theory Tarski's
definition Axiomatic theories Semantic [the Adage] /Wisdom The
Ontogeny of Environmental biology - Adaptation and the Tree of Life
Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the origin
and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg to its
mature form. Ontogeny is studied in developmental biology.Ontogeny
[Phylogenic] corresponds commensally with Ontology within the
framework of a much more comprehensive metaphysics (providing
axiomatic semantics) - it also reconciles 'casualty' with creation
through the 'tree of life' concept even where such a concept is
rejected [a divine creator]. As with all (visionary concepts) this
one meets with the normal 'framework' problem [incommensurability
with lesser theories [lacking dimension] or which do not experience
CHANGE.http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/gsatoday/grgsat/0007-2.htmhttp://www.astrobio.net/articles/images/phylogenic_tree_lg.jpghttp://www.nai.arc.nasa.gov/news_stories/news_detail.cfm?ID=94
6. Phylogenic Tree of Life Two Dimensional The Tree of Life: Cold
Start?A phylogenetic tree of living things based on RNA data and
proposed by Carl Woese, showing theComparing among many different
organisms the separation of bacteria, archaea, and
eukaryotes.sequence of a gene that encodes a ribosomal RNA Trees
constructed with other genes are generally(rRNA), Woese drew the
first comprehensive tree of similar, although they may place some
early-life. One surprise in the tree was the appearance of
branching groups very differently, thanks to long bacteria that
thrive in high temperatures branch attraction. The exact
relationships of the three (hyperthermophiles), near or at the root
of the tree. The domains are still being debated, as is the
position oftree, and supporting research from other fields, led to
the root of the tree. It has also been suggested that the
speculation that life originated in very hot due to lateral gene
transfer, a tree may not be the environments, perhaps in the
hydrothermal vent systems best representation of the genetic
relationships of all found deep underwater around the globe.
Woese's organisms. For instance some genetic evidence original
tree, and the resulting speculation that life arose suggests that
eukaryotes evolved from the union ofin a hot environment have
become widely accepted some bacteria and archaea (one becoming the
among researchers, and have taken on the status of nucleus and the
other the main cell). textbook explanations of the origin of
life.The primordial dichotomy in the Physiology of
EukaryoteProkaryote (Processing of gene Information) cells is the
fundamental principle guiding ethical utilization of bioengineering
technologies. Explore the Tree of Life - 2009 Was Darwin Wrong
about The Tree?The correspondence principle with its commensality |
incommensurability paradigm can be applied to 'ontogeny' where an
"idea of value" is discerned. This "idea of value" must represent
integrity as well; holistically. Global Seed Banks meet this
requirement.CORRESPONDENCE forms a commensal relation with science
so the two may coexist peacefully in a shared mental framework
noetic [eidetic] noesis. Representation Theory utilizes the
correspondence principle in this way.The Question of Ontogeny and
the Ontological has some interesting ASPECTS The convergence of
Philosophy and theologySemantic Ontologys provide order for Insight
and understanding Correspondence and Ontogeny found commensurable
in Semantic Ontology. 7. Light Propagates at an astronomical
distance Deep Space Objects in Rapid Development Visualization
utilizes a powerful lens [Hubble Space Telescope] to view a
Millennial Moment.19872004You can now see the prophecy of Hubble
scientist George Sonneborn fulfilled. The Biblical statement in
Matthew 6:22 says "if your eye be single your body will fill with
light". Let us look at the two pictures together, in the beginning
and now.Then think to yourself, why has this happened, for what
purpose is this happening? There is another eye of God as you know
which the Hour Glass Nebula is. That is the all Seeing Eye. This is
the cosmic pineal, this is the cosmic third eye and what happens
inside of a persons brain when the pineal lights is what is
happening in the cosmos now. Joy to the world the Lord has come;
Hosanna in the Highest 8. Metaphysics and Epistemology Augustine's
Confessions: Issues and Commentaries This text was a breakthrough
by which Augustine imposed on philosophy and theology central
issues: the self, election as identification, philosophy seen from
the point of view of salvation (spiritual exercise), time as
history and eschatology, being as creation, biblical text as
interpreting the reader, etc. But all those themes have a recent
renewed intensity because postmodern thought and mainly
phenomenology (Heidegger, Arendt, Derrida, etc.) have pointed out
that Augustine, to some extent, might not have been involved in
standard metaphysics. The reading is based on the Latin text
(Bibliotheque augustinienne, Paris); some knowledge of Latin may be
helpful. Translations: either H. Chadwick (Oxford, 1991) or M.
Boulding (New York, 1997) Jean-Luc Marion. Spring 2004.Physics
imparts the property of super symmetry to the metaphysics; this is
why without ethics the metaphysics are erroneous; the concept of a
monopole is perfectly harmonious with conception and perception as
well through this learning and insight are accomplishedThe question
of incommensurability to a classical observer is of the utmost
importance; Especially when interpreting natural phenomenon such as
SN 1987a and this is because Of the metaphysical principles which
allow such interpretation to be represented. The Micro Macro debate
is never more coherent than when dealing with the microscope of
Deep Space instantiation or instanton; Molecular ring currents
induced by magnetic monopolesTransverse resistivity xy for the
single crystal, thin film and calcium doped thin film(image credit:
Z Fang et al. 2003 Science 302 92). These researchers; such as
David Akers term it Magnetic-monopole spin resonance Space Systems
Division, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company, Sunnyvale,
California 94086Here is the counter intuitive viewpoint concerning
ONTOLOGY!http://www.shirky.com/writings/ontology_overrated.html 9.
K-Theory and non-commutative geometry NON STANDARD
STUFFUltrafilters Ultraproducts; but unfortunately the corruption
of ultra powerON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF SPACETIME This formalism of
quantum mechanics ftp://ftp.alainconnes.org/2000.pdfBeing
discovered as; "infinitesimal variables" gives a framework where
continuous variables can coexist with infinitesimal ones, at the
only price of having more subtle algebraic rules where
commutativity no longer holds. The new infinitesimals have an
"order" (an infinitesimal of order one is a compact operator whose
characteristic values mu_n are a big O of 1/n). The novel point is
that they have an integral, which in physics terms is given by the
coefficient of the logarithmic divergence of the trace. Thus one
obtains a new stage for the "calculus" and it is at the core of
noncommutative differential geometry. 10. Spread-spectrum
techniques are methods by whichenergy generated in a
particularbandwidth is deliberately spreadin the frequency
domain,resulting in a signal with a widerbandwidth. These
techniques areused for a variety of reasons,including the
establishment ofsecure communications,increasing resistance to
naturalThe most celebrated invention ofinterference and jamming,
and toprevent detection.frequency hopping was that of actressHedy
Lamarr and composer GeorgeAntheil, who in 1942 received U.S. Patent
Code division multiple access2,292,387 for their "Secret (CDMA) is
a channel accessCommunications System". method utilized by
variousradio communicationtechnologies. It should not beconfused
with the mobilephone standards calledcdmaOne and CDMA2000(which are
often referred to assimply "CDMA"), that use CDMAas their
underlying channelaccess methods. THE METAPHYSICS OF REASON -
http://diacentro.physics.auth.gr/rtalks/pdfs/nikolaidis01.docThe
real problem of BRST supersymmetry - Physics requires
MetaphysicsIncommensurability is the real issue within this
micro-macro dichotomy!The Question of Metaphysical Validity is not
confined to scientific research:Where is the wisdom we have lost in
knowledge? Where is the knowledge that we have lost in
information?"T.S. Eliot, The Rock (1934) pt.1 11. Dirac
quantization condition First, and above all for Dirac, the logic
that led to the theory was, although deeply sophisticated, in a
sense beautifully simple. Much later, when someone asked him (as
many must have done before) "How did you find the Dirac equation?"
he is said to have replied: "I found it beautiful." Second, it
agreed with precise measurements of the energies of light emitted
from atoms, in particularly where these differed from ordinary
(non-relativistic) quantum mechanics.Attempts to find monopoles A
number of attempts have been made to detect magnetic monopoles. One
of the simplest is to use a loop of superconducting wire that can
look for even tiny magnetic sources, a so- called "superconducting
quantum interference detector", or SQUID. Given the predicted
density, loops the size of a soup can would expect to see about one
monopole event per year. Although there have been tantalizing
events recorded, in particular the event recorded by Blas Cabrera
on the night of February 14, 1982 (thus, sometimes referred to as
the "Valentine's Day Monopole"), there has never been reproducible
evidence for the existence of magnetic monopoles. The lack of such
events places a limit on the number of29 monopoles of about 1
monopole per 10 nucleons.The predicted magnitude and generalized
rarity of magnetic monopoles speaks of things Which may approach
the Infinite and are present in things which are very peculiar?THE
HOUR GLASS NEBULA and the Cosmic Ontogeny of Astronomic Observation
You can see the same pattern in the Hour Glass Nebula of the
intersecting circles which we also found in Supernova 1987a. We can
see a close up of the all Seeing Eye in the hourglass nebula. So
here we observe the all seeing eye of God. And we now have the
third eye of God on fire.The single eye that Jesus referred to in
Matthew 6:22. And something spectacular is happening just as was
the prophecy from NASA Hubble Scientist George Sonneborn.Let us go
to the NASA announcement of developments in Supernova 1987aIt is
written and man was made in Gods Image - AS IT IS ABOVE SO IT IS
BELOWAs we have shown most recently, the human brain and the cosmic
brain are the same.As you can see here the web configuration in the
human cerebral cortex is the same as the web configuration in the
universe. 12. THE UNIVERSE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEXIn the same way
that the universal brain and the human brain are the same, the
universal pineal body (single eye) and the human pineal body
(single eye) are the same."Scientific Realism or Irenic
Instrumentalism?"- Metaphysics for Rational Folks!Quodlibet Online
Journal Preface to Totality and Infinity Val Petridis; Assisted by:
Tom FatsisThroughout his works Emmanuel Levinas has used various
terminologies to refer to God. In every case God is described as
infinite unknowable, unsayable and unsignifyable. In the Trace of
the Face Levinas refers to God as the Unknown and absolute other. I
will show that these concepts are completely compatible with one
another and are based on the same premises. Furthermore, it will be
argued that term God is a phrase or ideatum that refers to that
which cannot be known, signified, or contained in any expression of
language. Levinas God will be shown to everything that can never be
known or said. This God is not the personal deity depicted in
typical religiosity, Levinas God is not a divinity that interacts
with the human world, rather this God is that which lies beyond the
limits of what humans can ever experience or know. It will be shown
that the term God as found in Levinas work can be easily
substituted by any other term that refers to that which is beyond
everything contained within that which can be known. Thus, I will
prove that Levinas use of the terms infinite, the unknown, the
absolute other and the otherwise than being to refer to the same
non-religious God or the something that is absolutely beyond being.
The term God refers to that which a secular term like infinity
could as easily be used to referred to without losing any of its
intended connotations lost in the substitution of one term for the
other.. In fact, I will show that the term God is more problematic
than its secular counterparts as it contains religious
presuppositions that are not contained in Levinas formulation of
that which lies beyond being. In this sense, Levinas terms for God
secularize divinity and relegate God to a concept acceptable even
to atheists. This is not the God of religion rather a term used as
an ideatum of that which is always beyond what humans will ever
know. This God who will never fulfill any of the characteristics
usually attributed to God and even if God did, no one would ever
know it. 13. Reading the Kristevan Semiotic and Symbolic: Nina
Sadur's "Kol'tsa" and Marina Kulakova's "Reka po imeni Master"
Canadian Slavonic Papers, Sep-Dec 2003 by Sutcliffe, Benjamin
MABSTRACT: The contemporary author and playwright Nina Sadur's
short story "Kol'tsa" reflects how Julia Kristeva's dichotomous
concepts semiotic and symbolic work with objects and dreams
influencing the lives of two teenage girls. The semiotic is chaotic
and resists organization, while Kristeva links the symbolic to the
rational world. "Kol'tsa" shows that ultimately coherent meaning is
doomed. Marina Kulakova's prose poem "Reka po imeni Master" depicts
a teacher, initially paired with the symbolic, who is ultimately
subsumed by the semiotic silence and shifting seasons of the remote
village where she works. Kulakova, primarily a poet, has been
published in Russia but remains unknown in the West.U istiny
svobodnye odezhdy. The truth wears loose-fitting clothes.Marina
KulakovaJulia Kristeva's opposed terms; semiotic and symbolic -
suggest different modes of signification in two works by
contemporary Russian authors: Nina Sadur's short story "Kol'tsa"
and Marina Kulakova's prose poem "Reka po imeni Master." A
Kristevan analysis allows us to make several crucial distinctions
concerning varying ways of perceiving the world and how these
operate within works devoted to depicting ambiguity. Kristeva's
Revolution in Poetic Language describes the semiotic and symbolic
as two modalities of what is, for us, the same signifying process.
We shall call the first the semiotic and the second the symbolic.
These two modalities are inseparable within the signifying process
that constitutes language, and the dialectic between them
determines the type of discourse (narrative, metalanguage, theory,
poetry, etc.) involved [...]. Because the subject is always both
semiotic and symbolic, no signifying system he produces can be
either 'exclusively' semiotic or 'exclusively' symbolic, and is
necessarily marked by indebtedness to both.Definitions of Ontogeny
should include: Metamorphosis and Cytology dynamic Ontogeny Complex
Adaptive Systems Systems Ecology Information Behavior and
Biological Adaptation [Eugenesis] Facilitation of Genetic Integrity
- Eukaryotic | Prokaryotic The Dynamic Ecology of Successional
Communities Potential Theory and its dynamic functionality Ethics
of the Common Good Protection ParadigmsThe primordial dichotomy in
the Physiology of Eukaryote Prokaryote (Processing of gene
Information) cells is the fundamental principle which must guide
the ethical utilization of bioengineering technologies. 14.
Phylogenic Morphological Structures; Systemic Functions and
Cellular organsAction Potential Chemical Synapse Cochlear
Structures Endocytosis and Exocytose Eukaryote Prokaryote
(Processing of gene Information) Gastric Secretion Lysosome
Neuromuscular Junction Oxygen Carbon Dioxide Sarcomere Signal
Amplification Thyroid HormoneExplore the Tree of LifeThe source of
this Tree of Life concept is of course the Book known as the BIBLE.
It is referenced in the first book GENESIS || as the way of the
tree of life growing in The Garden of Eden and this way is guarded
by spirit beings [Angels]. This new representation is based upon
thermodynamic considerations and is a step towards reconciliation
of Science with Faith.Representation of the tree of life is of
course about commensality but theories can be incommensurable in
Correspondence with historic recordNational Institute of Biomedical
Imaging Bioengineering (NIBIB) International Union of Pure and
Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)Converging Technologies for Improving
Human Performance Nanotechnology Biotechnology Information
Technology - Cognitive Science 15.
http://www.skepticfiles.org/science/931129ts.htmUntil Roberts and
Sharp announced their finding, at the same meeting in June 1977
held at Cold Spring Harbor, it was thought that the genetic
information embedded in DNA was continuous. This understanding
arose in large part from work on prokaryote systems, such as E.
coli. But in eukaryotes, the genetic information is, in the vast
majority, interrupted by nucleotide regions that do not code for
proteins. These are called intervening sequences or introns. The
domains that carry protein coding amino acids are known as exons,
because their information is expressed. In these structures, the
genetic information is split into pieces, hence the name "split
genes."http://www.nsf.gov/crssprgm/nano/reports/program_converging_tech_sch050127.pdfMisogyny
- Issues in bioethics which relate to this dichotomy are: cloning,
Frozen embryos can these be used for embryonic stem cell Research?
debate over GMOs xenotransplantation privacy issues in genetic
testingResearch and Development Bioengineering | Nanotechnology
Converging new technologies in industry and medicine Brain, mind
and behavior Human-machine interface Reshaping organizations and
business Enhancement of cell functions Legal and ethical issues
Computer interfaces with nano-bio-cognitive International research
activities components - Government programs
http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-114924599.htmlThis article is a
brief introduction to the extraordinarily complex phenomenon of
life and to its molecular basis. We begin with the amazing
diversity of life forms and the equally amazing unity in the
molecules underlying life's processes. The challenge of accounting
for both the variety and the commonalities among organisms is met
by evolutionary theory; despite controversies, all scientific
approaches to understanding life build on a shared core that can
briefly be stated. One of the great insights of the last generation
of biologists was 16. the chemical instantiation of these
evolutionary theories, whose discovery has driven biology toward
the study of the structure and function of biological molecules.
After an introduction to some of these key molecules and to the
central dogma of molecular biology, we can begin to see the
outlines of how such molecules can accomplish the tasks required of
simple and then more complex life forms. The introduction concludes
with a brief account of some of the new instruments and model
systems that are now so rapidly advancing scientific understanding
of life.We deem necessary to: 1- Promote an active policy towards
the protection of intellectual property rights (IP) for many of the
key issues. IP agreements between Funding Agencies must contemplate
the claims of other institutions (i.e.: universities or firms where
research is carried out) 2- Promote international establishment of
standards for products derived from NT. Many physical or chemical
properties may already be measured for regular materials or
components but NT contribution may increase significantly some
limit values for new materials (viscosity, chemical stability,
among many others) 3- Promote the remote use of instruments to
break the gap between research laboratories and even to allow the
access of the manufacturing sector to NT. 4- Establish local
committees to study potential risks in practices. Investigate risks
and hazards and write rules or exchange best practices to overcome
them (as done previously with genetic constructions or dangerous
chemicals). Would general regulations and standards like those of
FDA or EPA be applicable? 5- Include safety and ethical issues as a
separate chapter in research meetings. Once risks are clearly
identified, the compliance with protocols, safety rules and ethics
should be an issue for 1) project proposals at financing agencies
and academic and business laboratories 2) release of products to
the market 3) appropriate disposal mechanisms. Many countries have
established national committees to evaluate these practices for the
introduction and handling of Genetic Modified Organisms, among
others.Bioengineering and Bioethics Ontogeny and Metaphysics
http://www.non-gmoreport.com/ Bioethics and Biologic Integrity ALL
ORGANIC MOVEMENT FOOD LABELINGA genetically modified organism (GMO)
is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using
techniques in genetics generally known as recombinant DNA
technology. Recombinant DNA technology is the ability to combine
DNA molecules from different sources into the one molecule in a
test tube. Thus, the abilities or the phenotype of the organism, or
the proteins it produces, can be altered through the modification
of its genes.[Controversy - Genetically modified food and
Transgenic plants [such as grown in Paraguay]Transnational
Corporations and their EU [European Union] trade sanctions have
created a global marketplace bureaucracy. Making GMOs in the case
of GMF and transgenic plants very dangerous indeed due to
constraints on sanctioning competitive advantages. Also many of the
TNCs which are accused of promoting transgenic plants and
consequently GMFs; coincidentally they are also the sponsors of the
World Trade Organization; Bilderberg Meetings and the euphamous
Tri-lateral Commission (Club of Rome). 17. Ontogeny is defined
traditionally in its relationship to Phylogeny; as the origin and
development of cellular structure and function, to biological
molecules, bioenergetics, to the genetics of both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic organisms, and to the elements of molecular
biology.Ontogeny (also ontogenesis or morphogenesis) describes the
origin and the development of an organism from the fertilized egg
to its mature form. Ontogeny is studied in developmental
biology.The idea that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny, that is,
that the development of an organism exactly mirrors the
evolutionary development of the species, is discredited today.
However the phenomenon of recapitulation, in which a developing
organism will for a time show a similar trait or attribute to that
of an ancestral species, only to have it disappear at a later stage
is well documented. For example, embryos of the baleen whale still
develop teeth at certain embryonic stages, only to later disappear.
A more general example is the emergence of what could develop into
pharyngeal gill pouches if it were in a lower vertebrate in almost
all mammalian embryos at early stages of development. (April,
2001). Excerpt [amongst many others courtesy of
Wikipedia]Morphogenesis and Cytology provide the ontogeny necessary
to appreciate the living world which has well sustained the
habitants. Succession works within dynamic ecosystems providing a
sound basis to explain the diversity of life in its global Biomes
[Ecosystems]. Mother Nature is a fitting and appropriate ontology
which is universally accepted. Mankind has just begun to understand
the principles which sustain living systems; Space Exploration is
one indicator of this.Only a few years ago very few references to
Ontogeny it has greatly increased its semantics of concern in
recent years.The Ontogeny of Environmental biology || Adaptation
and the Tree of LifeZoonosis - Reference > Zoonosis
UpdatesZoonosis (pronounced zoo-e-no-sis) is any infectious disease
that may be transmitted from other animals, both wild and domestic,
to humans or from humans to animals. The word is derived from the
Greek words zoon (animal) (pronounced as zoo-on) and nosos
(disease). Many serious diseases fall under this category. The
plural of zoonosis is zoonoses, from which an alternative singular
zoonose is derived by back-formation.The simplest definition of a
zoonosis is a disease that can be transmitted from other animals to
humans. A slightly more technical definition is a disease that
normally exists in other animals, but also infects humans. The
emerging interdisciplinary field of conservation medicine, which
integrates human and veterinary medicine, and environmental
sciences, is largely concerned with zoonosis.Systems and Cybernetic
Convergence 18. Correspondence or incommensurability Human/Computer
Conceptual Role Semantics and Cognitive Design Patterns Complex
Adaptive Systems || Systems Ecology Representation Ecosystem
Ecology System Definition Model _ Dynamic Systems Initiative
Generative Metamodel - Model Integrated Computing Solves Axiomatic
Semantics Problem - of Declarative/Imperative Atlantic Zoo -
Meta-Modeling | Meta-languages Generative Modeling Tools (GMT)
project set of prototypes - Model Driven Engineering (MDE) Semantic
Web || Information BehaviorEntity Relationship Model - relevant
relation [Occams Principle]Relevance in correspondence with
anotherCorrespondence - in response to - in conjunction with - in
spite of Conformity Congruence Agreement Accordance Copying
Picturing Signification Representation Reference Satisfaction -
Correspondence with a relevant portion of realityQuestion of
Reality - "classical observer"Facts - States of affairs Situations
- Events Objects and their Aspect Orientation Sequences of objects
Dimensional Aspects Sets Properties Tropes - entropic constraints;
environments; relationship hierarchy8. The Correspondence Theory
and Its CompetitorsAgainst the traditional competitorscoherent-ist,
pragmatist, and verificationist and other epistemic theories of
truthcorrespondence theorists raise two main sorts of objections.
First, such accounts tend to lead into relativism. Take, e.g., a
coherent-ist account of truth; since it is possible that p coheres
with the belief system of S while not-p coheres with the belief
system of S*, the coherent-ist account seems to imply, absurdly,
that contradictories, p and not-p, could both be true. To avoid
embracing contradictions, coherent-ists often 19. commit themselves
(if only covertly) to the objectionable relativistic view that p is
true-for- S and not-p is true-for-S*. Second, the competing
accounts tend to lead into some form of idealism or anti-realism.
E.g., it is possible for the belief that p to cohere with someone's
belief system even though it is not a fact that p; also, it is
possible for it to be a fact that p even if no one believes that p,
or if the belief that p does not cohere with anyone's belief
system. Cases of this form are frequently cited as counterexamples
to coherent-ist accounts of truth. Coherent-ists tend to reject
such counterexamples by insisting that they are not possible after
alla reaction that commits them to the anti-realist view that the
facts are (largely) determined by what we believe.B. according to
the identity theory of truth, true propositions do not correspond
to facts, they are (identical with) facts: the true proposition
that snow is white = the fact that snow is white. This
non-traditional competitor of the correspondence theory threatens
to collapse the correspondence relation into identity. In response,
a correspondence theorist might point out: First, the identity
theory is defensible only for propositions as truth bearers, and
only if propositions are construed in a certain way, namely as
having objects and properties as constituents rather than ideas or
concepts of objects and properties. Hence, even if the identity
theory of truth were accepted for propositions (so construed),
there would still be ample room (and need) for correspondence
accounts of truth with respect to other types of truth bearers.
Second, the identity theory rests on the assumption that
that-clauses always denote propositions, so that the that-clause in
the fact that snow is white denotes the proposition that snow is
white. The assumption can be questioned. That-clauses can be
understood as ambiguous names, sometimes denoting propositions and
sometimes denoting facts. The descriptive phrases the proposition
and the fact can be regarded as serving to disambiguate the
succeeding ambiguous that-clauses.Content - Didactic Pedagogy is
essential to the comprehension of Classical Philosophy. This
advocacy defines arts as well as letters; a discourse of creative
if purposeful; communication. The aesthetics of walking and talking
are part of its charm.http://www.elea.org/Parmenides/Parmenides
wrote his didactic poem On Nature and the 'speculation' began - the
concept of metaphysics is often traced to this writing. Ontology is
the being; Greek Scholars of the present day - 2007 | 5768 places
it's etymology in the 'garden of Eden' - where Adam walked with the
Lord and 'named' all of the creatures there; pleasing 'his father'.
This naming hence is ontology - the being which is immovable.
Parmenides did not have access to the book of Genesis so it may be
surmised that On Nature is about Mother Earth as so many endemic
people believe and practice. In metaphysics ontology is the study
of Nature Physos (Greek) - it is directly related to
'consciousness' as BEING; from the perspective of a classical
observer (who in fact is everyone and no one in particular).
Ontologies are Ontology - this is the sense of it. 20. Noesis is a
state of knowing comprehensive understanding of an ontologic
presence; being. It is not knowledge as such; for it is written The
fear of the God is the beginning of knowledge, the fear of the Lord
is the beginning of Wisdom.The Parmenidean Paths of Inquiry -
http://www.elea.org/Parmenides/Parm-comment.htmAn InterpretationThe
following is my interpretation of the philosophy of Parmenides of
Elea, the Greek father of metaphysics. His only work, On Nature, is
written in rather obscure verse, and so his thesis can be viewed
from a variety of perspectives, of which mine is only one (although
a fairly standard one). Parmenides' most important principle,
hereafter called "Parmenides' Principle", was that anything
rationally conceivable must exist. Nonbeing is not a thing and can
neither be thought of nor spoken about in any meaningful or
coherent way. Parmenides forbade talking as if there are possible
things that nonetheless do not exist. He illustrated this principle
by showing us three possible methods of inquiry, of which only one
is valid. The following chart summarizes them.Parmenides' Principle
from Allan F. Randall Consistent,1. The Way of Objective Truth:
Necessarily, all possibilities exist. Coherent Consistent,2. The
Unthinkable Way:: Necessarily, no possibilities exist. Incoherent
Inconsistent,3. The Way of Subjective Belief: Some possibilities
exist, some do not. Incoherent Bioethics however must encompass a
much greater metaphysics; and that is one which includes
understanding of Systems (Complex and Adaptative); and their
discrete principles especially Living Systems and their Ontogeny.
Seekers of truth; for this is the LOVE of wisdom indeed the
continuing history of philosophy itself is one of the subjects of
discourse; the ethics of COMMON GOOD its objective; Virtue is its
reward. It is well taken that in allegory Parmenides has provide
NATURE for this purpose. Natures Ontogeny has developed
teleological systems for commensality and biodynamic pathways of
procreation. The conclusion of ON NATURE provides insight into this
impasse An Ontogeny for Ontology:19"Thus, according to belief,
these things were born and now are, and hereafter, having grown
from this, they will come to an end. And for each of these did
humans establish a distinctive name. 20One and unchanging is that
for which as a whole the name is: 'to be'." 21. Logic is bound by
human cognition in terms of this insight (as intuition) this
subjective/objective dichotomy if you will; and can shine the light
of understanding upon the counterintuitive and non-binding logic of
chaos; and its reprobate ideologies. Mankinds responsibility for
things which were born and that now are is not diminished through
the providence of science.Greek Philosophy produced Ethics Hebrew
Theology Commandments and a Covenant with God. Nichomachean Ethics
(sometimes spelled 'Nichomachean'), or Ta Ethika, is a work by
Aristotle on virtue and moral character which plays a prominent
role in defining Aristotelian ethics. It consists of ten books
based on notes from his lectures at the Lyceum and were either
edited by or dedicated to Aristotle's son, Nicomachus.Nichomachean
Ethics focuses on the importance of habitually behaving virtuously
and developing a virtuous character. Aristotle emphasized the
importance of context to ethical behavior and the ability of the
virtuous person to recognize the best course of action. Aristotle
argued that eudaimonia is the goal of life, and that a person's
pursuit of eudaimonia, rightly conceived, will result in virtuous
conduct.Eudaimonia (Greek: ) is a classical Greek word commonly
translated as 'happiness'. Etymologically, it consists of the word
"eu" ("good" or "well being") and "daimn" ("spirit" or "minor
deity", used by extension to mean one's lot or fortune). Although
popular usage of the term happiness refers to a state of mind,
related to joy or pleasure, eudaimonia rarely has such
connotations, and the less subjective "human flourishing" is often
preferred as a translation. The Perseus Project is a digital
library project of Tufts University that assembles digital
collections of humanities resources. It is hosted by the Department
of Classics. It suffers, unfortunately, from very frequent computer
hardware problems, and as such its resources [1] are often
unavailable. The project is mirrored in Berlinand Chicago.[2]The
Ethics; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect; Selected
Letters - by Benedictus de Spinoza (Author) "If Socrates' execution
was the key event in Plato's life that shaped his subsequent career
in philosophy, Spinoza's excommunication from the Jewish community
of Amsterdam..." (more) Key Phrases: equally great emotion,
absolutely infinite entity, fictitious idea, Corollary Hence, Proof
All 22. Jonathan Barness Aristotle (2000) provides an excellent and
brief introduction to Aristotelian philosophy. In terms of impact
on the Ethics, perhaps Aristotles most significant concept is that
of the teleology of nature. According to Aristotle, nature works
toward a telos, or end goal. His biological work aims constantly at
the question of what purpose different aspects of plants and
animals serve. He classifies humans as rational animals, meaning
that our telos is rational. In other words, our function in life is
to realize our full potential as rational beings. If we are not
fully rational, we are falling short of our true nature.This
teleological view gives Aristotles Ethics a clear sense of
direction. Our goal in life is to achieve our true nature, and this
true nature consists essentially of rationality. The purpose of a
moral education, then, is to teach us how we may become perfectly
rational and immune to the temptations of our lower animalistic
parts.Ethics is just one of a number of fields that Aristotle
classifies as practical science. Unlike the natural sciences, which
examine the world around us, these sciences deal with the practical
aspects of human society and how best to arrange this society. The
practical sciences are all closely connected, and Aristotle
frequently expounds on the connection between the good life for the
individual and the kind of state that could make this good life
possible. Hence, Aristotles Politics is an important companion and
sequel to his Ethics.While the Nicomachean Ethics is Aristotles
most popular work on ethics, there is a second work called the
Eudemian Ethics, which is far less widely read. Most scholars agree
that the Eudemian Ethics was written earlier in Aristotles career
and represents a less mature view. Books V, VI, and VII of the
Nicomachean Ethics are also found in the Eudemian Ethics.Aristotle
LouvreQueen Ester Jews for Jesusw3c Standards 23. A Solution to
Plato's Problem:The Latent Semantic Analysis Theory of
Acquisition,Induction and Representation of KnowledgeAbstract -8How
do people know as much as they do with as little information as
they get? The problem takes many forms; learning vocabulary from
text is an especially dramatic and convenient case for research. A
new general theory of acquired similarity and knowledge
representation, Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA), is presented and
used to successfully simulate such learning and several other
psycholinguistic phenomena. By inducing global knowledge indirectly
from local co-occurrence data in a large body of representative
text, LSA acquired knowledge about the full vocabulary of English
at a comparable rate for school-children. LSA uses no prior
linguistic or perceptual similarity knowledge; it is based solely
on a general mathematical learning method that achieves powerful
inductive effects by extracting the right number of dimensions
(e.g., 300) to represent objects and contexts. Relations to other
theories, phenomena, and problems are sketched.The Latent Semantic
Analysis ModelThe model we have used for simulation is a purely
mathematical analysis technique. However, we want to interpret the
model in a broader and more psychological manner. In doing so, we
hope to show that the fundamental features of the theory that we
will later describe are plausible, to reduce the otherwise magical
appearance of its performance, and to suggest a variety of
relations to psychological phenomena other than the ones to which
we have as yet applied it.We will explicate all of this in a
somewhat spiral fashion. First, we will try to explain the
underlying inductive mechanism of dimensionality matching upon
which the model's power hinges. We will then sketch how the model's
mathematical machinery operates and how it has been applied to data
and prediction. Next, we will offer a psychological process
interpretation of the model that shows how it maps onto but goes
beyond familiar theoretical ideas, empirical principles, findings
and conjectures. We will then, finally, return to a more detailed
and rigorous presentation of the model and its applications. An
Informal Explanation of the Inductive Value of Dimensionality
Matching 24. Truth, Coherence and Correspondence in the Metaphysics
of F.H. BradleyAbsolute Idealism and Analytic Philosophy The
Incommensurability ParadigmQuantum Phenomenology KTheory is a
product of this transitional discourseStarting with the Descartes'
cogito, "I think, therefore I am"--and taking an uncompromisingly
rational, rigorously phenomenological approach--I attempt to derive
the basic principles of recursion theory (the backbone of all
mathematics and logic), and from that the principles of feedback
control theory (the backbone of all biology), leading to the basic
ideas of quantum mechanics (the backbone of all physics). What is
derived is not the full quantum theory, but a basic
framework--derived from a priori principles along with common
everyday experience--of how the universe of everyday experience
should work if it operates according to rational principles. We
find, to our surprise, that the resulting system has all the most
puzzling features of quantum physics that make physicists scratch
their heads. Far from being "bizarre" and "weird", as is usually
thought, the strangest paradoxes of quantum theory turn out to be
just what one ought to expect of a rational universe. It is the
classical, pre-quantum universe of the nineteenth century that has
irrational, mystical components. The quantum-mechanics-like theory
that is developed is, furthermore, most compatible with the
strictest, most uncompromisingly rationalist of the standard
interpretations of quantum mechanics, those which add no ad hoc
elements to the theory, and which generally trace their history to
the relative state formulation of Everett (also called the "many
worlds" interpretation). These interpretations take the universe to
be quite literally describable as a quantum wave function. As with
any project this far-reaching in scope, I confess I have had to
make some working assumptions along the way. I have attempted to
isolate these, and clearly label them as points of possible future
revision--they are marked in the text with an asterisk (*).A
critique of Allan Randalls poignant insights:Paradox gives rise to
enigma the enigma of existence itself; in that it is integral
meaning; that entropy cannot be broken. Pedagogy purports Logic and
Recursion Theory as a basis for Metaphysics yet Eidetic Intuition
provides for a greater comprehension of what is seen and observed
without contradicting either logic or recursion. So-called
Mathematical Control Theory provides for rigorous computation of
stochastic processes; yet the stochastic is seen as infinitely
reducible [Bose Einstein] modern computer science utilizes
recursion: and provides proof that recursion is a metaphysical
paradigm. No matter what aspect or perspective one appreciates this
fundamental harmony is essential to appreciating classical and
modern philosophy as well; commensurable with mans stewardship. 25.
Implicit Ambiguity Resolution inter-subjectivity; the soul of
reciprocity - regime of representation that has prevailed in
philosophy since Descartes; correction of semantic drift - semiotic
representation affecting or effecting || self affecting reflexivity
symbolism denotes intending objects through signs question of the
reflexivity of awareness || counter-intuitive defining
consciousness as 'auto-affection' becoming autocracy
counter-intuitive root of reflexivity || essence of Cartesians
Intractability and Conflict ResolutionToward Better Concepts of
Peace what is the purpose of discourse anyway?IN SOME THEORETICAL
MODELS, researchers think that distinct sets of cognitive processes
interpret a sentence at each posited level of representation, and
they claim that distinct mental representations result from those
computations. That approach predicts that the qualitatively
different processing principles for syntax and semantics arise from
the existence of qualitatively different neural processing
(Chomsky, 1986; Clifton, Speer, & Abney, 1991; Ferreira &
Clifton, 1986; Frazier, 1987; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1987;
Rayner, Garrod, & Perfetti, 1992). In contrast, other models
have proposed that a semantic representation is assembled directly,
without an intermediate syntactic representation (McClelland, St.
John, & Taraban, 1989; Mitchell & Holmes, 1985). In that
perspective, syntactic information is integrated with lexical or
semantic and pragmatic information in a continuous process of
mapping on to a meaningful representation of the whole sentence
(Altman, Garnham, & Dennis, 1992; MacDonald, Pearlmutter, &
Seidenberg, 1994; Spivey-Knowlton & Tanenhaus, 1994; Taraban
& McClelland, 1990).HypothesesDespite the different variables
taken into consideration (Kotz, Holcomb, & Kounios, 1992), the
observations allow us to hypothesize that, at least under certain
experimental conditions, the N400 and the P600 are elicited as
functions of the representational level of the anomaly, both
semantic and syntactic (Osterhout & Holcomb, 1995). From our
perspective, the identification of different wave variations should
invite us to consider the existence of distinct components that
intervene in sentence decoding. They are fairly diversified
phenomena, nevertheless co- occurring in the process of sentence
comprehension (Osterhout, McLaughlin, & Bersick, 1997).
Moreover, in the present research, we analyzed a specific
sentence-level context, and we cannot apply our results to other
cognitive processes, such as word level. The principal paradigms of
analysis point out the difference between word-level processes,
which include the recognition of isolated words (words in
single-word context), and sentence-level processes, which include
the recognition of words in sentence context and the computation of
syntactic structure (Balconi, 2001a; Osterhout & Holcomb). The
26. choice of sentence level is motivated by the need to compare
more rigorously syntactic and semantic information processing and
to explore the dichotomy between structural and semantic
representations of words in sentence context. (Ainsworth-Darnell et
al., 1998; Osterhout & Nicol, 1999; Van Petten, 1993)One of the
basic concerns of classical mathematical logic has been a rigorous
definition of mathematical proof". A proof may be discovered by
luck, genius or accident. But once discovered it is mechanically
checkable. Thus the most general type of mechanically checkable
procedure provides a definition of the most general kind of proof.
An investigation of mechanical checkability" leads naturally to the
notion of computable process". Recursion theory is that branch of
mathematical logic which studies computability theory. From its
very inception recursion theory has been so closely associated with
theoretical computer science that it is sometimes difficult to tell
where one begins and the other ends.Complexity is seen as ultra to
which filters are applied for the sake of these rigorous paradigms
Living Systems however manifest a purpose which purports
commonality and their complexity is beyond recursive techniques;
yet mathematical logic proposes to define it. The classical
viewpoint IS commensurable with Quantum Theory and its
communications theory if and only if; what is being communicated is
information propagated by a living system itself; purposefully to
maintain this existence and adapt [taxis] to an ever changing
environment even where that environment is the living organism
itself and its ecologic community of adaptation. Thereby the
ontogeny of complex adaptive systems becomes commensurable with
Quantum Mechanics and its rigorous mathematical recursion and
feedback taxis.Eidetic Noesis - however; has serious problems with
morality and the bioethics which stewardship must maintain this
excerpt from basic Engineering goals and objects:
[email protected] IntroductionEngineers have a major advantage
over scientists. For the most part, the systems we analyze are of
our own devising. It has not always been so. Not long ago, the
principle objective of engineering was to coax physical materials
to do our bidding by leveraging their intrinsic physical
properties. The discipline was one of applied science. Today, a
great deal of engineering is about coaxing abstractions that we
have invented. The abstractions provided by microprocessors,
programming languages, operating systems, and computer networks are
only loosely linked to the underlying physics of electronics. 27.
The rapid improvements in the capabilities of electronics during
the last half of the 20-th century are, in part, the reason for
this separation. The physical constraints imposed by limited
memory, processing speed, and communication bandwidth appeared to
evaporate with each new generation of computers. What appeared to
one generation as luxuriously inefficient abstractions became the
bread and butter of the next generation. The separation of computer
science from electrical engineering is both a consequence and a
cause, fueling the separation and reflecting it at the same time.At
the same time, the systems science that was incubated in the study
of electronic circuits (control systems, communications theory, and
signal processing) has also become more abstract. Although these
disciplines were created by true electrical engineers (true means
that they were engaged with electrical systems), many of the
practitioners today rarely encounter electricity directly. Their
techniques are often realized in embedded software, ironically
building on the abstractions that are only loosely connected to the
electronics that their theory originally helped to create. The
theories, however, have not adapted as well as one might hope to
world of software. Perhaps these theories remain too wedded to
their physical heritage. (quotation)Science and its twin children
magic and engineering have never exhibited restraint in the area of
abstinence from temptation to experiment even when such experiments
violate all laws and the norms of cultural decency. Medical
Practice has become a major source of this malfeasance where
malpractice is merely the retribution of insurance claims; not the
criminal culpability for deliberate and recurring acts of
subversion. Into this void has stepped Bioethics and its paradigms
for the common good and proper caretaking of its communities.The
Mosaic Effect and the Ecologic Patch PhenomenonONTOLOGIES FOR
CRISIS MANAGEMENT Session ID: INT-04Motivation _ Crisis
Intervention and Information ArchitectureWhat is a crisis? When
does a crisis begin, and when does it end? What factors are likely
to aggravate or alleviate a crisis? How is a crisis different from
an emergency, or a disaster? Who are the players, stakeholders,
actors and agents responsible for action during a global emergency
and what are their roles? What and whose procedures are to be
followed? What protocols are in place to support coordination and
communication among the various agents? What infrastructures are in
place? How can community resilience fit into the picture? Where are
the bottlenecks? How can information systems be deployed and used
to improve crisis management and support the optimization of
resources and relief operations when the need arises? How can 28.
transparency and collaboration be balanced with security and
privacy measures during a crisis? How feasible is a common shared
ontology for emergency management? Will such an ontology scale to
international levels and who will drive this process and manage its
evolution?These, and many more, are ontological challenges that
pertain to the emergency management functions across all levels of
government, non-government organisations, industry, and community
groups. During a crisis incident, they all need to collaborate and
cooperate and share information and resources to respond and
recovery from the disaster. Under these conditions, it is critical
that they share a common ontology to support their crisis functions
and decision making roles.This session aims to provide an
opportunity to allow researchers and practitioners to present their
views, and to stimulate experts to further investigate the
underlying ontological challenges that are at the heart of
technical information cooperation during an international
crisis.Ontologies are critical to the design and management of
complex and sustainable information systems and are central to
information flow in crisis management. The need to improve and open
up knowledge and research in the area for ontologies for crisis
management is becoming compelling and relevant to real-world
requirements. Ontological challenges relating to crisis management
need to be asked, and answered, in order to provide mechanism to
widen adoption, interoperability, usefulness, efficiency,
robustness, reliability, availability and accountability of
information systems, during emergencies.The ontologies need to
represent a wide cross section of dynamic emergency functions and
to support dynamically adaptive real time scenarios as changes
occur quickly and need to be propagated widely. Reasoning and
decision making must be transparent and flexible with the support
of crisis ontologies. The boundaries of this emerging research area
is vast and still be determined.Ontology research has been
increasing over the past years with the Semantic Web providing new
technologies to solve ontological needs across disciplines and
domains. Ontology management still faces many challenges when taken
at the broader level in particular at an international level -
across many different stakeholder areas. How can ontologies support
the many agencies and groups involved in a crisis?Emergency 2.0 LA
Fire Department is clearly raised in the same spirit, as the people
working there quickly absorbed the Web 2.0 tools into their
activity to make it more effective and people caring. LAFD_ALERT
service Flickr Photo Gallery YouTube Channel at BlogTalkRadio.com
Along the blog, the LA Fire Department inserted Twitter into its
online panoply of citizen services and set its designation as a
reliable tool for emergency response in ordinary or crisis
situations. Brian Humphrey and Ron Myers from LAFD said that the
attributes the Web 2.0 tools possess desirable, beneficial,
justifiable and sustainable motivated their choice. 29. Intuition:
Discernment Of Conscience There are, in fact, two such vortices at
work in the Pacific Ocean, the other one lying just off the coast
of Japan (another major producer of plastic waste on the Pacific
Rim. According to Greenpeace: An enormous island of trash twice the
size of Texas is floating in the Pacific Ocean somewhere between
San Francisco and Hawaii. Chris Parry with the California Coastal
Commission in San Francisco said the so-called Great Pacific
Garbage Patch, has been growing a brisk rate since the 1950s, The
San Francisco Chronicle reported Friday. The trash stew is 80
percent plastic and weighs more than 3.5 million tons. 30.
http://alipr.com/Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures - Real
TimeContent-based image retrieval (CBIR) using Aspect Oriented
Context Sensitive Workflows.Content-based image retrieval (CBIR),
also known as query by image content (QBIC) and content-based
visual information retrieval (CBVIR) is the application of computer
vision to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of
searching for digital images in large databases. (see this
survey[1] for a recent scientific overview of the CBIR
field)"Content-based" means that the search will analyze the actual
contents of the image. The term 'content' in this context might
refer to colors, shapes, textures, or any other information that
can be derived from the image itself. Without the ability to
examine image content, searches must rely on metadata such as
captions or keywords, which may be laborious or expensive to
produce.representative CBIR systems APIR QBIC VisualSEEk Photobook
support content-based retrieval by color, texture, and
shapeBlock-Based Neural Network ArchitecturePassive Aggressive
Model for Image RetrievalPLSA-based image auto-annotation:
constraining the latent space. In: ACM Multimediacross-media
relevance models Bioinformatics Semantic Web Tools || Information
Architecture and 'the human condition'; The network may not always
completely mask the computing infrastructure behind it, but it
hides considerable detail and mostly allows access through "Web-y"
protocols, languages, and standards such as HTTP, RSS, XML,
Javascript, and REST. On July 24, 2004 I responded just after that
with,"So the user-created bottom-up categorical structure
development with an emergent thesaurus would become a
Folksonomy?"Eidetic Linguistics Indexing using Semiotic
Representation - The Semiotics of FolksonomyIt is not that
technology provides 'opportunity' but exponentially expanded
'ACCESS' to opportunity; this drives business applications of
'semantic web technology'. Prayer and meditation are still required
for 'perfection' of decision making - especially in their discrete
application to real life situations. Use of Semantic Modeling - the
power of algorithms applied to content syndication on the Web can
be conceptualized; 31. structured topic correlation syntactic
syndication approaches automated reasoning support Web Ontology
Language Web Services Process Model Ontology (WSPMO) rich
semantics-based mechanism for expressing subscriptions and
published content Polyhedron representation - octoroons; fractal
Geometry (topology) - Correspondence Theory Stanford SIMPLIcity
system - Automatic Linguistic Indexing of Pictures Quaternions -
minding your p's and q's - gimble locks and lie big algebras
rendering animated polygonal models with real-time lighting and
shadows SIMD Folksonomy in the context sensitive generation of
Microformats Visualization - cleaning our lenses Semantics the
meaning of words; is a course discipline at best and its
relationship to what today is called Information theory is equally
disputed. Here is a quote Information is a semantic unity - which
others have argued as ontologies are tautological; or they are not
Ontology. This quotation from Tim Berners-Lee; the WWW protagonist;
presents a catharsis of: A Semantic Web is not Artificial
Intelligence (search for Article).Information becomes the paradox
to be resolved through an ontological tautology. This is systems
thinking at its best logic abhors tautology being is immersed in
it. Ontogeny "Cause and effect, means and ends, seed and fruit
cannot be severed; for, the effect already blooms in the cause, the
end pre-exists in the means, the fruit in the seed." - Ralph Waldo
EmersonThe Ontogeny of Environmental biology Zoonosis- Reference
> Zoonosis UpdatesAdaptation and the Tree of Life The word is
derived from the Greek words zoon (animal) (pronounced as zoo-on)
and nosos (disease). Many serious diseases fall under this
category. The plural of zoonosis is zoonoses, from which an
alternative singular zoonose is derived by back-formation. The
simplest definition of a zoonosis is a disease that can be
transmitted from other animals to humans. A slightly more technical
definition is a disease that normally exists in other animals, but
also infects humans. The emerging interdisciplinary field of
conservation medicine, which integrates human and veterinary
medicine, and environmental sciences, is largely concerned with
zoonoses. 32. Genome research and its malediction Evolutionary
BiologyMoabite StoneFringetailPurple FinchAn Idea of Value for
Semantic OntologiesSemantic Ontologies express the basis of
relationships; true correspondence and mutualunderstanding amongst
"sentient beings". One must differentiate Ontology as being fromthe
comprehended ontological in order to appreciate that "being" is
what generally istermed "consciousness" living systems as ALIVE;
ONTOGENY. The sense of namingcreatures within the Tree of Life is
fundamental to ONTOLOGY. Semantics offers a dichotomy to consider;
Etiology and Ethology - causation and casualty.Etiology is
ontological and is the root of "myth and folklore" - Ethology may
explain whycertain "species" [of the human genera] are fond of
making up stories about the Naturalworld. Etymology then must
consider ontogeny, etiology and a generalized Ethology of ahuman
family which evolution denies.General theory of reflection - Gdel
and Tarski Metalogical foundations - make the logic of choice an
inter-changeable parameter Reflective logical and semantic
frameworks Nuprl's constructive type theory as a reflective
Metalogical framework The Structure of Post-Axiomatic Mathematics
Research relations between formulas and functions on sets of
formulas Meta-Formulas - Need for Theory of Formulas The Concept of
Truth in Formalized Languages On the Concept of Logical Consequence
Independence of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum
Hypothesis relationship of relativity theory and idealistic
mathematics in the light of philosophy 33. The Group Concept -
Notes ``The theory of groups is, as it were, the whole of
mathematics stripped of its matter and reduced to pure form''.
Jules-Henri Poincar (1854-1912) Correspondence or
Incommensurability?Technologic Considerations Representation Theory
+ commensality or incommensurability Categorical Geometry ::
Fractal Geometry [topologic perfection] Partial differential
equations and harmonic functions Tesseract and hypercube Super
strings Theory :: grand set theory :: symmetry :: supersymmetry
Self-rationalization [dangerous practice] Differentiates four
levels for possible analysis Correspondence principle :: Quantum
Mechanics Inequalities | Uncertainty Ontogeny and its ONTOLOGY
questions of a philosophical nature After reading a modern
philosopher like Edward Levinas Totality and Infinity; the matter
is much clearer - ontology and noesis are co-adjunct operators in
the "metaphysics" - In the time of Golden Age of Greek Philosophy
this noetic framework was the didactic [teaching] of geometry,
ethics and logic. Yet it is difficult to practice what you preach
if your society is extremely immoral or even depraved. Today the
"Golden Age of Physics" has propelled a global society into
"stellar space" using another aspect of this "noetic framework" and
that is eidetic noesis - which is "photographic" quality
visualization. Yet the semantics remain unchanged - this is good!
This is most certainly true of bioethics - one of the most
compelling "interdisciplinary" fields; where even the most basic
conceptions of western civilization can be challenged due to the
"misanthropy" of its "unethical experimentations". One of the most
recent example of this is the "AIDS holocaust" which by now is
threatening to become just as destructive to human populations as
WW2. 34. TheRiver: Origins oftheAidsPandemic Zoonosis - evolution -
symbiosis; these terms may apply to HIV/AIDS pandemic "prognosis"
but will survive not a "parsec" in the hysterical world of the
World Health Organization and it's pharmacological based medicine.
An important footnote is that indeed - the Salk vaccine was wholly
adequate to effectively prevent Polio Mellitus. Knowledge
representation system The true crisis in correspondence -
especially with "reality" is realizing the very great deceit which
has been perpetrated historically. Cosmic convergence is heralded
by the vast changes in Earth's global weather patterns
[thermodynamics]; this physical yet unpredicted change; transcends
the havoc of waste and destruction which mankind's greed has
contributed. Spiritual Consciousness; in sympathy with those
suffering terrible loss; looks to a "Holy God" whose "ways are far
past finding out". The spirit our ears and eyes receives patience
from: to understand or if not - to search for the truth....this is
harmony with cosmic convergence. The millennia are converging;
space and time are actually warped by the incredible power of the
cosmos which is "invested" in our "Planet Earth". The millennia
have "jubilees"; celebrations of history and cultural traditions.
Globally the amount of intercultural reconciliation is greater than
any one could ever have predicted. Why is this? The Millennia are
being "discovered" This means our unity will be restored Meaning
and Purpose are co-adjunct motivators of ontology; and society in
general. Without meaning, purpose is counter-intuitive and begets
as it is colloquially stated - "the vicious circle". Millennial
Moments Mood: chillin' Now Playing: En-Raptures - Topic: Historic
Insights Discernment of Harmonic Convergence of the physical
requires Spiritual Consciousness - this so-termed higher
consciousness is ontogenous One with being. Infosystems
Intelligence The holistic unity of the natural world is an
ontogeny; in and of itself. Our ontological perception of it is
also an ontogeny - observation by a living soul. This unity of body
and soul is known as spirituality. And we are forewarned only two
spirits exist; that which is good and that which is
reprobate..these spirits act derisively [against each other] and
are the source of hostility and its human neurosis. Ontogeny is
based upon living systems and their highly discrete purpose
[survival]. The Hebrew Scriptures inscribe that Almighty God dwells
in unapproachable light.his creation must be endowed with some very
great qualities as well. 35. There is apparently considerable
misunderstanding about "ethics" and its moral values. When it is
written that "all have sinned and fallen short of the glory of
god"; sin must be atoned for.....crime therefore will be punished.
Deceit; hypocrisy and it's "counter- intelligence" are all works
and character traits of that "wicked one" which the Holy Spirit
will rebuke.Whether it is the "axiomatic semantics of first order
logic" or the ideologue of folk wisdom - "god fearing" people; what
ought to - will be. The milieu does not seem to grasp this; secular
humanism and its evolutionary theories clutch at madness - why is
this? Man is evil from his youth onwards - who can know it! The
global Opium trade is one long-term example of this.Ontogeny
provides the "superstructure" which a living world and its living
systems abide in. This "cosmos" is more than the elements; it is
also the very nature of reality. Super symmetry - time reversal
invariance - holistic ecology; these all "emanate" from a
"creator". The uncanny similitude between the aloe plant and moon
jelly fish transcends habitat; but requires ideal conditions for
optimal growth. Such morphological symmetry permeates Nature.It is
written that "the worlds are made of things which do not appear"!It
must be immediately observed by anyone taking part in the
"developments" which are being termed Web 2.0 - that all computer
language based technologies are "converging"; ie....becoming
interoperable with each other. This was the whole point of the
"Semantic Web" and its "Ontologies". Those who declare "paradigm
shifts" and "subversion" practices while maintaining semantic
"ambivalence" to a general usurpation of ethical practices and
privacy requirements counsel "acquiescence" while "jacking" up the
prices of their "inefficient" products regularly. Paradigm shifts
of this kind generate "semantic drift"; a dangerous practice in the
highly abstract realm of cyberspace. Silicon Snake Oil salesman
everyone - all probability is ultimately ONE. Perhaps another point
well taken that on millennium mankinds UNITY is becoming restored -
rapidly.Semiotics, semiotic studies, or semiology is the study of
signs and symbols, both individually and grouped into sign systems.
It includes the study of how meaning is constructed and
understood.This discipline is frequently seen as having important
anthropological dimensions. However, some semioticians focus on the
logical dimensions of the science. They examine areas belonging
also to the natural sciences - such as how organisms make
predictions about, and adapt to, their semiotic niche in the world
(see semiosis). In general, semiotic theories take signs or sign
systems as their object of study: the communication of information
in living organisms is covered in biosemiotics or zoosemiosis. 36.
[1] Syntactics is the branch of semiotics that deals with the
formal properties of signs and symbols.TerminologyThe term, which
was spelled semeiotics (Greek: , semeiotikos, an interpreter of
signs), was first used in English by Henry Stubbes (1670, p. 75) in
a very precise sense to denote the branch of medical science
relating to the interpretation of signs. John Locke used the terms
semeiotike and semeiotics in Book 4, Chapter 21 of An Essay
Concerning Human Understanding (1690). Here he explains how science
can be divided into three parts:All that can fall within the
compass of human understanding, being either, first, the nature of
things, as they are in themselves, their relations, and their
manner of operation: or, secondly, that which man himself ought to
do, as a rational and voluntary agent, for the attainment of any
end, especially happiness: or, thirdly, the ways and means whereby
the knowledge of both the one and the other of these is attained
and communicated; I think science may be divided properly into
these three sorts.Locke, 1823/1963, p. 174Locke then elaborates on
the nature of this third category, naming it (Semeiotike) and
explaining it as "the doctrine of signs" in the following terms:
[2] Nor is there anything to be relied upon in Physics, but an
exact knowledge of medicinal physiology (founded on observation,
not principles), semeiotics, method of curing, and tried (not[3]
excogitated, not commanding) medicines.Locke, 1823/1963, 4.21.4, p.
175In the nineteenth century, Charles Peirce defined what he termed
"semiotic" as the "quasi-necessary, or formal doctrine of signs"
that abstracts "what must be the characters of all signs used
by...an intelligence capable of learning by experience" (Collected
Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, paragraph 2.227). Charles Morris
followed Peirce in using the term "semiotic" and in extending the
discipline beyond human communication to animal learning and use of
signals. Saussure, however, viewed the most important area within
semiotics as belonging to the social sciences: 37. It is...
possible to conceive of a science which studies the role of signs
as part of social life. It would form part of social psychology,
and hence of general psychology. We shall call it semiology (from
the Greek semeon, 'sign'). It would investigate the nature of signs
and the laws governing them. Since it does not yet exist, one
cannot say for certain that it will exist. But it has a right to
exist, a place ready for it in advance. Linguistics is only one
branch of this general science. The laws which semiology will
discover will be laws applicable in linguistics, and linguistics
will thus be assigned to a clearly defined place in the field of
human knowledge.Cited in Chandler's "Semiotics For Beginners,
Introduction.A Question of Totality - what Metaphysics can
be!Metaphysics Defined -
http://members.aol.com/Srabbitt1/index3.htmlAccording to Funk &
Wagnalls Dictionary, Metaphysics is defined as: (1) The branch of
philosophy that investigates principles of reality transcending
those of any particular science, traditionally including cosmology
and ontology. (2) All speculative philosophy.The second definition,
at first glance, appears vague and almost meaningless in its
generality. The term speculative carries with it the secondary
meaning of risk along with that of contemplation, although we do
not understand what risk lies in philosophy other than taking it
seriously! The first definition appears to be quite PC (Politically
Correct) and speaks in clearly nonjudgmental tones. It too seems
simple enough, provided you know how to define philosophy,
transcendence, cosmology and ontology.Philosophy - (1) The general
inquiry into the most comprehensive principles of reality in
general, or of some sector of it, as human knowledge or human
values (2) The love of wisdom, and the search for it. (3) A
Philosophical system; also a treatise on such a system. (4) The
general laws that furnish the rational explanation of anything: the
philosophy of banking. (5) Practical wisdom; fortitudeTranscendence
- To be independent of, or beyondCosmology - The general philosophy
of the universe considered as a totality of parts and phenomena
subject to lawsOntology - The branch of metaphysics dealing with
the philosophical theory of realityWhile Philosophys multitude of
meanings seem to encompass most of human intellectual activity, the
other defined terms seem straight forward. Rather than restate 38.
the metaphysics definition (1), we leave it to you to plug in the
appropriate definitions, including the philosophical definition of
choice. For the more skeptical among you, or thosemost pressed for
timely answers for new comers that can fit into a Blipvert of two
lines in a chat room, Metaphysics definition (2) seems
reasonable.So is that it? Have we learned all we need to know about
Metaphysics, the definition? Certainly not! Delving ever deeper
into the meaning of our rooms name sake, I discovered an
historically oriented, and perhaps more illuminating definition.
With all due respect to its source A History Of Philosophy by A.G.
Fuller (Prof. at USC), we have a definition which better satisfies
the savage soul.....Metaphysics - In its popular and general sense
denotes; the investigation of the essential and absolute nature of
reality as a whole or of the nature of being as such. Cf.
ontology.The search for first principles; originally meant - what
comes after physics; and was used originally of the works of
Aristotle that followed his Physics in the collection made by
Andronicus.Used by Aquinas (St. Thomas) to designate knowledge of
supernatural entities; by the Cartesians (Rene), of immaterial
entities;By Kant, of constructive attempts to know the nature of
things as they are in themselves, and of theories regarding objects
of faith, like G-d, freedom and immortality;By Bergson and other
intuitionists, of the immediate acquaintance with the real given by
direct intuition of its nature, as contrasted with the
falsifications of the nature of the real by the intellectual
process....So metaphysics wasnt that easy to define after all, was
it?RECENT ADVANCES IN METAPHYSICS - E. J. Lowe1. Philosophy,
metaphysics and ontologyThere is a widespread assumption amongst
non-philosophers, which is shared by a good many practicing
philosophers too, that 'progress' is never really made in
philosophy, and above all in metaphysics. In this respect,
philosophy is often compared, for the most part unfavorably, with
the empirical sciences, and especially the natural sciences, such
as physics, chemistry and biology. Sometimes, philosophy is
defended on the grounds that to deplore the lack of 'progress' in
it is to misconceive its central aim, which is challenge and
criticize received ideas and assumptions rather than to advance
positive theses. But this defense itself is liable to be attacked
by the practitioners of other disciplines as unwarranted special
pleading on the part of 39. Philosophers, whose comparative lack of
expertise in other disciplines, it will be said, ill-equips them to
play the role of all-purpose intellectual critic. It is sometimes
even urged that philosophy is now 'dead', the relic of a
pre-scientific age whose useful functions, such as they were, have
been taken over at last by genuine sciences. What were once
'philosophical' questions have now been transmuted, allegedly, into
questions for more specialized modes of scientific inquiry, with
their own distinctive methodological principles and theoretical
foundations.This dismissive view of philosophy is at once shallow
and pernicious. It is true that philosophy is not, properly
speaking, an empirical science, but there are other disciplines of
a non- empirical character in which progress most certainly can be
and has been made, such as mathematics and logic. So there is no
reason, in principle, why progress should not be made in
philosophy.The four-category ontology has no difficulty in saying
what 'ties together' the particular properties that is, the modes
of an object. An object's modes are simply 'particular ways it is':
they are characteristics, or features, or aspects of the object,
rather than constituents of it. If properties were constituents of
an object, they would need, no doubt, to be tied together somehow,
either very loosely by coexisting in the same place at the same
time, or more tightly by depending in some mysterious way either
upon each other or upon some still more mysterious 'substratum',
conceived as a further constituent of the object, distinct from any
of its properties. It is precisely because a mode is a particular
way this or that particular object is that modes cannot 'float
free' or 'migrate' from one object to another circumstances that
pure trope theorists seem obliged to countenance as being at least
metaphysically possible. Moreover, the four-category ontology
allows us to say that the properties of a kind are tied to it, in
the laws to which it is subject, in a manner which entirely
parallels, at the level of universals, the way in which an
individual object's modes are tied to that object. In both cases,
the tie is simply a matter of the 'characterization' of a
propertied entity by its various properties and consists in the
fact that the properties are 'ways' the propertied entity is.Fig. 2
- below may help to highlight the main structural features of the
four-category ontology as I have just outlined it. In this diagram
I use the term 'attribute', as suggested earlier, to denote the
category of property-universals and, for simplicity of
presentation, I am ignoring relational universals. (needs
quotation)Kindscharacterized by AttributesInstantiated by
exemplified by instantiated byObjects characterized byModesFig. 2:
The four-category ontology 40. An object O may exemplify an
attribute A in either of two ways. O may instantiate a kind K which
is characterized by A, in which case O exemplifies A
[dispensational]. Alternatively, O may be characterized by a mode M
which instantiates A, in which case O exemplifies A concurrently.
It may perhaps be doubted whether the four-category ontology
provides an adequate metaphysical foundation for the more esoteric
reaches of modern physics, such as the general theory of relativity
and quantum physics. But I believe that even there it will serve
well enough.THE METAPHYSICS OF REASONABSTRACT: We will briefly
review the developments in Physics and Mathematics during the last
century. We find that while Science was born and grown under the
auspices of Cartesian principles, the 20th century Physics and
Mathematics defy the Cartesian premises. The emerging unified
viewpoint on cosmos renounces the dualisms (subject-object,
reason-faith, and cogitation-being) and incorporates elements of
the traditions.Modern Mathematics was marked by Cantors study of
infinity. An infinite quantity breaks the usual axiom that the
whole is greater than (Sum of) its part. An infinite quantity is
the same as a part of it. Cantor found that there is a hierarchy of
infinities. The simplest infinity, 0 , corresponds to the infinity
of integers (set N). The next level of infinity, 1, is represented
by the real numbers (set R). The chain of infinity continues with
no end (0 , 1 , 2 , 3 ). How two levels of infinity are
connected?We move from one level of infinity to the next level by
invoking the requirement of totality. For example starting from the
set of integers N, the set of all subsets of N belongs to R. Every
time we use the requirement of totality we move to a higher level
of representation, where different laws apply (for example the
rules of arithmetic with 0 , are not the same as the rules of
arithmetic with 1 ). It is not an accident that most of the
paradoxes in Mathematical Logic involve the mixing of different
levels; recall Russells paradoxes where we use the notion the set
of all sets.Mathematical systems cannot be purified of any internal
contradictions, or presented as constructions of pure logic. Gdel
has